Guardian Angel Prayer
Angel of God, my guardian dear,
To whom God's love commits me here,
Ever this day, be at my side,
To light and guard,
Rule and guide.
Amen.
Hail Mary
Hail Mary, full of grace,
the Lord is with you.
Blessed are you among women,
and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus.
Holy Mary, Mother of God,
pray for us sinners,
now and at the hour of our death.
Amen.
Apostle’s Creed
I believe in God, the Father almighty,
creator of heaven and earth.
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our
Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit
and born of the virgin Mary.
He suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended to hell.
The third day he rose again from the
dead.
He ascended to heaven
and is seated at the right hand of God
the Father almighty.
From there he will come to judge the
living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic* church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting. Amen.
CAM - relative motion between these surfaces is
cam - rotating machine element which gives largely of sliding nature but wear may be
reduced by off-setting the axis of the follower
reciprocating or oscillating motion to another
element known as follower Spherical faced follower - contacting end of
the follower is of spherical shape
- machined to spherical shape in order to
Classification of Follower (surface contact)
reduce stress
Knife Edge Follower - when the contacting
end of the follower has a sharp knife edge Cam with offset follower
- seldom used in practice because the
small area of contacting surface results
in excessive wear

Roller Follower - when the contacting end of

the follower is a roller
- rolling motion takes place between
the contacting surfaces (i.e. the
roller and the cam)

Flat faced or mushroom follower - contacting

end of the follower is a perfectly flat faced

According to Motion of the follower
Reciprocating or translating follower - n the
follower reciprocates in guides as the cam
rotates uniformly
Oscillating or rotating follower - the uniform
rotary motion of the cam is converted into
predetermined oscillatory motion of the
follower
According to the path of motion of the follower
Radial Follower - the motion of the follower is
along an axis passing through the center of
the cam
Classification of Cams
Radial or Disc Cam - the follower reciprocates
or oscillates in a direction perpendicular to the
cam axis
Cylindrical Cam - the follower reciprocates or
oscillates in a direction parallel to the cam
axis. The follower rides in a groove at its
cylindrical surface.
Cam Nomenclature

Off-set Follower - the motion of the follower is

along an axis away from the axis of the cam
center
Base circle - It is the smallest circle that can
be drawn to the cam profile
Trace point - It is a reference point on the
follower and is used to generate the pitch
curve
Pressure angle - It is the angle between the
direction of the follower motion and a normal
to the pitch curve.
Pitch point - It is a point on the pitch curve
having the maximum pressure angle.
Pitch circle - It is a circle drawn from the
centre of the cam through the pitch points.
Pitch curve - It is the curve generated by the
trace point as the follower moves relative to
the cam.
Prime circle - It is the smallest circle that can
be drawn from the center of the cam and
tangent to the pitch curve.
Lift or stroke. It is the maximum travel of the
follower from its lowest position to the
topmost position
Motions of the follower
- Uniform Velocity
- Simple Harmonic Motion
- Uniform Acceleration and Retardation
- Cycloidal Motion
GEAR TRAIN
Rolling Cylinder - simplest way of transferring
rotary motion from one shaft to another
- External Set
- Internal Set
Torque Rotation (mt) - reciprocal of the
angular velocity (mv)
Gearset - a device to exchange torque for
velocity
Pitch Point - contact point between the
cylinders
Cycloid - used as a tooth from watches and
clocks, most other gears use involute curve
INVOLUTE TOOTH FORM
Involute - curve generated by unwrapping a
taut string from a cylinder (evolute)
- String is always tangent to cylinder
- Center of curvature of the involute is
always at point of tangency
Base circle - cylinders which string are
unwrapped
Addendum - amount of tooth that sticks out
above the pitch circle
Common tangent - both curves at the contact
point
Common normal (Axis of Transmission)
- Line of action
- Perpendicular to the common tangent
- string s of both involutes, colinear
Length of action (z) - line of action between
points of beginning and leaving contact
Arc of action - distance along the pitch circle
with the mesh
Arc of approach and Recess - angles
subtended by these points and the line of
centers
PRESSURE ANGLE - angle between the axis
of transmission and the direction of velocity at
pitch point
Ripple - variation in the output velocity
Backlash - clearance between the mating
teeth measured at the pitch circle
- ( tooth thickness - tooth space width)
Standard values of pressure angle
- 14.5 , 20, 25, with 20 being commonly
used and now 14.5 being obsolete
Antibacklash gears - two back-to-back gears
on the same shaft that is fixed to take up the
backlash
American Gear Manufacturers Association
(AGMA) - define the standard for gear design
and manufacture
- 3 as lowest precision and 16 highest
GEAR NOMENCLATURE
Pitch circle - imaginary circle which by pure
rolling action
Pitch circle diameter - diameter of pitch circle
Pitch point - common point of contact
between two pitch circle
Pitch surface - surface of rolling disc
pressure angle - angle between the common
to normal to two gear teeth
Addendum - pitch circle to the top of the tooth
Dedendum - pitch rifle to bottom of the tooth
Addendum circle - circle drawn at the top of
the teeth
Dedendum circle - circle drawn at the bottom
of the teeth, root circle
Circular Pitch - distance measured from the
circumference of the pitch circle from a point
of one tooth to the corresponding point on the
next tooth
Diametral Pitch - ratio of number of teeth to
the pitch circle diameter in millimetres
Module - ratio of the pitch circle diameter in
millimeters to the number of teeth
Clearance - radial distance from the top of the
tooth to the bottom of the tooth
Clearance circle - A circle passing through the
top of the meshing gear
Total Depth - radial distance between the
addendum and the dedendum circles
Working Depth - radial distance from the
addendum circle to the clearance circle
Tooth Thickness - width of the tooth
measured along the pitch circle
Backlash - difference between the tooth
space and the tooth thickness
Face of tooth - surface of the gear tooth
above the pitch surface
Flank of tooth - surface of the gear tooth
below the pitch surface
Top land - surface of the top of the tooth
Face Width - width of the gear tooth
measured parallel to its axis
Profile - curve formed by the face and flank of
the tooth
Fillet radius - radius that connects the root
circle to the profile of the tooth
Path of contact - path traced by the point of
contact of two teeth from the beginning to the
end of engagement
Arc of contact - e path traced by a point on
the pitch circle from the beginning to the end
of engagement
Arc of approach - portion of the path of
contact from the beginning of the
engagement to the pitch point
Arc of recess - portion of the path of contact
from the pitch point to the end of the
engagement of a pair of teeth
Profile-shifted gears - involute shape with
longer addendum on the pinion and a shorter
one the gear
Contact ratio - average number of teeth in
contact at any time
Highest Point of single-tooth-contact (HPTSC)
- When load is applied at lower position
on the tooth rather than its tip
GEAR TYPES
Spur Gear - teeth are parallel to the axis of
gear
- Simplest and least expensive gear
- Can only be meshed if parallel
Helical Gears - teeth are at a helix angle
 - Two crossed helical gears can be
meshed
- Axes are parallel
- More expensive, quieter than spur
Herringbone Gear - formed by two helical
gears with same diameter and pitch
- Often cut on the same gear blank
- Much expensive than helical gears
- No thrust bearing needed
- Tend to use in large, high power
applications
Efficiency - input/output power expressed in
percent
Worms and Worm Gear - only one tooth
wrapped continuously around its
circumference
- Can be meshed with a special worm
gear (or worm wheel)
- Ratio = 1 / n of teeth of worm gear
Single Enveloping - worm gear teeth wrapped
around the worm
Double Enveloping - wrap the worm around
the gear, resulting in hourglass-shaped
Rack and Pinion - linear gear
- Teeth are trapezoid, true involutes
- Meshes with the pinion
- main application is linear motion
conversion
Bevel Gear
- teeth are parallel to the axis of the gear,
straight bevel gear
- teeth are angled with respect to the axis,
spiral bevel gear
- cone axes and apices must intersect in
both cases
- must be replaced in pairs, not
universally interchangeable
Idlers - sing of overall ratio which is affected
by intermediate gears
Compound Gear Train - is one in which at
least one shaft carries more than one gear
Nonreverted compound train - input and
output shafts are not coincident
Reverted compound train - output shaft
concentric with the input shaft
Planetary train - two-DOF device

