Progettazione di veicoli

aerospaziali (AA-LZ)
D o c e n t e t i t o l a r e : P r o f. E . C a r r e r a

Le c t u r e s e r i e s :

Conceptual Design of subsonic commercial

aircraft

Dr. Davide Ferretto

davide.ferretto@polito.it

Lesson 4: High-level performance

and configuration characteristics
Lesson 4: High-level performance and
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 3.3 Where we left...

Table of contents 4.1 Performance requirements in terms of wing loading

and thrust-to-weight ratio

4.2 Matching chart

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Frequently asked questions: Lesson 2

𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦
→ = 𝑨 𝑚𝑐𝑇𝑂
𝑚 𝑇𝑂

Lesson 2 «A» and «c» are statistical

coefficients from the power law
interpolation
Some
feedbacks 𝐴 ≠ 𝐴𝑤 ≠ 𝐴𝑅

𝐀𝐑
→
𝐿
= 𝑘𝐿𝐷 𝑨𝒘 where 𝐴𝑤 = 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡 Aspect
𝐷 𝑀𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 Ratio

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Frequently asked questions: Lesson 3
To derive pt. 2

𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑚 𝑇𝑂 − (𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝐴𝑋 + 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 + 𝑚𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 )

2 YES

𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑚 𝑇𝑂 − (𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝐴𝑋 − 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 − 𝑚𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 )

2 NO
Lesson 3

To derive pt. 3
Some
𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 3 = 𝑚 𝑇𝑂 − (𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 + 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 + 𝑚𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 ) YES
feedbacks 𝑀𝐴𝑋

𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 3 = 𝑚 𝑇𝑂 − (𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑀𝐴𝑋
− 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 − 𝑚𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 ) NO

There was a mistake within the original set of slides.

Updated slides have been updated on the Portal

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Case Study: Payload Trade and Range Trade

3
Pa y l o a d / ra n g e t ra d e -
o f f a n d o p e ra t i o n a l
Assignment 3.2: Payload-Range Diagram
analysis A) Create a Payload-Range Diagram representative of your aircraft concept.
B) On the basis of the results achieved in A), draw at least three different
ASSIGNMENT Payload-Range diagrams to explore the possibility to create a family
concept.

Assignment 3.3: City-pairs

Once the maximum range requirement
is refined, identify a set of at least 10
«city-pairs» that can be connected
with direct flight.

Where we left...
Lesson 4: High-level performance and
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing

In the first step of the aircraft preliminary design phase, the aircraft’s most
influential parameter, i.e. MTOM, is determined. The second crucial step is the
preliminary estimation of wing surface area 𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒇 and engine thrust 𝑻. In
particular, the following parameters shall be estimated:
𝑾𝒌𝒈
Wing Loading → [kg/m2]
𝑺
𝑻
4.1 Thrust-to-Weight ratio → [-]
𝑾
Pe r f o r m a n c e
requirements in terms
Unlike the procedure followed for MTOM estimation, in this case the
of wing loading and methodology does not make use of statistic assessment, but it requires a more
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o detailed investigation of aircraft performance requirements and it employs
flight mechanics theories.
Stall speed 𝑉𝑠
Maximum speed 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Maximum rate of climb 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
Set of aircraft performance requirements
Take-off run 𝑆𝑇𝑂
to be used at this stage
Ceiling altitude ℎ𝑐
Turn characteristics (Turn Radius 𝑟𝑡 Turn Rate 𝜔𝑡 )

[1] Raymer, Daniel. Aircraft design: a conceptual approach. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2012.
[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A systems engineering approach. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
Lesson 4: High-level performance and
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing

A 4-steps procedure can be followed:

1) Derive equations for each performance requirement, trying to express them
𝑇 𝑊𝑘𝑔
as a 𝑓 ,
𝑊 𝑆

𝑇 𝑊𝑘𝑔
2) Rewrite equations in the form = 𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑖 , and graphically represent the
𝑊 𝑆
4.1 curves in a single plot (aka Matching Chart) with wing loading [kg/m2]
as horizontal axis and thrust-to-weight ratio [-] as vertical axis.
Pe r f o r m a n c e Equations shall be defined for sea level comparison!
requirements in terms
of wing loading and 3) Identify the acceptable region of the diagram
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o
4) Identify the Optimum Design Point inside the acceptable region and
evaluate T and S (W is known)

[1] Raymer, Daniel. Aircraft design: a conceptual

approach. American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Inc., 2012.

