Chapter 1: Analysis and Transmission of Signals

Introduction to Communication Systems:

Communication system is a system model describes a communication exchanges between
two stations, transmitter and receiver. Signals or information passes from source to distention
through what is called channel, which represents a way that signal use it to move from source
toward destination. To transmit signals in communication system, it must be first processed by
several stages, beginning from signal representation, to signal shaping until encoding and
modulation. After preparing the transmitted signal, it passed to the transmission line of channel
and due signal crossing this media it faces many impairments such noise, attenuation and
distortion.

Communication is simply the basic process of exchanging information.

Block Diagram of Communication System:

Following figure shows the block diagram of a general communication system, in which the
different functional elements are represented by blocks.

Information Source: Audio, image, text, data.

As we know, a communication system serves to communicate a message or information. This
information originates in the information source. In general, there can be various messages in the
form of words, group of words, code, symbols, sound signal etc. However, out of these
messages, only the desired message is selected and communicated. Therefore, we can say that
the function of information source is to produce required message which has to be transmitted.
Input Transducer: Converts source to electric signal such as Microphone, Camera, Keyboard.
A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form. The message
from the information source may or may not be electrical in nature. In a case when the message
produced by the information source is not electrical in nature, an input transducer is used to
convert it into a time-varying electrical signal. For example, in case of radio-broadcasting, a
microphone converts the information or massage which is in the form of sound waves into
corresponding electrical signal.
Transmitter: Converts electrical signal into form suitable for channel. It consists of Modulator
Amplifier. Modulation is the main function of the transmitter. In modulation, the message signal
is superimposed upon the high-frequency carrier signal. In short, we can say that inside the
transmitter, signal processing such as restriction of range of audio frequencies, amplification and
modulation of are achieved.
Channel: The term channel means the medium through which the message travels from the
transmitter to the receiver. In other words, we can say that the function of the channel is to
provide a physical connection between the transmitter and the receiver.
Receiver: Extracts an estimate of the original transducer output. It consists of Demodulator,
Amplifier. The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the message signal in electrical form
from the distorted received signal. This reproduction of the original signal is accomplished by a
process known as the demodulation or detection. Demodulation is the reverse process of
modulation carried out in transmitter.
Output Transducer: Converts electric signal to useable form. Usually Speaker and Monitor.
Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message signal into its
original form. For example in radio broadcasting, the destination is a loudspeaker which works
as a transducer i.e. converts the electrical signal in the form of original sound signal.
Analog Signal: An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature
(variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to
another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of
the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves.

Sine Wave or Sinusoidal Wave Signal is a special type of signal. It is given by the function

Where A is Amplitude, f is frequency and ϕ is phase shift of sine wave.

Deterministic Signals: A signal is classified as deterministic if it’s a completely specified
function of time. A good example of a deterministic signal is a signal composed of a single
sinusoid, such as

Where A is Amplitude, f is frequency and ϕ is phase shift of sine wave.

Analysis of deterministic signals in frequency domain:
Frequency Domain Representation of a signal:
A signal is a set of data or information, which can be represented as a function of time: s(t)
Deterministic signal is a signal whose physical description is known completely, either in a
mathematical form or a graphical form.
Fourier Transform: Conversion of time domain signal into frequency domain s(t)S(f)
If we know s(t) then its fourier transform S(f) is
Inverse Fourier Transform: Conversion of frequency domain signal into time domain S(f)
s(t) If we know S(f) then its fourier transform s(t) is
Bandwidth of a signal: It is the amount of positive frequency spectrum that a signal s(t)
occupies.
If a signal with frequency Bs is s(t) = sin (2πBst) then its frequency domain representation is as
shown below.

