or things needed, what are the things that
should be done or resolve immediately, and
SPIRITUAL SELF
- William James’ take on spiritual self which is
included on the other empirical selves is
defined as the innermost workings of the
person's mind, the behavior, beliefs and even
moral that involves every aspect of the human
as a person
- Considering the will of the person, how they
distinguish between right and wrong, and also
one’s intellect are some of the manifestation
of the spiritual self of a person
James (1890)
- People will find more satisfaction in having
been able to show of the spiritual self like their
intelligence, to have their wishes be done,
and to act upon their conscience than to count
of show their possession
- Spiritual self is “the most enduring and
intimate part of the self”
MANIFESTATIONS OF THE SPIRITUAL SELF
1. Person’s Will
- One’s wishes; things that we want to see and
achieve in or lives
2. Intelligence & Abilities
- Perceived strengths of a person, the things
that they have confidence in doing and
believe to have a certain level of mastery
3. Morals
- Definition of what is right and wrong,
distinguishing the things that are acceptable
for a person, the society, and at the same
time the determination of the possible effects
of their actions to themselves, their
environment, and other people
4. Values
- Person’s ability to distinguish what is
important and what is not
- With one’s values system, a person may be
able to prioritize what they think are the tasks
what are those that they can delay without
grave repercussions
● The establishment of a person’s notion of what is
good, as well as, their ability to not only be able to
stand on what they think is the right thing to do
but to be able to make life decisions based on
such beliefs is what William James consider as
the manifestation of a person’s spiritual self
In the Philippines
- Our country is known to have a culture that
values the teachings of religion, where our
notion of right and wrong is based on the
teachings of the church or any religion that
the people are following
- Having such guide, it is of their own beliefs to
the teachings of their religion, this will enable
one to be able to understand further who they
are, what they want to do, and what are the
things that they can and cannot do based on
the acceptable behaviors that are being
taught in one’s religious orientation
● People will act according to how they feel, what
they believe in, and what they want to do or
happen, but having the inability to understand
that there may be some difference on how others
perceive and conflict may arise
● William also posits that if the one’s beliefs,
abilities, as well as, emotions are being
criticized–a person may feel that they are being
questioned as a whole, which will result to a
negative reaction
E.g. People tend to criticize other people that are
different from them (religion, gender, race, etc.),
these criticisms may elevate to bigger problems such
as discrimination or division of groups
- But if we think carefully, we cannot expect
others to believe what we believe in, one
cannot expect others to have the skills that
they have, and an individual cannot expect
others to be able to think exactly like him,
then we will have an easier time to create an
environment that promotes the individuality of
every members of the society
 The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural
Being & Power
Religion
- Refers to beliefs and behaviors related to
supernatural beings and powers
- Also differs from spirituality, which a concern
with the sacred in an individual manner
Worldview
- Is broader than religion
- Refers to the collective body of ideas that
members of a culture generally share
concerning the ultimate shape and substance
of their reality
● All cultures have religion, spirituality, a worldview,
and magic (Haviland, 2007)
Difference between Religion & Spirituality
Religion Spirituality
An organized system of Concerned with the
ideas about spiritual sacred, as distinguished
reality, or the from material matters;
supernatural, along with often individual rather
associated beliefs, & than collective & does
ceremonial practices not require a distinctive
(Haviland, 2007) format or traditional
organization
(Haviland, 2007)
Myth, Rituals, & Supernatural
Religion Sacred narrative that
explains the
fundamentals of human
existence–where we &
everything in our world
came from why we are
here, and where we are
going
Rituals Culturally prescribed
symbolic act or
procedure designed to
guide members of a
community in an orderly
way through personal &
collective transitions;
Calendric & Crisis
Supernatural Around you all of the
time, especially in
non-industrialized
societies; in a lot of
cultures, health, wealth
& daily things are
related to supernatural
Functions of Religion
A. Cognitive Function
- Enabling humans to explain the unexplainable
phenomena
B. Emotional Function
- Helping individuals to cope up with anxieties
that often accompany illness, accidents, death
and other misfortunes
C. Social Function
- Social control, conflicts resolution, and
building group solidarity
Concept of “Dunga” – Spirit / Soul
Soul / Spirit of a person has 2 dimensions
a. Human body
b. Spiritual
Soul
- Referred toas kaluluwa by the Tagalogs or
dungan by the Ilonggos comes from the root
word duwa, two
Dungan
- Not seen by the human eye
- Takes on a different form
- It ca be in a form of an insect or a small
animal such as lizard
- Bisayans: believe that dungan leaves the
body while the person is asleep
- Traveling Dungan outside the body must be
free from accidents, such as getting trapped
in a jar
- Also connoted as “willpower”
● Only when the soul has safely reunited with the
body, the person will be awake
● If a person has a strong willpower, it is said to
have a strong dungan (Magos, 1986)
 Psychological Man’s key motivation is
the search for meaning