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A

systems engineering approach. John Wiley &
Sons, 2012.

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

• Derive equations for each performance requirement, trying to express

𝑇 𝑊𝑘𝑔
them as a 𝑓 , 𝑆 , including data coming from requirements.
𝑊

𝑇 𝑊𝑘𝑔
• Rewrite them in the format 𝑊 = 𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑖 , , to be properly
𝑆
implemented within the Matching Chart.
4.1
Stall speed 𝑉𝑠
Pe r f o r m a n c e Maximum speed 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
requirements in terms Maximum rate of climb 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
Set of aircraft performance requirements
of wing loading and to be used at this stage (example) Take-off run 𝑆𝑇𝑂
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o Ceiling altitude ℎ𝑐
Turn characteristics (Turn Radius 𝑟𝑡 Turn Rate 𝜔𝑡 )

Please note that this methodology has been presented for the first
time by NASA and then in-depth analysed and improved later on by
several authors including Roskam and Raymer. The Matching Chart
theory is currently widely used and implemented in different
conceptual design tools.

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.1) Stall Speed Equation (𝑽𝒔 ) (sea level)

Except for helicopters and VTOL aircraft (that can fly with zero forward
speed), all other fixed-wing aircraft need to have a minimum airspeed in
order to stay airborne, thus a limit to the minimum allowable speed exists
and it is referred to as stall speed. To guarantee aerodynamic balance at any
flight speed (𝐿 = 𝑊), when aircraft speed lowers down, being closer to stall,
4.1 the aircraft lift coefficient must be increased, becoming closer to 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
Pe r f o r m a n c e 𝐿≥𝑊
requirements in terms
of wing loading and
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔 𝑊𝑘𝑔 1
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o ≤ 𝜌0 𝑉𝑠2 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆 2𝑔
1
𝐿= 𝜌0 𝑉𝑠2 𝑆𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥
2

This is also known as landing

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A
systems engineering approach. John Wiley &
requirement when 1.3*Vs is
Sons, 2012. considered
Lesson 4: High-level performance and
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.1) Stall Speed Equation (𝑽𝒔 ) (sea level) 𝑊𝑘𝑔 1

≤ 𝜌0 𝑉𝑠2 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆 2𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝝆0 is the air density at sea level
𝑚3

𝑚
𝑽𝒔 is stall speed. A suggestion might be to set this requirement starting from the
𝑠
required approach speed, duly considering safety factors accounting for rearward gust or
4.1 wind shear. (Suggestion 𝑉𝑠 =
𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
)
1.3
Pe r f o r m a n c e
requirements in terms
of wing loading and
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o 𝑪𝑳 𝒎𝒂𝒙 is the maximum lift coefficient.
Very difficult to estimate without knowing
the wing geometry.

Usually,

1.2 ≤ 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 1.5 for no-flap wing

1.5 ≤ 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 4 for flap wing

[1] Raymer, Daniel. Aircraft design: a conceptual approach.

Lesson 4: High-level performance and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.,
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto) 2012.
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.1) Stall Speed Equation (𝑽𝒔 ) (sea level) 𝑊𝑘𝑔 1

≤ 𝜌0 𝑉𝑠2 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆 2𝑔
𝑪𝑳 𝒎𝒂𝒙 is the maximum lift coefficient.
Very difficult to estimate without knowing
the wing geometry.

Usually,
4.1
Pe r f o r m a n c e 1.2 ≤ 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 1.5 for no-flap wing
requirements in terms 1.5 ≤ 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 4 for flap wing
of wing loading and
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o

[1] Raymer, Daniel. Aircraft design: a conceptual

approach. American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Inc., 2012.

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.1) Stall Speed Equation (𝑽𝒔 ) (sea level) 𝑊𝑘𝑔 1

≤ 𝜌0 𝑉𝑠2 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆 2𝑔

4.1
Pe r f o r m a n c e
requirements in terms
of wing loading and
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A systems engineering approach. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.2) Maximum (Operating) Speed (𝑽𝒎𝒐 )

Considering that, for commercial transport aircraft, maximum operating speed
can be reached in cruise conditions, to guarantee aircraft longitudinal balance,
the following equilibrium equations can be written:

𝐿=𝑊
4.1 𝐷=𝑇 Translated at sea level
Pe r f o r m a n c e
1 2
requirements in terms 𝐿= 𝜌𝑉 𝑆𝐶 𝑇 2 𝐶
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 2𝐾 𝑊𝑘𝑔
of wing loading and 2 𝑚𝑜 𝐿 =
𝐷0
+ 2 𝑔 1/𝜎
1 2 𝑊 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o 𝐷 = 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆𝐶𝐷 2 𝑆 𝑔
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿2

1
𝐾=
𝜋 ∙ 𝐴𝑅 ∙ 𝑒
𝜌
=𝜎
𝜌0

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A

Lesson 4: High-level performance and
This is also known as cruise
systems engineering approach. John Wiley &
Sons, 2012. configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto) requirement
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2
2
𝑇 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝐶𝐷 0 2𝐾 𝑊𝑘𝑔
Eq.2) Maximum Speed (𝑽𝒎𝒐 ) 𝑊
=
𝑊𝑘𝑔
+ 2 𝑔
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆
2 𝑆 𝑔

𝑪𝑫 𝟎 can be estimated according to

data for similar configurations

4.1
Pe r f o r m a n c e
requirements in terms 𝑴𝒎𝒐 is preferred to 𝑉𝑚𝑜 at high
of wing loading and altitude. Typical Mach values are
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o around 0.75 – 0.85 and shall be
translated into 𝑉𝑚𝑜 values at
related altitude

Oswald factor
1
𝑲= with 0.7 < 𝑒 < 0.95
πe AR

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A

systems engineering approach. John Wiley & Lesson 4: High-level performance and
Sons, 2012. configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Stall Speed
VS Maximum Speed

Coffin corner
4.1
Coffin corner is the region of flight where a fast but subsonic fixed-wing
Pe r f o r m a n c e
aircraft's stall speed is near the critical Mach number, at a given gross
requirements in terms
weight and G-force loading.
of wing loading and
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.3) Take-off run (𝒍𝑻𝑶 )

Usually, take-off requirements are defined in terms of minimum ground run,
since every airport has a limited runway. As it appears from the mathematical
derivation, both T/W and W/S contribute to the overall result.

𝑇 − 𝐷 − 𝜇 𝑊 − 𝐿 = 𝑎 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑇 𝑊𝑘𝑔 /𝑆
4.1 =
𝑊 𝑙 𝑇𝑂 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑂 𝜌𝜎
Pe r f o r m a n c e 𝑇 𝑎
requirements in terms = Translated at sea level
𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
of wing loading and
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o 𝑇𝑔
𝑎=
𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔

𝑉2
𝑙 𝑇𝑂 =
2𝑎
𝐿 = 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A

Lesson 4: High-level performance and systems engineering approach. John Wiley &
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto) Sons, 2012.
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.3) Take-off run (𝒍𝑻𝑶 )

𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑶 can be estimated starting from 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . At take-off, the lift coefficient is

lower than the maximum one, since not all high-lift surfaces are deflected. Try
to assume one accordingly

𝑽 is usually grater than stall speed. A typical value for safe climb-out after
4.1 rotation is 1.2*V_stall, but here we need to consider a slightly lower value
Pe r f o r m a n c e (since we are still on ground).
requirements in terms
of wing loading and
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o 𝝆 = 𝝆𝟎 𝝈 can be different from sea level density, since the airport may be at a
higher altitude (e.g. Denver, (CO, USA) 1665 m ASL !!!). Think about a
reasonable requirement in terms of maximum airfield elevation.

𝒍𝑻𝑶 can be specified as operational requirements, but

it represents only ground run.

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto) ASL - Above Sea Level
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.4) Rate of Climb (𝑹𝑶𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙 ) (e.g. 3000 fpm)

Maximum rate of climb shall consider the speed for minimum drag, i.e.
maximum aerodynamic efficiency. This shall be considered for a specific altitude.

