Questions

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
  Calculus (Adv), C4 Integration (Adv) 1.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2022 HSC 8 MC
   Areas Under Curves (Y12) The graph of the even function    is shown.
Teacher: Michael Boulus
The area of the shaded region is and the area of the shaded region is .
Exam Equivalent Time: 177 minutes (based on allocation of 1.5 minutes per mark)

C4 Integration

2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%

Integrals
*Analytics based on the average
Area Under Curves contribution to the 2ADV HSC What is the value of ?
Trapezoidal Rule exams over the past decade.
Other Integration Applications A.

  B.

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION C.
D.
C4 Integration has contributed a substantial 13.0% to past Advanced exams, on average over the
past decade.
This topic has been split into four sub-topics for analysis purposes: 1-Integrals (4.8%), 2-Areas Under
Curves (4.2%), 3-Trapezoidal Rule (2.0%) and 4-Other Integration Examples (2.0%).
This analysis looks at Areas Under Curves.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

Areas Under Curves (4.2%) are a hugely important sub-topic within the Advanced course and easily
warrants significant revision attention.
History suggests that students can count on at least one question appearing in the 2021 exam (with
a better than even chance of two questions).
This topic area can be examined using a very broad range of underlying equations, including
quadratic, cubic, exponential, hyperbola and trig functions.
The most common question type easily receives the highest mark allocation and requires students to
find areas between equations and lines (although the area between 2 quadratics was asked in 2020
and 2017). 
2021 combined Area Under Curves with transformations in a novel question that caused a majority
of students problems. Review 2021 Q28 carefully!
Definite integrals defining areas for functions that cannot be integrated has been asked via multiple
choice 3 times in the last 6 years - all producing sub-50% mean marks. Revision attention required.
2.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2012 HSC 10 MC 3.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2015 HSC 10 MC
  RAP Data - Bottom 12%:  School result (58%) was 14% below state average (72%) The diagram shows the area under the curve    from    to   .
The graph of    has been drawn to scale for   .
 

  What value of makes the shaded area equal to ?

Which of the following integrals has the greatest value?  (A) 

(B) 
(A)     
(C) 
(D) 
(B)     

(C)     

(D)     
4.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2015 HSC 7 MC 5.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 SM-Bank 1 MC
  RAP Data - Bottom 25%:  School result (70%) was 5% below state average (75%) The diagram below is the graph of  
 
The diagram shows the parabola    meeting the line    at    and   .
 

 
What is the correct expression for the area bounded by the -axis and the graph  
 between   ?

(A)  

 
(B)  
Which expression gives the area of the shaded region bounded by the parabola and the line?

(A)  (C)  

(B)  (D)  

(C) 
6.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2019 MET-N 15 MC
(D)  The area bounded by the graph of  , the line  , the line    and the -axis, as
shaded in the diagram below, is 
y

y = f (x)
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
x
O 2 4 6 8 10

The value of    is

A.  
B.  
C.  
D.  
7.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2020 HSC 7 MC 8.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2018 HSC 7 MC
  RAP Data - Bottom 8%:  School result (30%) was 18% below state average (48%)   RAP Data - Bottom 14%:  School result (25%) was 11% below state average (36%)
The diagram show the graph  , which is made up of line segments and a semicircle. The diagram shows the graph of    with intercepts at 
   

 
The area of shaded region is 2.
What is the value of  ? The area of shaded region is 3.

A.   It is given that .
B.  
C.   What is the value of

D.   (A)  5
(B)  9
(C)  11
(D)  15

9.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2016 HSC 9 MC

What is the value of  

(A) 

(B) 

(C) 

(D)   
10.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2014 HSC 12d
  Part i: RAP Data - Bottom 23%:  School result (80%) was 7% below state average (87%)
The parabola    and the line    intersect at the origin and at the point   .
12.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2019 MET1 7
The shaded region in the diagram below is bounded by the vertical axis, the graph of the function
with rule    and the horizontal line segment that meets the graph at  , where 
.

 
 
i. Find the   -coordinate of the point   .    (1 mark)
ii. Calculate the area enclosed by the parabola and the line.     (3 marks)
 
11.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2016 HSC 13d Let    be the area of the shaded region.

