6. Which of these chemical reactions would be classified as oxidation?

1. Burning 2. Combustion 3. Respiration

A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

7. When potassium hydroxide (an alkali) is neutralised by nitric acid, two products are produced.
What are they?
A. Potassium nitrate and water
B. Potassium nitride and oxygen
C. Potassium oxide and water
D. Potassium hydride and nitrogen

5. (c) Word Equations and Chemical Reactions

~It Quick Revision Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

• All chemical reactions can be represented by word equations.
• In a word equation, reactants (substances you start with) are placed on the left-hand side of the
equation and the products (new substances you end up with) are placed on the right-hand side of
the equation.
• Mass is always conserved during chemical reactions.
• The total mass of reactants is always equal to the total mass of products.

8. Which of the following word equations represents neutralisation?

A. Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid---+ sodium chloride +water
B. Calcium carbonate---+ calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
C. Hydrogen + oxygen ---+ water
D. Methane + oxygen ---+ carbon dioxide + water

9. When magnesium burns in oxygen, magnesium oxide is formed. When 2.4 g of magnesium
burns in oxygen, 4.0 g of magnesium oxide are produced. How much oxygen gas would be
used up when 1.2 g of magnesium were burned in oxygen?
A. 0.8 g B. 1.2 g c. 1.6 g D. 2.0g

6 Exam Tip - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
In a chemical reaction, whenever a non-metal joins with a metal, the ending of the non-metal changes
to -ide. When oxygen joins with metals, then metal oxides are formed. When chlorine joins with metals,
then metal chlorides are formed. When sulfur joins with metals, then metal sulfides are formed.

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Topic 5 Chemical Changes 61

 10. Which of the following word equations represents thermal decomposition?
A. Carbon + oxygen ----+- carbon dioxide
B. Copper carbonate----+- copper oxide + carbon dioxide
C. Magnesium+ sulfuric acid----+- magnesium sulfate+ hydrogen
D. Sulfur dioxide +water----+- sulfurous acid

5. (d) Mixing Chemicals

1e Quick Revision Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .

• If a chemical reaction between two solutions produces an insoluble solid, the product is called a
precipitate and the reaction is a precipitation reaction.
• Precipitation is a chemical reaction, so the reaction can be represented by a word equation.
• Precipitates can be removed by filtration.

11. Which of these chemical reactions would be classified as precipitation?

A. Adding an acid to a metal
B. Heating a carbonate
C. Adding an alkali to a solution of a salt
D. Burning a flammable liquid

12. The chemical equation for a precipitation reaction is shown below.

Copper sulfate+ sodium hydroxide----+- copper P + sodium Q
Two words, P and Q have been omitted. Which key correctly identifies the two missing
words?

A. sulfate hydroxide

B. hydroxide sulfate

c. oxide chloride

D. chloride oxide

62 Topic 5 Chemical Changes © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

5. (e) Chemical Change by heating

e Quick Revision Notes ------------------------~

• All chemical reactions involve energy changes, so heating can cause a chemical change.
• Heating elements, compounds or mixtures can cause chemical change.
• The process in which a substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances is called
thermal decomposition.
• If a substance catches fire on heating, this process is burning or combustion. If substances are joined
together on heating, this is called chemical combination.

13. Which of these are chemical reactions caused by heating?

1. Combustion 2. Decomposition 3. Evaporation
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

~ExamTip -----------------------------~
A chemical change always involves an energy change. Chemical change may be caused by different
forms of energy such as heat, I ight and electricity.

5. (f) Change by Exposure to Light

W Quick Revision Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . ,

• Photosynthesis is an important chemical change in which green plants make food in the presence of light.
• Photographic changes occur when light causes silver chemicals to change into patches of silver
(called the negative).
• Solar cells are made of elements such as silicon or selenium which can convert light energy into
electricity.

14. The following word equation represents a photographic change.

s1·1 ver b rom1"d e light .. s1·1 ver + b romme

·

What type of chemical reaction is this?

A. Burning B. Decomposition
C. Neutralisation D. Oxidation

5. (g) Change by Electric Current

l8 Quick Revision Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

• Electricity, when passed through a fine electrical wire, produces both light and heat.
• An electric current when passed through liquids can cause a chemical change called electrolysis.
• Liquids which can undergo electrolysis are called electrolytes.

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Topic s Chemical Changes 63

 15. When acidified water is electrolysed, it gives off two gases. What are the two gases?
I. Carbon dioxide
II. Hydrogen
Ill. Nitrogen
IV. Oxygen
A. I and II B. II and Ill
c. II and IV D. Ill and IV

16. Which electrolyte would you use when electroplating an iron nail with copper metal?
A. Copper oxide B. Iron sulfate
C. Iron nitrate D. Copper sulfate

5. (h) Oxidation

111 Quick Revision Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

• Oxidation reactions are chemical changes that involve gaining oxygen.
• Burning or combustion is a common oxidation reaction.
• Rusting is a slow oxidation reaction where iron is oxidised to hydrated iron oxide, more commonly
called rust.