Time Domain Frequency Domain

Now the bandwidth of the above signal is difference between higher frequency and lower
frequency.
Signal Bandwidth BT = Bs – 0 = Bs.
Baseband Signal:
Baseband refers to the original frequency range of a transmission signal before it is
converted, or modulated, to a different frequency range. A baseband bandwidth is equal to the
highest frequency of a signal or system, or an upper bound on such frequencies.
Electromagnetic Spectrum:
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum)
of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies. The
electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below
one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down
to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus. This frequency range is divided into separate
bands, and the electromagnetic waves within each frequency band are called by different names;
beginning at the low frequency (long wavelength) end of the spectrum these are: radio
waves, microwaves, terahertz waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma
rays at the high-frequency (short wavelength) end. The electromagnetic waves in each of these
bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with
matter, and their practical applications. The limit for long wavelengths is the size of
the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of
the Planck length.[4] Gamma rays, X-rays, and high ultraviolet are classified as ionizing
radiation as their photons have enough energy to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions.
Exposure to these rays can be a health hazard, causing radiation sickness, DNA
damage and cancer. Radiation of visible light wavelengths and lower are called nonionizing
radiation as they cannot cause these effects.
Class Frequency
ELF Extremely Low Frequency 3Hz – 30Hz
Voice & Audio
SLF Super Low Frequency 30Hz – 300Hz
Waves
ULF Ultra Low Frequency 300Hz – 3KHz
VLF Very Low Frequency 3KHz – 30KHz
LF Low Frequency 30KHz – 300KHz
MF Medium Frequency 300KHz – 3MHz
Radio & Micro HF High Frequency 3MHz – 30MHz
Waves VHF Very High Frequency 30MHz – 300MHz
UHF Ultra High Frequency 300MHz – 3GHz
SHF Super High Frequency 3GHz – 30GHz
EHF Extreme High Frequency 30GHz – 300GHz
Visible Waves FIR Far Intra Red 300GHz – 3THz
 MIR Mid Infra Red 3THz – 30THz
NIR Near Infra Red 30THz – 300THz
NUV Near Ultra Violet 300THz – 3PHz
EUV Extreme Ultra Violet 3PHz – 30PHz
SX Soft X-Rays 30PHz – 300PHz
Ionizing Radiation
HX Hard X-Rays 300PHz – 3EHz
Gamma Gamma Rays 3EHz – 30EHz

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves:

Every part of the electromagnetic spectrum has multiple applications in our everyday lives, and
many of those applications involve technology.
Radio waves are used for communications - that's why the thing in your car is called a radio. But
they're not just for FM and AM radio. They're also used to broadcast television signals, and
they're how mobile phones work - your voice is sent through radio signals. Radio waves are also
used for radar, which is why both words start with the same three letters. Radar is extremely
important in military operations and can also be used in speed cameras and speed guns.
Microwaves have probably the most obvious application: in a microwave. Microwaves can be
used to heat and cook your food. Since microwaves aren't that different from radio waves,
they've also been used for communications, especially for extending TV signals to larger
distances.
Infrared waves are what comes out of remote controls. Infrared is also a type of wave that
transmits a lot of heat. When you put your hand near to, but not touching, something and it feels
warm, it's because of infrared waves coming out of it. All hot objects produce infrared. In fact,
you're producing infrared waves right now. Infrared waves can also be used to create heat-
sensitive and night-vision cameras.
Ultraviolet waves have their uses too, but they're also a bit of a pain. That's because the sun
produces a lot of ultraviolet and is a common cause of skin cancer. When powerful enough, UV
can damage your skin. Getting a sun tan might be a fun-sounding use of UV, but because of the
risks, it's a bad idea. More positive uses include the fact that UV can sterilize and disinfect
medical instruments (or anything else, for that matter), killing bacteria and viruses. And ,UV also
lights up fluorescent materials; highlighter pens are brighter and more useful because of this
effect. This property can be used to check if money is real or counterfeit by hiding things in it
that light up under UV.
X-rays are electromagnetic waves that can be used in aptly named x-ray machines to see inside
your body and diagnose various diseases. They can also be used to kill cancer cells.
Gamma rays can cause and also treat cancers. High doses of gamma rays kill the normal cells
causing cancer while proper amount can kill mutated cells.
Modulation:

There are the types of modulations are there.

1. Amplitude Modulation.
2. Frequency Modulation.
3. Phase Modulation.
Need for Modulation:
Advantages of Modulation: