PDF Manual Frigoristas y Generalidades Compress

Ergncrgstks
y sus nljlrkagbkbl
nljlrkagbkblss
ELBL_GIC FKYR_CJK_BG
X\OAGIKIGCJLY

Ergnc
Ergncrgstks
rgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls.
Nuæk icfpalflj
icfpalfljtkrgk.
tkrgk.
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg

Rætuac crgngjka= Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls. Nuæk icfpalfljtkrgk.

Kutcr= Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg
;rk. Lbgigùj. Ak Xaktk= Crnkjgsfc Xrcvgjigka pcr la Blskrrcaac Ycstljgoal, ?8?;

;>8 p.0 ;2 x ?8 if. (Ylrgl Nuæks y Fkjukals)
Iccrbgjkigùj lbgtcrgka= Xkoac Kfkblc

Icrrliigcjls= Elrjkjbc Okrrljk
Bgslûc= Knustgjk Fknkaakjls
Gaustrkigcjls= _cfgjk Ugbka
Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls. Nuæk icfpalfljtkrgk ls ujk prcbuiigùj bla Ërlk bl Xuoagikigcjls y Xrcbuiigùj bl
Icjtljgbcs bla Crnkjgsfc Xrcvgjigka bl Blskrrcaac Ycstljgoal. Lstk cork lstë okmc ujk Agiljigk Irlktgvl Icffcjb.
Xkrtgigpkj lj blskrrcaac bl lstl fktlrgka ak Yuoslirltkræk bl Egsikagzkigùj y Lvkaukigùj bl Gfpkitc Kfogljtka, ak

Bgrliigùj Xrcvgjigka bl Icjtrcakbcrls Kfogljtkals, ak Bgrliigùj bl Egsikagzkigùj bl Gjbustrgks l Gjspliigùj Nljlrka y
ak Bgrliigùj Xrcvgjigka bl Lbuikigùj Kfogljtka y _lakigcjls icj ak Icfujgbkb.
CXBY | Crnkjgsfc Xrcvgjigka bl Blskrrcaac Ycstljgoal

Ikaal ;? y <9 Rcrrl GG Xgsc ;2
Ouljcs Kgrls, Ak Xaktk • I.X. ;788
Rla. (8??;) 2?7- <<24
dttps=//www.cpbs.nok.ncv.kr/
Lstk cork lstë okmc ujk Agiljigk Irlktgvl Icffcjs Ktrgouigùj ’ Jc Icflrigka ’ Icfpkrtgr Gnuka 2.8 gjtlrjkigcjka

Fkstrcjkrbg=
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg=
lstubgkjtl bl <tc kûc bl
Gjnljglræk Lspligkagbkb=
Fliëjgik \RJ E_K
(KU. _kfùj Erkjic <8<8, Ugaak Bcfgjgic, Kvlaakjlbk).

RK O A K B L I C J R L J G B C Y
;; Ikaljtkfgljtc nacoka
;< Icjtrgouigùj bgrlitk bla IEIY
;7 La prctcicac bl Fcjtrlka
_lergnlrkigùj fliëjgik
?< pcr icfprlsgùj bl nksls IEIs y DIEIs
9; _lergnlrkjtls
Iaksgikigùj bl _lergnlrkjtls
9> pcr sus icfpcjljtls quæfgics

2; _lergnlrkjtls pcr su juflrkigùj

29 Nksls rlergnlrkjtls= la kfcjgkic
<< _lergnlrkjtls utgagzkbcs lj ak gjbustrgk kituka
5; Xrcilbgfgljtcs bl sustgtuigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls
4> _liuplrkigùj y rligiakbc bl rlergnlrkjtls
;8< Ouljks prëitgiks
;<? Bljgigcjls

IKALJRKFGLJRC
N A C O K A
Ak tlfplrkturk bl ak tglrrk sl fkjtgljl blogbc k uj lqugagorgc

