ANATOMY AND

1st Year, 1st Semester

PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERMS

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NERVOUS VS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NERVOUS ENDOCRINE • Growth, Metabolism, and Tissue maturation
Regulates body activities Regulates body activities o Regulates the growth of many tissues such as
Acts thru electrical Acts thru chemical bone and muscle and the rate of metabolism of
impulses messengers many tissues which helps maintain a normal body
hormones temperature and normal mental functions
Causes muscular Influences growth, o Influences the maturation of tissues which result
contraction and glandular development and in the development of adult features and adult
secretion metabolic activities behavior.
Mas malaki ang contrib sa • Control of food intake and digestion
katawan o regulates the level of satiety and the breakdown
Effect is of short duration, Action is more of food into individual nutrients
localized generalized (slow acting) • Tissue development
o ES influences the development of tissues, such
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM as the nervous system
• a network of glands in your body that make the • Ion regulation
hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re o regulates sodium potassium and calcium
responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function concentration in the blood.
in your body. • Water balance
• comes from the greek word “endo” means within and o regulates water balance by controlling the solute
“krino” means to separate concentration of the blood.
• regulates mood, growth and development, tissue • HR & BP regulation
function, and metabolism as well as sexual function o helps regulate the heart rate and blood pressure
and reproductive and helps prepare the body for physical activity
processes • Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
• in charge of body o regulates blood glucose levels and other nutrient
processes that levels in the blood.
happen slowly • Control of reproductive functions
• STRUCTURALLY : o controls the development and the functions of the
small & “bits & reproductive systems in males and females
pieces” • Uterine contraction and milk release
• FUCNTIONALLY : o regulate uterine contractions during delivery of
giants & incredible the newborn and stimulates milk release from the
• It might be small but breast in lactating females
the function is very • Immune system regulation
important o helps control the production and functions of
immune cells.
CELL SECRETION TYPES
GLANDS
AUTOCRINE • Grp of cells that produces/secretes or gives off
• Released by cells and have a local effect on same cell chemicals
type • TWO TYPES OF GLANDS
o Exocrine – carry secretions to the outside of the
PARACRINE body such as the stomach and intestines.
• Released by cells that affect other cell types in close § Have ducts
proximity § Exocrine secretions are saliva, sweat,
breast milk and digestive enzymes
NEUROTRANSMITTER + NEUROMODULATORS o Endocrine – secretes minute amount of
• Secreted by nerve cells chemical messenger known as hormones into
• E.g. nervous system function the blood stream ; ductless

HORMONES AND NEUROHORMONES

• Secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites
• E.g. epinephrine and insulin
 ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
TARGET CELLS AND HORMONE RECEPTORS
HORMONES
• Chemical messengers
• Intercellular signals
• Released more slowly than nerve impulses but their
effects usually last longer (10-20 mins or several
hours)
• to set into motion.
• Hormones regulate almost every physiological
process in the body
• Intercellular chemical signals
o released from one cell, are carried in the
intercellular fluid and bind to their
receptors which are found in some cells,
but usually not in all cells of the body.
HORMONE METABOLISM
• dependent on the hormone’s chemical nature– its
transport in the blood and its interaction with the target
cells.
NOTE : Target tissues are specific sites where hormones
produce a particular response of the target tissue
CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
▻ As to functions :
1. TROPIC – Target osther endocrine glands and
stimulate their growth and secretion (e.g. TSH,
Gonadotropin, ACTH)
2. SEX – target reproductive tissues (e.g. estrogen
& progesterone)
3. ANABOLIC – stimulate anabolism in target cells
(e.g. testosterone)
o Anabolism: constructive metabolism
o Testosterone : steroid hormone that
stimulates development of male secondary
sexual characteristics, produced mainly in
testes but also in ovaries and adrenal cortex
▻ As to chemical structure :
1. LIPID-SOLUBLE – W (e.g. LH, FSH, androgens)
2. WATER-SOLUBLE – proteins, peptides & amino
acid derivatives (e.g. GH, ADH, prolactin)
1st Year, 1st Semester
MIDTERMS
o polar molecules, and they include protein
hormones, peptide hormones and most
amino acid derivative hormone
o can dissolve in blood and delivered into
their target tissue without attaching to
binding protein
NOTE :
• In medicine, lipid hormones like steroids can
be taken orally
o They diffuse across the wall of the stomach
and intestines towards the circulatory
system
o E.g. the synthetic estrogen and
progesterone-like hormones in birth control
pills and steroids that reduce the severity of
inflammation, such as prednisone.
• Bind to intracellular receptor molecules
o Lipids are smaller so they can go to
nucleus for binding
• Gonads – general term for testes and ovaries
• Steroids – persons with asthma take steroids
to relax their bronchioles
LIPID-SOLUBLE HORMONES
• small molecules and are insoluble in a water-based
fluids such as plasma of blood.
• They travel in the blood stream attached to binding
proteins
• Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the plasma
membrane to enter the target cell and bind to a
receptor protein.
1. Steroid Hormones
o All lipids
o Derived from cholesterol
o Produced mostly by the adrenal cortex
and the gonads (testes and ovaries)
o Hormones in this category diffuse across
the cell membrane and bind to
intracellular receptor molecules.
2. Thyroid Hormones
o Released from the thyroid gland
o Made from tyrosine
§ Ringed amino acid that dissolves
easily in fat than water
3. Nitric Oxide
o Both a hormone and a neurotransmitter
 ANATOMY AND
1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERMS

oConsist of short chains of amino acids

oE.g. . the hormones of the posterior
pituitary gland that control functions such
as milk “let-down” in the breast and urine
volume in the kidneys
• Singe Amino Acids
o Some hormones consist of single amino
acids that have been chemically modified
INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS o Hormones secreted by the adrenal
medulla, which help a person prepare for
physical activity or respond to emergency
conditions

MEMBRANE-BOUND RECEPTORS
• ATP is converted to cAMP (second messenger)

WATER SOLUBLE HORMONES

• Made with protein, peptides, and amino acid
derivatives
• Hormones in this category bind to membrane bound
receptors, with exception of peptide hormones
secreted by the thyroid gland, which diffuse through
membranes and bind to intracellular receptors.
• Bind to membrane-bound receptors since they are big
and they cannot pass thru
Anterior pituitary hormones proteins
Posterior pituitary hormones peptides
Adrenal medulla hormones Single amino acids
• Protein Hormones
o consists of many amino acids bound
together by peptide bonds
o Carbohydrate molecules are bound to
some of the protein hormones
o E.g. Most hormones of the anterior
pituitary gland, including those that
control functions such as growth,
metabolism, and reproductive functions
REGULATION OF HORMONE SECRETION
• Peptide hormones
3 WAYS (all via negative OR positive feedback
NOTE : mechanisms)
• Protein Hormones – injected 1. Humoral (Blood levels of chemicals)
o They cannot diffuse across the wall of 2. Hormonal (most common)
the intestines bc they are not lipid- 3. Nervous System (Neural)
soluble
• Most common protein hormone is INSULIN
(treatment for diabetes mellitus)
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
HUMORAL REGULATION
• Utilizes negative feedback
• May detection na bumababa calcium sa blood then
nagkakaroon ng osteoclast
• If mataas ang blood Ca wlanag secretion and that
blances the humoral regulation in the blood
HORMONAL REGULATION
• Yan ang pinakamaraming functions (pituitary)
• Stimulates everytime there there is a good ___
imbalance
1st Year, 1st Semester
MIDTERMS
NEURAL REGULATION
• Happens in your synaptic cleft thru your action
potential
• Once there is an AP, the endocrine cell would be
stimulated and there would be a stimulation of
neurotransmitters OR there would be a localized
action
INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE
• Part of regulation
• HUMORAL INHIBITION
o generally involves the actions of
companion hormones
o They perform opposite functions.
o can be done to maintain balance
• E.g. blood pressure
a. Decreased bP – increase aldosterone
secretion (increases sodium
reabsorption from the urine, sweat, and
the gut para maging normal ulit)
b. Increased bP – increase ANP / Atrial
natriuretic peptide (increase ANP to it
normal again by promoting salt excretion,
lowering of blood volume and relacation
of the vessel)
• Neurons inhibit targets just as often as they stimulate
targets
• If the neurotransmitter is inhibitory, the target endoc
gland does NOT secrete its hormone
• In control of hormone release byt other hormones,
some are inhibitory hormones (reduce the release of
the hormone being controlled)
o E.g. thyroid hormones can control their
own blood levels by inhibiting their
anterior pituitary tropic hormone.
 ANATOMY AND
1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERMS

REGULATION OF BLOOD HORMONE LEVELS Somatostatin /

• Two major mechanisms maintain hormone levels in Growth Decreased
the blood within a homeostatic range hormone- Small growth
same ^^
o Negative and Positive feedback inhibiting peptide hormone
• Most hormones are regulated by a negative-feedback hormone secretion
mechanism (GHIH)
o hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the Ant
hormone itself once blood levels have Thyrotropin- pituitary
Increased
reached a certain point releasing Small cells
TSH
• Some hormones are regulated by positive feedback hormone peptide that
secretion
mechanism (TRH) secrete
o Tropic hormone action TSH
Ant
Corticotropin- pituitary
Increased
releasing cells
peptide ACTH
hormone that
secretion
(CRH) secrete
ACTH
Ant
pituitary
Gonadotropin- Increased
cells
releasing Small LH and
that
hormone peptide FSH
secrete
(GnRH) secretion
LH and
FSH
Ant
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES pituitary
Prolactin- Unknown Decreased
cells
HYPOTHALAMUS inhibiting (possibly prolactin
that
hormone (PIH) dopamine) secretion
secrete
prolactin
Prolactin-
Increased
releasing
Unknown same ^ prolactin
hormone
secretion
(PRH)

PITUITARY GLAND
Ø Functional Lobes
• APG (Adenohypophysis) ; anterior pituitary –
glandular tissue
• PPG (Neurohypophysis) ; posterior pituitary –
• Part of the nervous system but also a major endocrine nervous tissue
organ bc it produces several hormones
• The primary link between the endocrine and nervous Ø Hormones Secreted
system HORMONES OF APG
• Its nerve cells control the pituitary gland by producing Hormone Response
chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone helps promote development
secretion from the pituitary Prolactin (PRL) / of the breast during
HORMONES OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS Lactogenic pregnancy and stimulates the
Hormones Structure Target Response Hormone production of milk in the
Ant breast following pregnancy
Growth
pituitary Increased Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone-
cells growth Hormone (TSH) / stimulates thyroid gland to
releasing Peptide
that hormone Thyrotropic produce thyroid hormones
hormone
secrete secretion Hormone
(GHRH)
GH
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
increases the secretion of a
hormone from the adrenal
cortex called cortisol, also
called hydrocortisone. It is
Adrenocorticotropic also required to keep the
Hormone (ACTH) adrenal cortex from
degenerating. It also
increases skin pigmentation
as ACTH molecules bind to
melanocytes in the skin
Gonadotropins regulate the growth,
development, and functions
of the gonads (ovaries and
testes).
>> Luteinizing F - causes the ovulation of
hormone (LH) oocytes and the secretion of
sex hormones estrogen and
progesterone from the
ovaries.
M - stimulates the secretion of
sex hormone testosterone
from the testes ; sometimes
called interstitial cell-
stimulating hormone (ICSH)
>> Follicle stimulates the development
stimulating of follicles in the ovaries and
hormone (FSH) sperm cells in the testes.
Without LH and FSH, the
ovaries and testes decrease
in size, no longer produce
oocytes or sperm cells, and
no longer secrete hormones.
Melanocyte- synthesizes melanin. Over
stimulating secretion of MSH causes the
hormone (MSH) skin to darken
HORMONES OF PPG
increases water reabsorption
by kidney tubules resulting in
less water lost as urine. It can
Antidiuretic
also cause blood vessel to
Hormone
constrict when release in
large amount due to secretion
of hormone vasopressin
causes contraction of the
smooth muscle cells of the
Oxytocin uterus and milk ejection or
milk “let- down”, from the
breast in lactating women
1st Year, 1st Semester
MIDTERMS
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY RELATION
Pituitary gland is controlled in two ways by the
hypothalamus of the brain
• NEUROHORMONES – produced and secreted by
neurons of the hypothalamus
o act on cells of the anterior pituitary gland
o act as either releasing hormones
§ increasing the secretion of anterior pituitary
hormones
o can also act as inhibiting hormones
§ decreasing the secretion of the anterior
pituitary hormones
• Each releasing hormone stimulates and each
inhibiting hormone inhibits the production and
secretion of a specific hormone by the anterior
pituitary
• Releasing and inhibiting hormones enter the capillary
bed in the hypothalamus and are transported through
veins to a second capillary bed in the anterior
pituitary
• There they leave the blood and bind to membrane-
bound receptors involved with the regulation of
anterior pituitary hormone secretion
• The capillary
beds and veins
that transport the
releasing and
inhibiting
hormones are
called the
hypothalamic-
pituitary portal
system.
ANATOMY AND
1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERMS

HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY

• controlled by nervous
system stimulation of
nerve cells within the
hypothalamus
o These nerve cells
have their cell
bodies in the
hypothalamus
o Their axons extend
through the
infundibulum to the
posterior pituitary.
• Hormones are produced
in the nerve cell bodies
and transported through
the axons to the REGULATION OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION
posterior pituitary, where they are stored in the axon
endings. Ø Growth Hormone:
• Target tissues:
• When these nerve cells are stimulated, action
most
potentials from the hypothalamus travel along the
• Functions:
axons to the posterior pituitary and cause the release
of hormones from the axon endings in the posterior stimulates
pituitary. growth of bones,
muscles, and
organs
NOTE : • Abnormalities:
• Nervous + endocrine system are closely o Too much
interrelated sa hypothalamus and pituitary GH causes
• Emotions such as joy and anger, as well as chronic giantism
o Too little GH
stress, influence the endocrine system through the
causes
hypothalamus pituitary
• hormones of the endocrine system can influence dwarfism
the functions of the hypothalamus and other parts Ø Regulation of
of the brain Growth Hormone Secretion
• HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY • Stress and decreased blood glucose levels increase
(adenohypophysis) the release of growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH) and decrease the release of growth
o Made up of epithelial cells derived from the hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH).
embryonic oral cavity. • GHRH and GHIH travel through the hypothalamic-
o Also known as adenohypophysis. pituitary portal system to the anterior pituitary.
o Glandular tissue. • Increased GHRH and reduced GHIH act on the
o Regulates the activities of the thyroid, anterior pituitary and result in increased GH secretion.
adrenals and reproductive glands • GH acts on target tissues.
• Increasing GH has a negative-feedback on the
hypothalamus, resulting in decreased GHRH and
decreased GHIH release.

THYROID GLAND
• Made up of 2 lobes connected by a narrow band
called isthmus
• Located on either side of trachaea just inferior to the
larynx
• Shaped like a bowtie or butterfly
• One of the largest endocrine glands; weighs 0.5
grams
ANATOMY AND
1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERMS

• Appears redder than surrounding tissues bc it is highly REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETION
vascular
• Secretes thyroid hormones and calcitonin

PARATHYROID GLAND
HOROMONES OF THE THYROID GLAND • 4 tiny glands embedded in the
Thyroid- • Target tissues: thyroid gland posterior wall of the thyroid
Stimulating • Functions: regulates thyroid gland
Hormone (TSH) gland secretions ; metabolic • Secrete a hormone called
hormones ; regulate metabolic parathyroid hormone (PTH)
rate; CHO, fat and CHON which is essential for the
metabolism; and aid in regulation of blood calcium
regulating physical and mental levels
growth and development HORMONE OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND
• T4 (thyroxine) – 95% Parathyroid • Most imp blood Ca level
• T3 (triiodothyronine) – 5% (PTH) regulator
• Abnormalities:
• Aka HYPERCALCEMIC
>> Too much TSH, thyroid gland
hormone
enlarges
>> Too little TSH, thyroid gland • Stimulates osteoclasts to
shrinks breakdown bone matrix
• Acts to increase blood levels of
Thyrocalcitonin / Hormone secreted by the thyroid Ca
Calcitonin gland from the parafollicular cells. • Stimulates kidneys to
FUNCTION : reduces blood Ca synthesize vitamin D
levels or promotes Ca deposits in • Target tissues: bones and
the bone ; antagonist of PTH ; kidneys
hypocalcemic hormone ; prevents • Functions: regulates blood
elevated calcium levels in the Ca2+ levels (more than
blood calcitonin)