The curve    meets the line    at   , as shown in the diagram. Show that  .  (3 marks)
 

13.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2021 HSC 24

The curve    intersects the line    at the point (2, 3).

The region bounded by the curve  , the line  , the  -axis and the line    is
shaded in the diagram.
 
y
 
Find the exact value of the shaded area.  (3 marks)

(2, 3)

O
4 x

Find the exact area of the shaded region.  (3 marks)

14.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2022 HSC 16 16.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2010 HSC 4b
The parabola meets the line at the points and as shown in the The curves    and    intersect at the point  as shown in the diagram.
diagram.  
 

  
Find the exact area enclosed by the curves and the line   .          (3 marks)
Find the area enclosed by the parabola and the line.  (3 marks)

17.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2012 HSC 13b

15.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2019 HSC 12d
The diagram shows the parabolas  and . The parabolas intersect at
The diagram shows the graph of  . the origin  and the point . The region between the two parabolas is shaded. 
   

 
  i. Find the -coordinate of the point   (1 mark)
The region enclosed by the graph, the -axis and the line    is shaded.
ii. Find the area of the shaded region.   (3 marks)
Calculate the exact value of the area of the shaded region.  (3 marks)
18.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2013 HSC 13b 20.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2018 HSC 15b
The diagram shows the graphs of the functions    and   . The The diagram shows the region bounded by the curve    and the lines  ,   
graphs meet at    and at   .
  and  . The region is divided into two parts of equal area by the line  , where is a positive
integer. 
 

i. Find the   -coordinate of   .   (1 mark)

 
ii. Find the area of the shaded region between the graphs of the functions    and   .   (3 marks)
What is the value of the integer , given that the two parts have equal areas?  (3 marks)

19.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2017 HSC 14d

21.  Trigonometry, 2ADV T3 2006 HSC 7b
The shaded region shown is enclosed by two parabolas, each with -intercepts at    and  
A function    is defined by   .
.
The parabolas have equations    and   , where   . i. Show that the graph of    cuts the -axis at  .   (1 mark)
  
ii. Sketch the graph of   for     showing where the graph cuts each of the axes.
y   (3 marks)
( 2
y = 2k x − 1 )
iii. Find the area under the curve   between   and   .   (3 marks)

−1 1 x

−2k

(
y = k 1 − x2 )
 
Given that the area of the shaded region is 8, find the value of .  (3 marks)
22.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2015 HSC 16a
  Part iv: RAP Data - Bottom 19%:  School result (41%) was 8% below state average (49%)
The diagram shows the curve with equation   . The curve intersects the -axis at
points . The point on the curve has the same -coordinate as the -intercept of the curve.
23.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2011 HSC 6c
  Part iv: RAP Data - Bottom 20%:  School result (57%) was 8% below state average (65%)
  Part v: RAP Data - Bottom 14%:  School result (14%) was 12% below state average (26%)
The diagram shows the graph   . 

 
  
 
i. State the coordinates of   .   (1 mark)
i. Find the -coordinates of points   (1 mark)
ii. Write down the coordinates of   (1 mark) ii. Evaluate the integral  .    (2 marks)

iii. Evaluate    (1 mark) iii. Indicate which area in the diagram,   ,   ,   or   , is represented by the integral
 
iv. Hence, or otherwise, find the area of the shaded region.  (2 marks)      .   (1 mark)

iv. Using parts (ii) and (iii), or otherwise, find the area of the region bounded by the curve  
 and the   -axis, between    and   .   (1 mark)
v. Using the parts above, write down the value of
 

    .   (1 mark)
24.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2020 HSC 30 25.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2018* HSC 15c
The diagram shows two parabolas    and  , where  . The two parabolas   Part i: RAP Data - Bottom 12%:  School result (50%) was 14% below state average (64%)
intersect at the origin, , and at .
  The shaded region is enclosed by the curve    and the line  , as shown in the
diagram. The line    meets the curve    at    and  . Do NOT prove
this.
 

a. Show that the -coordinate of    is  .  (2 marks)

b. Find the value of    such that the shaded area is .  (4 marks)
 
i.  Use integration to find the area of the shaded region.  (2 marks)
ii. Use the Trapezoidal rule and four function values to approximate the area of the shaded region.  (2
marks) 