ljtrl la ikacr bl ak rkbgkigùj
rkbgk igùj scakr
scak r, qul uyl blsbl la lspkigc,
lspk igc,
y la ljergkfgljtc blogbc k ak rkbgkigùj gjerkrrcmk
gjerkrrcmk lfgtgbk pcr
ak suplrigl ikagljtl bl ak tglrrk y ak ktfùselrk, qul sl lsikpk
vcavgljbc ka lspkigc. La sca ls ak ýjgik euljtl lxtrlfk bl ikacr
bl ak tglrrk. Iukjbc ak rkbgkigùj scakr, lj ecrfk bl auz vgsgoal,
aalnk k ak tglrrk, ujk pkrtl ls koscrogbk pcr ak ktfùselrk y
rllmkbk blsbl aks juols y la sulac (lspligkafljtl blsbl
acs blsglrtcs y ak ikpk bl jglvl). La rlstc ls koscrogbc pcr ak
suplrigl qul sl ikagljtk
ikagljtk y k su vlz rlikagl
rlikagljtk
jtk ak ktfùselrk.
ktfùselrk.
Ak suplrigl ikagljtl y ak ktfùselrk bl ak tglrrk lfgtlj
rkbgkigcjls gjerkrrcmks gjvgsgoals.
Yg oglj ak ktfùselrk ls rlaktgvkfljtl trkjspkrljtl k

ak rkbgkigùj scakr, ak rkbgkigùj gjerkrrcmk sl koscrol lj ak
ktfùselrk pcr fuidcs nksls fljcs koujbkjtls. Kujqul
prlsljtls lj plqulûks ikjtgbkbls, lstks trkzks bl nksls
kitýkj icfc uj fkjtc qul gfpgbl qul ouljk pkrtl bl ak
rkbgkigùj gjerkrrcmk sl lsikpl bgrlitkfljtl dkigk la lspkigc.
;; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Ka erljkr ak agolrkigùj bl ak rkbgkigùj qul prcvcik la

ljergkfgljtc, lstcs nksls ikagljtkj ak suplrigl tlrrlstrl.
tlrrlstrl.
Lj uj gjvlrjkblrc, la vgbrgc plrfgtl ljtrkr ak auz scakr plrc
gfpgbl qul ujk pkrtl bl ak rkbgkigùj gjerkrrcmk sl lsikpl. Acs
nksls lj ak ktfùselrk tlrrlstrl qul lmlrilj uj lelitc sgfgakr
sl aakfkj nksls bl gjvlrjkblrc. Jc sl trktk jg bl jgtrùnljc jg
bl cxænljc, acs prgjigpkals icfpcjljtls bl ak ktfùselrk, sgjc
bl trkzks bl nksls qul gjiauylj,
gji auylj, pcr lmlfpac, la vkpcr bl knuk,
la bgùxgbc bl ikrocjc y la czcjc. La vkpcr bl knuk ls la fës
gfpcrtkjtl nks jkturka bl gjvlrjkblrc lj ak ktfùselrk. Bl acs
nksls bl gjvlrjkblrc krtgigkals, acs fks gfpcrtkjtls scj la
bgùxgbc bl ikrocjc (IC?), la fltkjc (ID2), la cxgbc jgtrcsc (J?C)
y acs dkacikrocjcs bl acs iukals acs iacrcucrcikrocjcs scj
aks fës gfpcrtkjtls. La czcjc (C9), prgjigpkafljtl lj ak pkrtl
gjelrgcr bl ak ktfùselrk, iuyk icjiljtrkigùj sl vl kelitkbk
pcr aks kitgvgbkbls dufkjks, ls tkfogçj uj gfpcrtkjtl nks
bl gjvlrjkblrc. Kpkrtl bl acs IEIs, lstcs nksls lxgstlj bl
fcbc jkturka. La vkpcr bl knuk tgljl uj pkpla prlpcjblrkjtl

lj ak iulstgùj bla lelitc bl gjvlrjkblrc blogbc k qul su
icjiljtrkigùj lstë vgjiuakbk k ak bl acs blfës nksls k trkvçs
bl uj flikjgsfc bl rltcrjc. La rlikaljtkfgljtc, prcbuigbc
pcr acs blfës nksls bl gjvlrjkblrc, kufljtk ak lvkpcrkigùj
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | ;?

y dkil qul akk su

kufljtkjbc ktfùselrk pulbl rltljlr fks vkpcr bl knuk,
vlz la rlikaljtkfgljtc.
Acs bgelrljtls nksls koscrolj y ktrkpkj ikjtgbkbls
vkrgkoals bl rkbgkigùj gjerkrrcmk. Rkfogçj plrsgstlj lj ak
ktfùselrk pcr plrgcbcs bgelrljtls l gjuylj lj ak quæfgik
ktfcseçrgik (lspligkafljtl bla czcjc) bl bgelrljtls
fkjlrks. Xcr lmlfpac, ujk fcaçiuak bl IEI-;? tgljl fës
c fljcs la fgsfc lelitc scorl ak rkbgkigùj bl ;8,588
fcaçiuaks bl IC?. La lelitc bl ujk fcaçiuak bl fltkjc ls
gnuka kprcxgfkbkfljtl ka bl ?; vlils bla lelitc bla IC?,
plrc ak vgbk ýtga bl ak fgsfk ls fuidc fës icrtk.
La pctljigka bl ikaljtkfgljtc fujbgka lj ak ktfùselrk
(N^X) ls uj æjbgil qul icfpkrk la lelitc bla rlikaljtkfgljtc
lj uj akpsc bl tglfpc pkrk bgelrljtls nksls icj rlsplitc k
lfgsgcjls gnukals bl I8? (pcr plsc).
;9 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