> If Ca 2+ is low then osteoclasts

break down bone matrix and less
Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
> If Ca 2+ is high then osteoclasts
don’t break down bone matrix and
more Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
ADRENAL GLANDS (Suprarenal Glands)
• Two small glands that are
located superior to each
kidney
• It has two sections
1. Adrenal medulla / inner
part
2. Adrenal cortex / outer
part
• They function as separate
endocrine glands
ZONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
1st Year, 1st Semester
MIDTERMS
The Adrenal Cortex is subdivided into three zones, each
of which secretes different hormones.
1. ZONA GLUMERULOSA
• secrete hormones called mineralocorticoids.
• Major hormone of this class is aldosterone.
• Functions: regulate fluid and electrolyte balance;
stimulates reabsorption of NaCl and water; and
stimulate K secretion.
2. ZONA FASCICULATA
• secretes hormones called glucocorticoids.
• Helps regulate blood nutrient levels in the body,
regulate blood glucose level, and regulate metabolism
and resistance to stress.
• Includes cortisol (hydrocortisone), corticosterone and
cortisone
3. ZONA RETICULARIS
• secretes hormones called androgens.
• They are named for their ability to stimulate the
development of male sexual characteristics.
HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
(Corticosetroids)
Type of mineralocorticoids
Target tissues: kidneys
Functions: causes Na+ and H2O
Aldosterone /
to be retained and K+ to be
Mineralocorticoids
secreted, indirectly involved with
blood pressure and blood
volume
Type of glucocorticoids
Target tissues: most
Cortisol & Functions: increases
Cortisone breakdown of fat and
(Glucocorticoids) protein for energy uses reduces
inflammatory and immune
responses
Target tissues: most ?
Estrogen & Functions:
Androgen Males: secondary sexual
(Sex Hormones) characteristics
Females: sex drive
HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
(Catecholamines)
Epinephrine / Target tissues: heart, blood
Adrenalin vessels, liver, fat cells
Norepinephrine / Functions: released as part of
Noradrenaline fight or flight response
 ANATOMY AND
1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERMS

REGULATION OF CORTISON SECRETION BY THE - It secretes two hormones: insulin and glucagon,
ADRENAL CORTEX which function to help regulate blood nutrient levels,
especially blood glucose.

NOTE :
The islets consist of three cell types, each of which
secretes a separate hormone.
1. Alpha cells secrete glucagon
2. Beta cells secrete insulin
3. Delta cells secrete somatostatin.
These three hormones regulate the blood levels of
nutrients, especially glucose

1. In response to stress or low blood glucose, ACTH-

releasing hormone passes from the hypothalamus
through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to
the anterior pituitary. The releasing hormone binds to
and stimulates cells that secrete ACTH into the
general circulation.
2. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex and stimulates the
secretion of cortisol into the general circulation.
3. Cortisol acts on its target tissues to increase protein
breakdown and increase blood glucose.
4. Cortisol acts on the hypothalamus and anterior
pituitary to decrease ACTH secretion.
REGULATION OF ADRENAL MEDULLARY
SECRETIONS HORMONES OF THE PANCREAS
Insulin „ Released from Beta cells to decrease
blood glucose level
„ Hypoglycemic hormone
„ Helps the cells in taking up glucose
from the blood

Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle,

adipose tissue
Functions:
regulates blood glucose levels
after a meal glucose levels are high and
insulin is secreted
extra glucose is stored in form of
glycogen
Stimulation of the hypothalamus by stress, physical Glucagon „ Released from Alpha cells to increase
activity, or low blood glucose levels cause action blood glucose level.
potentials to travel through the sympathetic nervous „ Hyperglycemic hormone
system to the adrenal medulla. In response, the adrenal „ Stimulates the liver cells release of
medulla releases epinephrine and smaller amounts of glucose to the blood
norepinephrine into the general circulation. These
hormones have several effects on the body to prepare it Target tissues: liver
for physical activity. Function:
>> regulates blood glucose levels
PANCREAS between meals glucose levels drop and
- Consist of pancreatic islets dispersed among the glucagon is secreted
exocrine portion of the pancreas.
 ANATOMY AND
1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERMS

>> glucagon allows glycogen to be hair, voice changes and male

broken down into glucose sexual drive.

