WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPUNAN

FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DK I

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPUNAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TERPADU
KANKER JERUK Oleh:
Arya Widyawan Ph.D
( XANTHOMONAS CITRI )
2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPUNAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI
JERUK (CITRUS SP.)
Citrus is one of the most popular fruit
commodities
its refreshing flavor and nutritional values.
efficient harvesting and processing
technologies,
the citrus industry has developed in more
than 140 countries across the world,
an annual production of more than 146
million tons.
(Chen et al., 2019)

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI
 Fruit drop caused by citrus
canker on a 'Hamlin' sweet
orange tree.

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

 The geographical origin of the
disease is not clear; some
researchers report that the first
disease cases appeared at
Southern China (Lee, 1918).
However, according to Fawcett
and Jenkins in 1933, the
disease originated in regions of
India and Java

Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main Citrus cultivars, and selected
relevant wild
2/10/2023
taxa WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI
PENYAKIT KANKER JERUK
Citrus canker
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (synonym: X.
axonopodis pv. citri)
The bacterium enters the tissues of citrus
trees through wounds and natural openings
called stomata, but it does not travel
through the tree to become systemic.

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

GEJALA PENYAKIT KANKER JERUK

Symptoms appear most often on the fruit, leaves, and twigs of infected
plants

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

Canker lesions can be seen 14 days after Canker lesions appear 22 days after
inoculation. inoculation as tiny, blister like lesions.

Round, blister-like lesions

on leaves with water-
soaked margins and yellow
halos.

Credit: Megan M. Dewdney, UF/IFAS

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT
Citrus canker is a highly contagious plant disease and spreads rapidly
over short distances.
Transport of infected plant material is the primary means of
spreading the canker pathogen over long distances.
To help prevent the spread of citrus canker homeowners are required
to purchase citrus trees from a certified nursery.
By law, homeowners cannot propagate or raise their own citrus
trees.
No citrus plants or plant parts can be moved out for the area that still
under quarantine for citrus canker.
fruit cannot be shipped out without a permit.

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT
To reduce the potential movement of the bacterium from one tree to the next,
simple rules of decontamination should be used when handling trees.
Spread is most likely to occur when foliage is wet, so if possible, only work with
citrus trees when they are dry.
People and equipment should be decontaminated each time before handling a new
tree.
It is advisable to practice personal and equipment decontamination between trees.
Hand and arm washing with soap and water, hot or cold, for a minimum of 20
seconds is needed to remove the bacterium from the skin.
Additional use of an alcohol-based hand-sanitizer after hand-washing will make
personal decontamination more effective.
2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI
PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT
Tools should be decontaminated with a solution of 1 ounce household bleach to 1
gallon of water (0.7 gr/100 ml).
To reduce the risk of rusting, tools should be rinsed afterwards. The bleach solution
will not be effective if used on dirty equipment and should be made fresh daily
because it loses effectiveness quickly.
Disease spread can also occur via clothing, so it is best to wash or change clothing
between sites and dates of handling citrus trees.

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
No cure exists for citrus canker
Disease management is the only way to control the disease.
Citrus canker management involves the use of the timely applications of copper-
containing products and windbreaks to hinder inoculum dispersal.
Most infections occur between April and July (in USA)
three to four applications of copper-containing materials at 3-week intervals should
be sufficient to obtain relatively clean fruit.
Copper sprays should begin when the fruit is ¾ inch diameter and continue at 3
week intervals until fully grown in October for best results.

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
Brazil
periodic surveys of the orchard,
identifying and eliminating the outbreaks of the disease before its proliferation.
Brazilian regulation stipulates that any field that has a number of diseased trees
greater than 0.5% of the total orchard must be eliminated.
After eradication, the contaminated field should be sprayed with copper fungicide
based on 1.5 kg of metallic copper per 1 mL of water (0.15% of metallic copper).
The contaminated plantations are prohibited and are forbidden from marketing the
production until eradication works are completed.

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
Argentina
certification of selected, registered, symptom-free blocks of trees with
permanent surveys of CC symptoms;
windbreaks around 2–4 ha individual blocks areas;
sanitation with disinfestants of harvested fruit, equipment and personnel;
application of copper containing products to young leaf flushes and to
developing fruits to prevent infection
treatment of fruit in certified packing houses with sodium hypochlorite at
0.02% for 45 s to ensure elimination of any living bacterial cell.
Control is required of the insect leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella Sta.)

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

 insect
leafminer
plus citrus
canker

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
The drawbacks of the long-term use of copper compounds to control plant
pathogens in the field include selection of copper resistance and horizontal transfer
in bacterial populations
Behlau et al. (2011) reported that the genes copAB and cohAB may encode copper-
binding proteins responsible for the copper resistance in Xanthomonas citri subsp.
citri

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
if planting a new citrus tree, try to locate the tree in an area that is sheltered from
the wind

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
There are no fully canker resistant cultivars commercially available, but not all citrus
cultivars are equally susceptible.

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PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
Varieties Degree of susceptibility
Citrus paradisi (grape fruit) Highly susceptible
C. aurantiifolia (Key lime) Highly susceptible
C. limettioides (Palestine sweet lime) Highly susceptible
Poncirus trifoliate (trifoliate citrus) Highly susceptible
C. sinensis (sweet orange) Highly susceptible
C. aurantium (sour orange) Moderately susceptible
C. Limon (lemon) Moderately susceptible
C. Tangelo (tangelo) Moderately susceptible
C. Reticulata (mandarin) Susceptible
C. Maxima (pummelo)
C. Medica (citron)
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Endophytic bacteria that were effective against X. citri subsp. citri such as Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens LE109, B. subtilis LE24 and B. tequilensis PO80. (Daungfu et al.,
2019)
The Pseudomonas strains most usually recognized for their biocontrol activity
against both eukaryotic and prokaryotic phytopathogenic microorganisms are P.
fluorescens, P. protegens, P. chlororaphis, and P. putida (Villamizar, and Caicedo.
2020)
Combination between bacteriophage and plant defense inducer Acibenzolar-S-
Methyl (Ibrahim et al., 2017)

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

NANOPARTICLE
spray treatment with Zinkicide (nanoparticle) reduced citrus canker
lesion development after injection-infiltration of X. citri subsp. citri into
the leaf intercellular space.
In field trials conducted in Southeast Florida in 2014 and 2015, Zinkicide
SG4 and SG6 reduction of grapefruit canker incidence exceeded that
of cuprous oxide and cuprous oxide/zinc oxide bactericides (Graham et
al., 2016).

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI

TANTANGAN
Results from more than 40 years of research in Northeast (NE) Argentina indicate that
we are at the limit of favorable environment for the disease.
The severity of citrus canker is greatly affected by the environment and El Niño
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon which causes cyclic fluctuations on the
disease intensity in the NE region.
Weather-based logistic regression models adjusted to quantify disease levels in field
conditions showed that the environmental effect was strongly modulated by the
distance from a windbreak.
A voluntary Integrated Plan to Reduce the Risk of Canker has been in place since
1994 and it allows growers to export unsymptomatic, uninfested fresh fruit to countries
which are free of the disease and require healthy, pathogen free fruits.
The experience from Argentina can be replicated in other countries after appropriate
trials.
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KESIMPULAN
The classical disease triangle gave the
anwers to a proper management which
allowed the uninterrupted export to the
European Unions.

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 Terima kasih

2/10/2023 WEBINAR SERIES PERHIMPINAN FITOPATOLOGI INDONESIA, KOMDA DKI