The point is chosen on the curve    so that the tangent at is parallel to the line 
  and the -coordinate of is positive

iii.  Show that the coordinates of are  .  (2 marks)

iv.  Using the perpendicular distance formula  ,  find the area of  .  (2 marks)
26.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2022 HSC 28 27.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 SM-Bank 12
The graph of the circle    is shown. Let  
The interval connecting the origin, , and the point makes an angle with the positive -axis. A right-angled triangle has vertex at the origin, vertex on the -axis and vertex on the
  graph of   , as shown. The coordinates of are  
 

a. By considering the value of , find the exact area of the shaded region, as shown on the diagram.  (2
marks)

Part of the hyperbola    which passes through the points and is drawn  
 
with the circle    as shown.
  i. Find the area, , of the triangle in terms of .  (1 mark)
ii. Find the maximum area of triangle and the value of for which the maximum occurs.  (3
marks)

iii. Let be the point on the graph of  on the -axis and let be the point on the graph of  with the
-coordinate .Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of  and the line segment .  (2
marks)
 

b. Show that  .  (2 marks)

c. Using parts (a) and (b), find the exact area of the region bounded by the hyperbola, the positive -
axis and the circle as shown on the diagram.   (3 marks)

   
28.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2010 HSC 5c 30.  Calculus, 2ADV C3 SM-Bank 7

The diagram shows the curve   , for   . The graph of     for    is shown below.
 
The area under the curve between    and    is   . The area under the curve between   y
 and    is   .
 

y = x 1 –x)

x
0 1
 
i. Calculate the area between the graph of   and the -axis.  (2 marks)

ii. For in the interval , show that the gradient of the tangent to the graph of     is   . 

(1 mark)
 
The edges of the right-angled triangle are the line segments and , which are tangent to
The areas    and    are each equal to square unit.
the graph of   , and the line segment , which is part of the horizontal axis, as shown below.
Find the values of    and   .     (3 marks)
Let be the angle that makes with the positive direction of the horizontal axis.
 
29.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2021 HSC 28 y
C
The region bounded by the graph of the function    and the coordinate axes is shown
 

y = x 1 –x)

θ x
A 0 B
 
iii. Find the equation of the line through and in the form   , for   .  (3 marks)

a. Show that the exact area of the shaded region is given by  .  (3 marks)

b. A new function    is found by taking the graph of      and translating it by 5 units
to the right.
Sketch the graph of    showing the -intercept and the asymptote.  (2 marks)

c. Hence, find the exact value of  .  (1 mark)

31.  Calculus, 2ADV C3 2010 HSC 9b 32.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2019 HSC 16c
Let    be a function defined for   , with   .  The diagram shows the region  , bounded by the curve  , where  , the -axis and the
tangent to the curve at the point  .
The diagram shows the graph of the derivative of   ,   . 
 

i. Show that the tangent to the curve at    meets the -axis at
The shaded region    has area    square units. The shaded region    has area    square units.   
i. For which values of    is    increasing?  (1 mark)     .  (2 marks)
ii. What is the maximum value of   ?     (1 mark)
ii. Using the result of part (i), or otherwise, show that the area of the region    is
iii. Find the value of   .   (1 mark)  
iv. Draw a graph of    for   .   (2 marks)     .  (2 marks)

iii. Find the exact value of    for which the area of    is a maximum.  (3 marks)

33.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2013 HSC 14d

  RAP Data - Bottom 14%:  School result (0%) was 12% below state average (12%)
The diagram shows the graph   .
 

What is the value of   , where   , so that   ?   (1 mark)  

Copyright © 2004-22 The State of New South Wales (Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW) Worked Solutions

1.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2022 HSC 8 MC

Mean mark 52%.

2.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2012 HSC 10 MC

3.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2015 HSC 10 MC

4.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2015 HSC 7 MC 7.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2020 HSC 7 MC

 
  ♦ Mean mark 48%.
 

5.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 SM-Bank 1 MC  

 
   
 

8.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2018 HSC 7 MC

6.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2019 MET-N 15 MC

♦ Mean mark 36%.

 
 
 

 
 
 
9.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2016 HSC 9 MC 10.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2014 HSC 12d

♦♦♦ Mean mark 19%. i.  