EXAMPLE FOR INSULIN HORMONES OF THE OVARIES

>> Diabetes mellitus: ESTROGEN - contribute to the
• Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors PROGESTERONE development and function of
• Symptoms: exaggerated appetite,excess urine, female reproductive
dehydration, thirst, fatigue structures and female sexual
• Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required) characteristics
• Type II: nsulin independent, often found in obese - controls menstrual cycle.
people,can be treated with diet but can turn into type
PLACENTA
• Organ formed
temporarily in the
uterus of a pregnant
woman.
• Produces hormones
that help maintain
pregnancy

HORMONES OF THE PLACENTA

Human Chorionic stimulates ovary to continue
Gonadotropin (HCG) producing estrogen and
progesterone.

Estrogen maintains the lining of the

uterus and prepares breasts
for lactation.

Progesterone promotes growth of uterine

GONADS lining.
„ Ovaries
v Produce Estrogen (graafian follicle)
• Estrone Human Placental prepares breast for lactation.
Lactogen (HPL)
• Estradiol
v Progesterone (corpus luteum) Relaxin causes the mother’s pelvic
v Pregnancy / Lactation ligaments and the pubic
symphysis to relax and
„ Testes become more flexible which
o Produce androgens ease of birth passage.
o Development of secondary male THYMUS
characteristics v Gland located in the mediastinum.
o For continuous production of sperm v Important in the function of the immune system.
„ Secretes sex hormones and produce sperm cells & v Acts as an incubator for maturation of T-lymphocytes
oocytes v Help protect the body against infection by foreign
• Estrogen organism
• Progesterone
• Androgens

HORMONE OF THE TESTES

TESTOSTERONE - Androgen
- Responsible for the growth and
development of the male
reproductive structures, muscle
enlargement, growth of body
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1st Year, 1st Semester
PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERMS

HORMONES OF THE THYMUS b. Stimulates expulsion of stored bile

Thymosin - helps in the development of c. Relaxes sphincter
certain WBC called T-cells
6. Erythropoietin
PINEAL GLAND o Source : Kidney
- A.k.a. PINEAL BODY o Target Organ : Bone Marrow
- Small pinecone-shaped gland in the roof of the 3rd o Effects : Stimulates RBC production
ventricle
7. Active vitamin D3
HORMONES OF THE THUMUS o Source :Kidney
Melatonin - - inhibit the functions of the o Target Organ : Intestine
reproductive system. o Effects : Stimulates active transport of
- “sleep-trigger” dietary Ca across intestinal membrane
- Important in establishing
DAYNIGHT cycle 8. Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Also coordinates sex hormones o Source : Heart
- o Target Organ :
a. Kidney
OTHER HORMONES b. Adrenal Cortex
1. Prostaglandin o Effects :
o Source : Plasma membrane of virtually all a. Inhibits Na ion reabsorption and renin
body cells release
o Target Organ : Many but act locally on site b. Inhibits aldosterone secretion
of release
o Effects : Inc. BP, enhance blood clotting,
promote inflammation & pain

2. Gastrin
o Source : Stomach
o Target Organ : Stomach
o Effects : Releases HCL

3. Intestinal Gastrin
o Source : Guodenum
o Target Organ : Stomach
o Effects : Inhibits HCL secretion & GIT
motility

4. Secretin
o Source : Duodenum
o Target Organ :
a. Pancreas
b. Liver
c. Stomach
o Effects :
a. Stimulates release of HCO3 rich juice
b. Inc. bile release
c. Inhibits secretory activity

5. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
o Source : Duodenum
o Target Organ :
a. Pancreas
b. Gallbladder
c. Duodenum
o Effects :
a. Stimulates release of enzyme rich juices