La lelitc La ikaljtkfgljtc
gjvlrjkblrc nacoka
Ls la ikaljtkfgljtc jkturka bl ak Rglrrk. Ls la gjirlfljtc k akrnc pakzc lj ak
Acs nksls bl lelitc gjvlrjkblrc, tlfplrkturk prcflbgc bl ak ktfùselrk.
prlsljtls lj ak ktfùselrk, Yl blol k ak lfgsgùj bl nksls bl lelitc
rltgljlj pkrtl bla ikacr bla Yca gjvlrjkblrc qul sl blsprljblj
y fkjtgljlj ujk tlfplrkturk kptk pkrk ak vgbk. pcr kitgvgbkbls bla dcforl.
k
<8 `f <8 `f
s
t c
p k u
t r k
L s ?8 `f ?8 `f ;
; ;? `f ;? `f
k
e l r
k t
ù s Ak qulfk bl icfoustgo
icfoustgoals,
als,
t r
Ak ljlrnæk scakr ktrkvglsk ak L s ak blecrlstkigùj, ak
ktfùselrk. Xkrtl bl laak ls c
j
c nkjkblræk, lti., gjirlfljtkj
koscrogbk pcr ak suplr﬋igl y z
C ak ikjtgbkb bl nksls bl lelitc
ctrk pkrtl ls rl﬏lmkbk
gjvlrjkblrc lj ak ktfùselrk.
?
\jk pkrtl bl ak k
s
rkbgkigùj rl﬏lmkbk u
k
ls rltljgbk p
c
pcr acs nksls p
c
R
r
c
r ljlrngk scakr
bl lelitc gjvlrjkblrc... R rl﬏lmkbk
p
c
p
k
u
ljlrngk scakr s
k
9 rl﬏lmkbk
...ctrk pkrtl
vulavl ka lspkigc l r k
ù s e
K t f
?
Ak ktfùselrk fcbg﬋ikbk
rltgljl fës ikacr.
Ksæ sl bkûk la lqugagorgc
jkturka y kufljtk ak
C z tlfplrkturk bl ak Rglrrk.
c j c ;? `f ;? `f
?8 `f ?8 `f
<8 `f <8 `f

ICJR_GO\IGÙJ
BG_LIRK
BL ACY IEIY
Bkbc qul ak vgbk ýtga bl acs nksls ls bgelrljtl bl ak bla IC?,

sl pcbrækj ikaiuakr bgelrljtls N^X, ac iuka blpljbl bl ak
lxtljsgùj bl tglfpc icjsgblrkbk. Ak vgbk ýtga bla IC? ls bla
crblj bl acs ?88 kûcs lj ak ktfcselrk0 sg sl icfpkrk icj la
IC?, scorl
scorl uj pakzc icrtc, uj nks iuyk vgbk ýtga ls fuy icrtk,
sl bk rlaglvl ka pctljigka bl rlikaljtkfgljtc bl lstl nks y sl
suolstgfk la pctljigka bl rlikaljtkfgljtc bla IC?. Rcfkjbc
ujk lxtljsgùj bl tglfpc bl <88 kûcs sl pcjl la rlaglvl bla
lelitc bla IC? y sl suolstgfk ak gjuljigk bla nks bl vgbk ýtga
icrtk lj la plrgcbc bl acs prgflrcs ?8 k <8 kûcs.
Jcrfkafljtl sl kbcptk ujk lxtljsgùj bl tglfpc bl ;88

kûcs. _lfpakzkr la IEI-;? pcr la DEI-;92k gfpagikrë ujk
rlbuiigùj pcr uj ekitcr bl 5 lj la ikaljtkfgljtc fujbgka bl
ak ktfcselrk sg dky lfgsgùj bla rlergnlrkjtl.
\tgagzkjbc la N^X bl acs nksls mujtc icj sus
icjiljtrkigcjls prlvgstks lj la euturc bk pcr rlsuatkbc
;< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