17. Which of these chemical equations represents oxidation?

A. CuC0 3 --+ CuO + C02
B. NaOH + HCl--+ NaCl + H 2 0
C. 2Mg + 0 2 --+ 2Mg0
D. N2 + 3H 2 --+ 2NH 3

6 Exam Tip - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
All oxidation reactions involve the gaining of oxygen. Normally, this oxygen comes from the
surrounding air. Sometimes, the oxidation reaction can be vigorous and produces lots of heat, such
as combustion or burning. Other oxidation type reactions are much slower, such as rusting or other
corrosion type of reactions. All oxidation reactions form oxides as their products.

18. Which of these substances are essential for rusting to take place?
1. Oxygen gas
2. Iron metal
3. Water
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

64 Topic 5 Chemical Changes © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

5. (i) Indicators

~~~~Quick Revision Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

• Indicators are special chemicals used to determine if a substance is acidic or alkaline.
• The universal indicator is a mixture of indicators which has different colours for different pH values.
• The pH scale is a scale of numbers from 0 to 14. A pH value of 7 is neutral.
• A pH value below 7 indicates that the substance is acidic. The lower the pH value, the more acidic
is the substance. A pH value above 7 indicates that the substance is alkaline. The higher the pH
value, the more alkaline is the substance.

19. Which key gives the correct colours shown on the universal indicator when it is placed in
different solutions?

A. Pink Yellow Green

B. Red Green Violet

c. Violet Green Orange

D. Green Yellow Turquoise

20. The table shows the colours that different indicators will show when placed in acid and alkali.

Litmus Red Blue

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink

Methyl orange Red Yellow

Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Pure water would not change the colour of blue litmus.
B. Vinegar would turn phenolphthalein pink.
C. Pure water would turn red litmus blue.
D. Lemon juice would turn methyl orange yellow.

5. (j) Acids

~~~Quick Revision Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . ,

• Acids are a class of chemical substance that contain the element hydrogen.
• Acids have a sour taste and turn moist blue litmus paper red.
• Acids react with certain metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas.
• Acids react with carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas.

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Topic 5 Chemical changes 65

 21. Which key shows the correct gases given off for both reactions: acids reacting with metals
and acids reacting with carbonates?

A. Oxygen Carbon dioxide

B. Steam Hydrogen

c. Hydrogen Carbon dioxide

D. Carbon dioxide Hydrogen

22. Which of the following statements about acid is correct?

A. An acid is a colourless liquid.
B. An acid always contain hydrogen.
C. An acid has a pH value of 7 or less.
D. An acid contains oxygen.

~ExamT!p ---------------------------------------------------------.
The element that is always present in acids is hydrogen. Hydrogen is displaced when the acid reacts
with reactive metals such as magnesium to form a salt and hydrogen gas.

5. (k) Neutralisation

te Quick Revision Notes --------------------------------------------------,

• Neutralisation is a chemical reaction between acids and alkalis.
• The products from a neutralisation reaction are a salt and water. Both products are neutral and have
a pH value of 7.
• Neutralisation reactions can be checked using indicators.
• Some common everyday applications of neutralisation include using indigestion tablets to neutralise
acid in the stomach and using toothpaste to neutralise acids in the mouth.

23. The table shows the pH of various acids and alkalis.

Which acid and alkali, when mixed together in equal volumes, would give a neutral solution?
A. V and X B. V and Y
C. W and Y D. X and Y

66 Topit 5 Chemical Changes © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

24. The graph shows how the pH value of an acid changes during a neutralisation reaction when
an alkali is added to the acid.

At which point has all the acid been neutralised?

5. (/) Chemical Reactions and the Environment

ll; Quick Revision Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .

• Many chemical reactions such as cooking, respiration and photosynthesis are very useful and they
can benefit our lives.
• Other chemical reactions can cause harm to our environment.
• Burning fossil fuels in power stations is essential in generating electricity. However, harmful
substances are released into the surrounding air.
• Various air pollutants such as carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen trap the heat from the Sun and
prevent it from escaping. This is called the 'greenhouse effect', which results in global warming.

25. Which of these gases found in the air are pollutants?

1. Carbon dioxide 2. Nitrogen 3. Oxides of nitrogen
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

({I) Link - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
Refer to Lower Secondary Science Matters (2nd Edition) Book B- Chapter 18 for more information on
chemical changes.

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Topic 5 Chemical Changes 67