Hypoid Gear - used if gears are nonparallel

and nonintersecting
- based on rolling hyperboloids
- tooth form is not involute
Hypoid - contraction of hyperboloid

Noncircular Gear - rolling centrodes of

grashoff double crank
- velocity ratio is not constant
- used in machineries

Gear Train - collection of two or more

meshing gears
FLEXIBLE CONNECTORS
- used when distance between the driving
and driven shaft is too great
Belts - used to connect shafts as much as 30
ft apart
- made of leather, rubber , woven fabrics
and requires pulleys
Ropes - made of Manila, hemp, cotton or wire
in section, required either grooved pulleys or
drums
- used for connecting shafts up to 100 ft
and operate at 600 fpm
Chains - composed of links or bars
- used for connecting shafts which are
less than 15ft apart
Band - used as a general term to denote all
kinds of flexible connectors
Open belt - pulleys turn in the same direction
crossed belt - pulleys turn in opposite
direction
Single belt - single thickness of leather are
fastened end to end
Double belt - two thickness of leather are
glued together, flesh side to flesh side
Initial tension - tightness with which it is
stretched being such that there is a tension or
pull
Quarter Turn Belt - belt which connects two
nonintersecting shaft at right angles with each
other
Tight and Loose pulleys - used for throwing
machinery into and out of gear
V-belts - type of belting which become
popular in recent years
sheave - portion of single grooved pulley
Multiple rope or english system - simpler of
the two and consist of independent ropes
running side by side
American system or continuous - one rope is
wound around the driving and driven pulleys
several times
Drum - cord does not merely pass over a
pulley but is made fast to it at one end
Wire Rope - suitable for transmission of large
power to great distances
Chains - frequently used as connectors Renold Inverted Tooth Chain - by Hans
between parallel axes Renold
Sprockets - wheels over which chain runs - consist of peculiar form with straight
bearing edges that runs over sprocket
Classification of Chains wheels
1. Hosting Chains Morse Rocker-Joint Chain - eliminates the
Coil Chain - most common form of sliding friction of rivets
hoisting chain, consist oval links
Stud-link chain - will not kink or tangle
so easily as coil chain
2. Conveyor CHain - detachable or hook-joint
type, closed-end pintle type
- sprocket teeth is largely empirical
3. Power Transmission Chain
Block Chain - chains of block type are
used
Roller Chain
Silent Chain - used when maximum
quietness is desired and it is necessary to
transmit heavier lods
Chain Length