Philosophical Life has unconditional

meaning, regardless of
the circumstances or
situation

His life in the

concentration camp,
Franki writes that he
found meaning that
helped strengthen his
Finding & Creating Meaning in Life will to survive
Viktor Franki
- Originator of Logotherapy
- Indicates how his involvement in quest for the
significance of life in a Nazi death camp
changed his viewpoint of the world
- States that we can’t abstain from affliction, yet
we can pink how to manage it, and discover
significance in it
- His hypothesis question the thoughts of
Freud, who trusted the significance of life was
to seek after joy
- He trusted that the motivation behind life
isolates the person from creatures, as well as,
enables us to survive troublesome
circumstance
- The reason forever isn’t identified with the
quest for delight, however to finding what you
adore and living with significance
- For Franki, man cannot avoid suffering but
can find meaning from it

His theory holds 3 primary human capabilities called

as Noological Possibilities
a. Self detachment
b. Self-transcendence
c. Ability to “spiritually be in touch” with something
or someone independent of spatio-temporal
dimensions

3 Postulates to complete the three capabilities

Anthropological “Man does not simply
exist, but always
decides what his
existence will be, what
he will become in the
next moment”

Man: ultimately
self-determining
 - Confrontative Surface Value (bahala na, sama
Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits,
/ lakas ng loob, pakikibaka)
Community & Institutional Factors - Pivotal Interpersonal Value
(kagandahang-loob)
- Collective action, shared vision, means of
- Associated with Societal Value (karangalan,
sustainable future and the link to generation
katarungan, kalayaan)
has be crucial in the construction of identity
and sense of belonging in the democratic
B. Institutional Factors
standpoint
- Family
- Socio psychological perspective, citizenship
- Church
or being a Filipino serves as a cognitive and
- School
motivational basis for one's beliefs and
- Media
behavior
- Government
- Enhancing the practice of citizenship and
- Non-government
democracy is crucial to the awareness and
- People’s organization
understanding of self and community

C. Macro-Factors at the Societal

3 Major Concerns in Building an Identity - Immediate community with which one readily
- The level of individual, community, and identifies one’s self
institution are primary factors that come into - Less intimate grouping of which one is a
play in the building an identity member
At the same time, it is essential to consider the
following concerns in building an identity Establishing a Democratic Culture
1. Instrumental
- Sense of community and public good and
- An individual act in accordance with rules and
empowerment of people are central questions
identities consistent with supportive of
to consider in the development of democracy
democratic process
agenda
2. Morals
- Values and belief embody and reinforce
Diokno (1999)
democratic principles
- In her article Becoming a Filipino Citizen,
3. Transformative
Perspective on Citizenship and Democracy,
- Includes process of self-reflection and
the agenda was crafted in September 1996
redefinition of individuals, institutions, and
conference in which perceptions of citizenship
communities
and democracy from different standpoints
were discussed

March & Olsen’s Framework of Democratic

Political Development
Aspects in Developing Filipino Identity
A. Individuals Attitudes & Traits
- Dualism of Filipino traits (negative and
positive)
- Colonial / Accommodative Surface Value
(hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama)
- Building institutions that civilize expression of
solidarity and confrontation of conflict among
identities
- Forming specific identities (character, habits
of thought, sense of reality, & codes of
conduct) that fit into and support a democratic
political order
- Sense of solidarity that connects the
individual to a broad political community of
others and organize others and organizes
other belongings in a way that enriches the
community
Przewroski’s Concept of Effective Citizenship
- Official conduct in accordance with the law
- A judicial system applied equally to all
- Social conditions for the exercise of citizen’s
rights