𝑇−𝐷 Translated at sea level

𝑅𝑂𝐶 = V
𝑊 𝑇 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑀𝑎𝑥 1
4.1 = + 1/𝜎
𝑇 𝐷 𝑊 𝐿
Pe r f o r m a n c e 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑉 − 2𝑔 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝐷
𝑊 𝑊 𝑚𝑎𝑥
requirements in terms 𝐶𝐷0 𝑆
𝑇 1 𝜌 𝐾
of wing loading and 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑉 −
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o 𝑊 𝐿
𝐷

2 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔
𝑉𝐸 𝑀𝑎𝑥 =
𝜌𝑆𝐶𝐿 𝐸
𝑀𝑎𝑥

𝐶𝐷 0
𝐶𝐿 𝐸 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐾
[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A
Lesson 4: High-level performance and systems engineering approach. John Wiley &
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto) Sons, 2012.
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 1 and 2

Eq.5) Absolute Ceiling ℎ𝑐 (initial cruise)

The ceiling is defined as the highest altitude at which an aircraft can safely have
a straight level flight. The absolute ceiling, is the altitude at which the ROC is
zero.
It is easy to derive from Eq. 4)
Translated at sea level
4.1
𝑇 𝑅𝑂𝐶 1 𝑇 1
Pe r f o r m a n c e = + =
𝑊 𝐿 𝑊 𝜎 𝐿
requirements in terms 2𝑔 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥
of wing loading and 𝐶𝐷 𝑆
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o 𝜌 𝐾0

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A

Lesson 4: High-level performance and systems engineering approach. John Wiley &
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto) Sons, 2012.
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 3 and 4

• Identify the Optimum Design Point inside the acceptable region and
evaluate T and S (W is known)

4.1
Pe r f o r m a n c e
requirements in terms
of wing loading and
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o

Let’s put them all into a single plot

T/W = f(W_kg/S).

W_kg/S will be the main variable

(NOT S only)

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A systems engineering approach. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
Lesson 4: High-level performance and
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Wing Surface and Engine Sizing: steps 3 and 4

• Identify the Optimum Design Point inside the acceptable region and
evaluate T and S (W is known)

• The matching chart is a 2D representation reporting T/W = f(W_kg/S)

T/W [-]
Stall Speed
4.2 ROC
Matching chart Cruise
Reqs Feasible
Design
Space
Selected Design Point
𝑇 (optimized for minimum wing surface)
𝑊 𝑑𝑒𝑠
Selected Design Point
Select the lowest T/W (optimized for minimum thrust)
𝑇
able to meet the entire 𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑇𝑂 𝑔
set of requirements 𝑊 𝑑𝑒𝑠
Take-off distance 𝑚 𝑇𝑂
𝑆𝑑𝑒𝑠 =
𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑊𝑘𝑔
𝑆
(W_kg)/S [𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 ] 𝑆
𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠

Select the highest W/S to

design the smallest wing
surface able to meet the
requirements

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Case Study: Matching Chart

4
H i g h - l eve l p e r fo r m a n c e
a n d c o n f i g u ra t i o n
c h a ra c t er i s t i cs

[2] Sadraey, Mohammad H. Aircraft design: A systems engineering approach. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

ASSIGNMENT Assignment 4.1: Performance equations

Describe the five equations just shown, specifying assumptions and data
used to derive their trends for the considered case study.

Assignment 4.2: Matching Chart

Build the Matching Chart for the case study and define Wing Surface and
Engine Thrust values coming from the identification of the design point in
terms of (W/S, T/W) coordinates.

Lesson 4: High-level performance and

configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Equation 2) derivation: maximum operating speed
𝐿=𝑊 2𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔
𝐷=𝑇 𝐶𝐿 = 2
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆
1 2 2
𝐿= 𝜌𝑉 𝑆𝐶 2𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔
2 𝑚𝑜 𝐿 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 0 + 𝐾
1 2 2
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆
𝐷 = 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆𝐶𝐷
4.1 2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿2 2
Pe r f o r m a n c e 1 2 2𝐾 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔
requirements in terms 𝑇 = 𝐷 = 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆𝐶𝐷 0 + 2
1 2 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆
of wing loading and 𝐾=
𝜋 ∙ 𝐴𝑅 ∙ 𝑒
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o
𝜌 If we divide this equation by a factor 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔
=𝜎
𝜌0
Appendix 𝑇 𝑇 2 𝐶
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝐷0 2𝐾 𝑊𝑘𝑔
= = + 2 g
𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔 𝑊 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆
2 𝑔
𝑆
Introducing sea level correction:
2 𝐶
𝑇 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝐷0 2𝐾 𝑊𝑘𝑔
= + 2 𝑔 1/𝜎
𝑊 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑜 𝑆
2 𝑆 𝑔
Lesson 4: High-level performance and
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto)
 Equation 3) derivation: take-off run
Neglected

𝑇 − 𝐷 − 𝜇 𝑊 − 𝐿 = 𝑎 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑇 − 𝐷 − 𝜇 𝑊 − 𝐿 = 𝑎 𝑊𝑘𝑔
D<<T
𝑇 𝑎
=
𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 Neglecting those terms and applying the
4.1 hypoteses it is possible to obtain a reference
𝑇𝑔
Pe r f o r m a n c e 𝑎= value of acceleration «a».
𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔
requirements in terms
of wing loading and Then, according to kinematics:
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o
𝑉2 1 2
𝑙 𝑇𝑂 = 𝑙 𝑇𝑂 = 𝑥0 + 𝑉𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑉2
2𝑎 2 𝑙 𝑇𝑂 =
2𝑎
Appendix 𝐿 = 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔 𝑉 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎𝑡

Since initial distance and speed are equal to 0.

Then, since lift shall be equal to weight it is possible to obtain V as:

2𝑔 𝑊𝑘𝑔 2𝑔 𝑊𝑘𝑔 1 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔 1 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑊 𝑇 𝑊𝑘𝑔 /𝑆

𝑉= 𝑙 𝑇𝑂 = = 𝜌𝐶 =
𝜌𝐶𝐿 𝑆 𝜌𝐶𝐿 𝑆 2 𝑇𝑔 𝐿 𝑆 𝑇 𝑊 𝑙 𝑇𝑂 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑂 𝜌𝜎
Lesson 4: High-level performance and
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto) Already corrected for sea level
 Equation 4) derivation: maximum ROC
As hypothesized, maximum ROC shall
𝑇−𝐷
𝑅𝑂𝐶 = V consider maximum aero efficiency
𝑊 condition.
𝑇 𝐷
𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑉 − 𝐿 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐿
𝑊 𝑊 = =
4.1
𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷 0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿2
𝑇 1
Pe r f o r m a n c e 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑉 −
𝑊 𝐿 𝐶𝐿
requirements in terms 𝐷 𝑑 𝐶𝐷0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿2 − 2𝐾𝐶𝐿2
𝐶𝐷
of wing loading and = =0
𝑑𝐶𝐿 (𝐶𝐷 0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿2 )2
t h r u s t - t o - w ei g h t ra t i o
2 𝑊𝑘𝑔 𝑔
𝑉𝐸 𝑀𝑎𝑥 =
𝜌𝑆𝐶𝐿 𝐸 𝐶𝐷0 = 𝐾𝐶𝐿2
𝑀𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝐷0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿2 − 2𝐾𝐶𝐿2 = 0
Appendix 𝐶𝐿𝐸 𝑀𝑎𝑥 =
𝐶𝐷 0
𝐶𝐷 0 𝐾
𝐶𝐿 𝐸 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐾
Then, substituting into ROC equation:

𝑇 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑀𝑎𝑥 1
𝑇 1 𝑇 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑀𝑎𝑥 1 = + 1/𝜎
𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝐸 𝑀𝑎𝑥 − = + 𝑊
2𝑔 𝑊𝑘𝑔
𝐿
𝑊 𝐿 𝑊 𝑉𝐸 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐿 𝐷 𝑀𝑎𝑥
𝐷 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝐷0 𝑆
𝜌 𝐾
Lesson 4: High-level performance and
configuration characteristics (D. Ferretto) Already corrected for sea level