 
 

  

ii.

   

   

   

   
    ²
11.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2016 HSC 13d 14.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2022 HSC 16

   

   

   

   

²
15.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2019 HSC 12d

12.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2019 MET1 7

    

   

  ²
 

  16.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2010 HSC 4b

MARKER’S COMMENT: The best

13.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2021 HSC 24 responses used only a single
integral before any substitution as
shown in Worked Solutions.
 

 
 

   

  ²   ²
17.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2012 HSC 13b 18.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2013 HSC 13b
i.      i.

 
MARKER’S COMMENT: Less
errors were made in part (ii) by
students who simplified the
 
definite integral before integrating,
as shown in the worked solution. 

ii.   

 
 
 
ii.
 
   
 
   
 

   
  ²

   

    ²

 
²
19.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2017 HSC 14d 21.  Trigonometry, 2ADV T3 2006 HSC 7b
i.   

ii.  

20.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2018 HSC 15b

 
 
 
 

iii. 

 
 
  ²
22.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2015 HSC 16a

i.   
 
 

 
ii. 

² ♦ Mean mark 49%.

  ²

iii. 

iv.  
23.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2011 HSC 6c 24.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2020 HSC 30
i.  a.   

 
 
ii. 
 

 
♦ Mean mark part (b) 48%.

b. 
 

 
 
iii. 
 
 
iv.   
 
 
 

 
  ²
 
 
v.  MARKER’S COMMENT: “Using the
parts above” in part (v) was
ignored by many students.
Important to know when finding
an area and evaluating an integral
may differ.
25.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2018* HSC 15c  

i.    

iv.  
   

   

   

   

    ²

 
 
ii. 

 
 
 

  ²
   
iii.   
  

  ²

 
 
26.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2022 HSC 28   
 
a.   
Mean mark part (a) 54%.  

   
 
   
   

   

   

   

b.   
♦ Mean mark part (b)
47%.

 
 

 
 
 
 
 

c.   
♦♦ Mean mark part (c)
36%.
  
  
27.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 SM-Bank 12

i.  

   

 
 

ii.   

♦ Mean mark (Vic) 35%.

   

 
   

²  

 
  ²
iii.   

  28.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2010 HSC 5c

♦♦ Mean mark (Vic) 32%.

IMPORTANT: Note when

, the definition of a log
means that . Many students
  failed to earn an easy 3rd mark by
recognising this.

 
29.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2021 HSC 28 30.  Calculus, 2ADV C3 SM-Bank 7
a.   
i.  

   

     

     

     

  ²    

 
b.
♦ Mean mark part (b) 48%.
ii.  
y
 
y=f( _ x)

   
y=g(x)

   
x
−

−
−

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
y=f(x)  
O iii. 

♦♦♦ Mean mark (Vic) part (iii) 20%.

y= _ f( _ x)   MARKER’S COMMENT: Most
y= _ 8 successful answers introduced a
pronumeral such as    to
solve.

   

c.    ♦♦♦ Mean mark part (c) 13%.

  

   
 

 
31.  Calculus, 2ADV C3 2010 HSC 9b

i.   
 
 
 

ii.  
 

 
 
 
  ♦♦♦ Parts (ii) and (iii) proved
particularly difficult for students
  with mean marks of 12% and 11%
respectively.

iii.  

   

 
 
 

 
  

iv.  ♦♦ Mean mark 28%

EXAM TIP: Clearly identify THE
EXTREMES when given a defined
domain. In this case, the origin is
obvious graphically, and the other
extreme at , is CLEARLY
LABELLED! 
32.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2019 HSC 16c  

i.   
 
 
 
 
iii.   

♦♦ Mean mark part (i) 31%.

 

 
   

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
ii.    ♦♦ Mean mark part (iii) 23%.

♦♦♦ Mean mark part (ii) 21%.

 
 

 
 
 

`= 1/(r + 1) – 1/2(1 – (r – 1)/r)“

 
33.  Calculus, 2ADV C4 2013 HSC 14d

 ♦♦♦ A devilish 1-mark question

mid-paper that had a mean mark of
just 12%. 
MARKER’S COMMENT: The fact
that this question was worth only
1 mark means that it is not
necessary for students to show
any detailed working.

   

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