Based on the following frameworks, the democratic

agenda was crafted
1. Improve the political and social environment
and reduce poverty through structural reforms
in order to foster a sense of community and
enable citizens to exercise their rights and fulfill
their obligations
2. Continually re-examine societal institutions
responsible for value formation so that they can
inculcate, rather than indoctrinate, democratic
citizenship values
3. Incorporate cross-cultural activities in public and
private sector programs, including those of
schools, churches, NGOs and POs, so as to
recognize ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity
in the country and encourage the sharing of
experiences
4. Further promote the use of Filipino and
Philippine languages in all transactions, so as
to enable the articulation of citizenship and
democratic views and values
5. Continue to harness institutional as well as
informal mechanisms that open up space for
the exercise of citizenship and democracy
 Belk’s Summary of Digital Modification of the
I, Me, & Myself and My User ID Online Extended Self

Digital Self
- A mask we put on to draw in the innovative Digital Self Possession
world Dimension
- With the digital technologies such a web
pages, online games, virtual worlds, social Dematerialization Attachment to
&
media, smart phones, internet, self-extension singularization
is extensive of virtual
- Objects the one’s possess can truly extend possessions;
the self, as when an instrument or weapon almost, but not
enables us to get things done of which we quite the same
would somehow, or another be unable
Re Embodiment Avatars Attachment to
- Belonging can likewise emblematically extend affect online avatars
self self;
multiplicity of
● Sartre explained that the reason we want to have selves
something is to enlarge our sense of self and that
Sharing Self Aggregate
the only way we can know who we are is by
revelation; possessions;
observing what we have loss of sense of
● Belk (1988) presented the concept of extended control shared place
self online
a. Dematerialization
b. Re Embodiment Co-construction Affirmation
of self of self;
c. Sharing
building
d. Co-construction of self aggregate
e. Distributed memory extended
self;
● This reasonable refresh looks to renew the idea, “Attachment
consolidate the effects of digitalization, and give a to Virtual
comprehension of consumer feeling of self in the Possession
in video
present innovative conduction
games”
- Essentially a work in advance, for the
computerized condition, and our conduct Distributed Narratives of Digital clutter;
inside it keep on evolving memory self digital cues to
- Be that as it may, some vital changes are now sense of past
certain
- 5 certain with advanced utilization are viewed
Selective Presentation & Impression Movement
as the effect the idea of self and the idea of
self belonging Self-Presentation
- Required alteration and increments to the - Behavior that attempts to convey some
extended self are laid out, and bearing for information about oneself or some images of
future research are recommended oneself to other people
- The advanced world opens a large group of - These behaviors are activated by evaluative
new pimples for self-extension utilizing presence of other people and by others’
numerous new items to come to an knowledge of one’s behavior
incomprehensibly more extensive crowd
- Despite the fact that this requires certain - In new situations, many people would like to
reformulations, the fundamental idea of the impress and become self-conscious
extended self stays crucial - People behave in ways designed to create a
favorable impression or even to one’s ideals
Humans
- Social animals and regulate our behavior to fit
in world or adjust it to impression that we
desire
- People monitor their behavior, observe how
others react, and adjust their performance to
create a desired impression
2 Types of Self-Presentation
1. Pleasing the Audience
- Try to match self to the audience’s
expectations and preferences
2. Self-Construction
- Tries to match oneself to one’s own ideal self
- The expression of the audience-pleasing
motive varies across situations
Multiple Aspects of the Self
Higgin (1987)
- Argues that there are 3 domains of the self
A. Actual Self
- Refers to the attributes an individual
possesses
B. Ideal Self
- Refers to the attributes an individual would
ideally posses
C. Ought Self
- Refers to the attributes an individual ought to
possess
● The discrepancies between the actual self and
ideal self leads to feeling of dejection
● Our sense of self helps organize our thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors
● Our overall self-evaluation influences our
cognitive processes
- For instance, when people with high
self-evaluation fail, they sustain their
self-worth by looking at others failure
Impact of Online Interaction of Self
Computer-Mediated Communication
- Encompasses human communication
involving several exchanges through various
platforms such as text, audio, and/or video
messages
- A CMC interaction occurs through various
types of networking technology and software,
including email, Internet Relay Chat (ICR),
instant messaging (IM), unsent and mailing
list serves
- An interesting discussion can stem from a
comparison of how we construct our identity
in the “real world” vs how we construct it in
the online world
Dutton (1996)
- Points out that technology can work 2
ways–open or close social choices
● Individuals shape the impact of technology has
on their lives by choosing which technology to
use and how to use it
Boundaries of Self Online
- The line between offline and online has
become blurred
- Since people nowadays are becoming more
connected digitally, self-identify is becoming
more fashioned in transmedia paradigm
- In the present culture of constant connectivity,
the Internet is coordinated into our lives with
the end goal that the experience of being on
the web is subjectively not quite the same a
before

Becoming a Better Student
- As a person growth is an inevitable goal and
change will always be present in what we do
- As such, students, need to understand that
just barely passing the different subjects and
graduating after is not necessarily the best
option for successfully landing your dream job
or becoming successful in the world of work
- It is also important to note that being a
student does not necessarily mean that the
only thing you have to do is to read books, go
to class, or prepare and answer tests–these
things may be the usual things expected for a
student to do in school, but understanding
that the preparation for real life endeavors
may start in the classroom, but not
necessarily end there
- In terms of having freedom in the classroom,
there are several things that need to be noted,
one of which is the freedom of the students
towards their choices of what to learn as well as
how they are going to use such learning in
real-life situations
- Aside from having a good learning
environment, where the needs of the students
are being met, the students should also
understand the value of what they are
learning and why they are learning those
(Kujjpers, Meijers, Gundy, 2011)
- To become a better student, several things
are needed to be done, aside from just
listening to the discussion and following the
directions taught by the teachers–a student
should able to have a better understanding of
what they are doing, have the ability to
recognize and sort the different information
that they are encountering, and to be able to
have a certain level of understanding on the
concepts that they are studying in which could
result for better application and appreciation
of such learning
Tips to Become a Better Student
1. Prepare before going to School
- Always try to research or read the next
lesson, do your assignments at home or
before going to school, eat and have proper
rest before going to school
- In preparation for school, not only your
assignments, or making sure that you have all
the tools you need for class ready and
prepared but to also make sure to have your
body prepared by making sure to have
enough rest and eating as to ensure that you,
as a student, have enough energy to go
through the entire day
2. Use Different Resources
- Aside from books provided for the class, don’t
forget to use the library, and the internet
- Using different resources will enable you, as a
student, to access more information and be
able to learn the latest learnings and
information related to the subject matter that
you are studying
3. Be Critical & Make Learning Personal
- Know what you are learning, why you are
learning, and how they are important to you
and your plans in life
- By being critical of the information that you
acquire, you will be able to appreciate more
their value and be able to apply and relate
them to your situation and le these learning
help you to be able to achieve your goals
4. Ask Help
- The school may focus on the interaction
between the teachers and students, but the
institution is comprised of more than what or
who you are inside the classroom, and the
people in the school, such as your parents
and friends or other professionals, can help
you as a student to break limitations, ease the
difficulties that are brought about by the
requirements of the curriculum
5. Do other Things
- The school provides co-curricular or
extra-curricular activities, join clubs, or school
groups to widen your experiences as a
student
- Not only can you have better relationships
which will translate to more help in the future,
but an active body and mind that may or may
not necessarily be related to schoolwork can
also help a student to balance their lifestyle
and maintain a healthy body and mind

Bandura’s Self-Efficacy
Albert Bandura
- One of the most renowned psychologist
- Has made significant contributions to all
branches of psychology
- Self-Efficacy Theory is part of his Social
Cognitive Theory (or Social Learning Theory)
which is fundamental to positive psychology
Self-Efficacy
- Commonly defined as the belief in one’s
capabilities to achieve a goal or an outcome
- It is the ability to influence events that affect
one’s life and control the way these events
are experienced (Bandura, 1994)
● Students with high self-efficacy may be more
likely to challenge themselves with difficult tasks
and be highly motivated to achieve their task
- They put in a high degree of effort and will do
everything in their power to meet their
commitments
● Self-efficacious students may more likely to
recover quickly from setbacks and ultimately are
to achieve their personal goals
● However, students with low self-efficacy, believe
that they cannot be successful, and will less likely
to make extended efforts, and may consider
challenging tasks to be avoided
- They have low aspirations and may result
from poor academic performances
4 Ways to Build Self-Efficacy
1. Mastery Experience
- Every experience is not always having a
positive outcome
- It may also bring failure
- These experiences will help us build
resilience by treating failure as a learning
opportunity and a chance to reach our goal
with a different approach
2. Social Modeling
- Observing those who practice high
self-efficacy in their lives and who have
reached their goals despite hardships can
provide great motivation to a person
- Bandura notes that it is necessary to draw
role models from one’s own social
surroundings
- In this age, internet and social media can be
big source of employing role models
3. Social Persuasion
- It is about finding the right mentor
- Is about having other’s (role models) directly
influence one’s self-efficacy by providing
opportunities to master experience
- These social persuasions may be mentors
that are knowledgeable and practice what
they preach
4. States of Physiology
- Our own emotions, moods, and physical state
can influence our interpretation of self-efficacy
- Having the feeling of tension, anxiety, and
weariness can lower our self-efficacy
- Positive emotion can help build positive
insight for high self-efficacy in a person
Dweck’s Mindset Theory
- Another learning theory that explains persons
acquiring of intelligence and realizing his/her
goals is the Mindset Theory by Carol S.
Dweck
Carol S. Dweck
- Is a psychologist from Stanford University that
tries to explain the way to understand the
effects of learning and education to a person
- Proposed that people hold for the nature and
the caused of intelligence have several
implications, specifically the way the person
motivates himself to learn and practice
“Mindset”
- A term used by Dweck to explain the
assumptions, methods, or notations held by
one or more people or group of people
- It represents the cognitive processes
activated in response to a given task
2 Kinds of Mindset
1. Fixed Mindset
- Before termed as entity mindset
- An innate or in-born personality of a person
- It is basically “who you are”, how God made
you
 2. Growth Mindset / Incremental Mindset - He found that specific and difficult goals led to
- Where people believe that training and an better task performance than vague or easy
effort to learn can change one’s qualities and goals
traits
- When a parent constantly attributes the child’s ● Motivating words such as “try hard” or “do your
success to inborn or innate ability, children will best” is less effective than phrases such as “try to
come to develop a fixed mindset get more than 80% correct” or “try beating your
- Thus, praising his success to performance will best score”
be attributed the success to child’s ● Having a goal that is too easy is not a motivating
intelligence force than hard and specific goals
- However, when the child’s success in school
was particularly attributed to the child’s effort 5 Principles of Goal Setting
to review to pass the test, it can then be that 1. Clarity
the child has developed a growth mindset - Clear, measurable, and unambiguous
E.g. Pedro failed the math exam because he did not (specific) goals
review for the test
2. Challenge
● It is then said that acquiring a Growth Mindset is - Set a level of challenge to beat yourself with
much better kind of mindset because it attributes
success to learning and continuous practice 3. Commitment
● Thus, the individual is not afraid of failure, it only - The harder the goal, the more commitment is
directs the person to need to practice more, pay required
attention, invest on effort, and master new
learning 4. Feedback
● The person then be more confident to face - Listen to feedback from people to provide
challenges and believe in him/herself that he will opportunities to clarify expectations, adjust
improve his performance goal difficulty, and gain recognition

5. Task Complexity
Goal Setting Theory
- The more complicated and demanding, the
- Most people would probably agree that goal role would give high-level of motivation to a
setting is one of the main ingredient for a person
person to succeed
- It is a powerful way of motivating people and
motivating yourself

- Dr. Edwin Locke pioneered a research in

1960’s about setting goals
- This theory was more known to work or
industrial setting, much from where the
SMART goal originated
- It was also then after several years, he
collaborated with Dr. Gary Latham to a
seminal work “A Theory of Goal Setting and
Task Performance”

Goal Setting Theory

- States that there is a relationship between
how difficult and specific a goal was and the
people’s performance task
 Elevated epinephrine & Erectile dysfunction
Stressors & Responses cortisol hormones
Stress Absent or irregular
- Is a person’s response to events that threaten menstrual cycle
them
- Students can experience various kinds of Difficult premenstrual
symptoms
deadlines–from deadlines for projects or
exams, family problems, and peer pressure,
to the complex stress such as an Stress & Filipinos: The Social & Cultural Dimension
ever-changing environment or terrorist attack of Stress
- Even pleasant events, such as preparing for a Stress
party or starting a sought-after job can - Is the non-specific response of the body to
produce stress any demand placed upon it (Selye, 1962)
- Is an individual’s physiological and/or
- In recent years, the focus on this issue has psychological reaction to the real and
been broadened as psychology came to see imagined demands of life
stress and coping in a broader context - It is the way a person reacts physically and
emotionally to change
Health Psychology
- A newer subfield of psychology investigates Culture
psychological factors such as the stress of a - Is best defined as a highly complex,
different kind and in a different situation continually changing system of meaning that
- It also includes coping mechanisms, is learned, shared, transmitted, and altered
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment from one generation to another (Triandis,
1995)
Stress Effect on the Body
● How does culture might influence the
environmental system, personal system,
Muscle tension Uncontrolled blood transitory conditions, cognitive appraisal and
glucose level coping skills, and health and well-being?
Tension-type headache Heartburn or acid reflux
& migraine headache - Stress has turned into an unavoidable truth,
and for a few, the day-by-day standard
Difficulty in breathing Ulcer ○ However, incidental stress can help
enhance our concentration and
Asthma Severe stomach pain
execution, and living with incessant
Increased heart rate Diarrhea stress can reverse discharge by causing
uneasiness, discouragement, and
Stronger contraction of Constipation serious medical issues
the heart muscle ○ Stress affects the body’s immune system
Elevated blood pressure Increased respiration - Filipinos experience stress which results to
rate illnesses, physical and mental, fleeting and
serious, and life-threatening
Heart attack Dilated blood vessels in ○ This can also lead to depression and
the arms & legs other maladaptive behavior that can be
Stroke Affects testosterone harmful to self and others
production - On the other hand, stress can be mediated
through culture
Inflammation of the Sperm production ○ For instance, Filipinos have various
respiratory system thresholds and ways to cope with
stressors
- Concurrently, men and women express
emotion in different patterns
○ Women deal with stressful situations
through tiis (endurance) and kimkim
(repression)
○ Men are more less expressive than
women and are prone to confront the
“political economy of stress” (Tan, 2006)
- Thus, culture influences how people react to
stressors
 Self-Compassion
- Not self-pity, self-indulgence, and self-esteem
(Neff, 2003)

Composed of 3 Main Components

1. Self-Kindness
2. A Sense of Common Humanity
3. Mindfulness

Self-Kindness
- Being warm and understanding when s/he
suffers, fails, or feels inadequate rather than
self-critical
- Recognizing imperfection and considering life
difficulties as inevitable
- Acknowledging problems and shortcomings
without judgment
- Tendency to be gentle when confronted with a
painful experience

Common Humanity
- Suffering and individual deficiency are part of
human existence

Mindfulness
- Non-judgmental, receptive mind-state in
which thoughts and feelings are observed
- Equilibrated stance in terms of negative
emotions
- Feelings are neither suppressed nor
exaggerated
- Inadequacies are ignored or distorted

Benefits of Self-Compassion
1. Enhances motivation
2. Promotes health-related behaviors
3. Benefits interpersonal relationships
4. Predicts happiness and optimism
5. Enhances well-being
MAJOR PROPONENTS IN UNDS111