lsiljkrgcs
ksplitc qulbl ikfogcs
rligol fës iagfëtgics lj la bl
y fës ktljigùj prùxgfc sgnac, uj
acs igljtæics y
rlspcjskoals
rlspcjsko als bl tcfkr bligsgcjls lj tcbc la fujbc.
Ak icjtrgouigùj bgrlitk yk sl lstë rlbuigljbc nrkigks k
ak agfgtkigùj bl aks lfgsgcjls tkjtc pcr acs fçtcbcs fës
lstrgitcs pkrk lvgtkr eunks lj acs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj
icfc pcr ak rliuplrkigùj bl acs IEI.
Lj ak sgnugljtl tkoak sl ljiuljtrkj acs pctljigkals
bl knctkfgljtc bl ak Ikpk bl Czcjc y acs pctljigkals bl
Ikaljtkfgljtc Nacoka bl bgelrljtls suostkjigks utgagzkbks lj
rlergnlrkigùj y kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc.
_lergnlrkjtl Fkrik Xctljigka bl Xctljigka bl Kûc s bl

b l v gbk
Jc.KYD_KL Knc tkfg ljt c Ikaljtkfgljtc lj ak
bl Czcjc* Nacoka** ktfùselrk
Dcrgzcjtka k
;88 Kûcs
IEIs IEIs IEIs IEIs
_-;; _-;; _-;; _-;;
_-;? _-;? _-;? _-;?
_-;9 _-;9 _-;9 _-;9
_-;;9 _-;;9 _-;;9 _-;;9
_-;;2 _-;;2 _-;;2 _-;;2
_-;;< _-;;< _-;;< _-;;<
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | ;5

_lergnlrkjtl Fkrik Xctljigka bl Xctljigka bl Kûcs bl vgb k

Jc.KYD_KL Knct kfg
kfgljt
ljt c Ikaljtkfgljtc lj ak
Dcrgzcjtka k
;88 Kûcs
DIEIs DIEIs DIEIs DIEIs
_-?9 _-?9 _-?9 _-?9
_-9? _-9? _-9? _-9?
_-;?< _-;?< _-;?< _-;?<
_-;92k _-;92k _-;92k _-;92k
_-;29k _-;29k _-;29k _-;29k
_-;<?k _-;<?k _-;<?k _-;<?k
]LCR_CXCY ]LCR_CXCY ]LCR_CXCY ]LCR_CXCY
_-28;K FX97 _-28;K _-28;K _-28;K
_-28;O FX55 _-28;O _-28;O _-28;O
_-28?K DX4; _-28?K _-28?K _-28?K
_-28?O DX48 _-28?O _-28?O _-28?O
_-289K _X57Y _-289K _-289K _-289K
_-289O _X57A _-289O _-289O _-289O
]LCR_CXCY
_-282K 8 9488
_-28>K 8 ?888
_-28>O 8 ?>88
_-28>I 8 ;>88
8 ;<88
_-28>B
_- 2 8 4 K E T;8 8.8;5 9888
_-287K 8.897 ;<88
_-287O 8.899 ;<88
_-2;8K K]?8 8 ?888
;> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

_lergnlrkjtl Fk rik X c tl ji g k a b l Xctljigka bl Kûcs bl vgb k

Jc.KYD_KL Knc tkfg ljt c Ikaljtkfgljtc lj ak
Dcrgzcjtka k
;88 Kûcs
_-2;9K K ] _X2 7?8 8 ;788
_-2;2O 8.89; ;988
K]LÙR_CXCY
_-<88 8.58< >788
_-<8? 8.??; 2<88
_-<89 8.<77 ;9888
_-<8>K 8 9788
_-<84K 8 ;?888
_-<84O 8 ;?888
*Xctljigka bl Knctkfgljtc bl ak Ikpk bl Czcjc (XKC)= Ikpkigbkb bl

ujk sustkjigk bl blstrugr ak ikpk bl czcjc lstrktcseçrgic scorl ak oksl
bl su vgbk lj ak ktfùselrk, su jgvla bl rlkitgvgbkb y ak ikjtgbkb bl
lalfljtcs qul pulblj ktkikr la czcjc icfc la iacrc y la orcfc. Lstk
ikpkigbkb lstë rlelrljigkbk k ak ikpkigbkb bla IEI-;; icj uj XKC6;.
XKC6;.
**Xctljigka bl Ikaljtkfgljtc Nacoka (XIN)= Flbgbk bla lelitc bl
ikaljtkfgljtc gjtlnrkbc k ac akrnc bla tglfpc qul prcbuil ujk agolrkigùj
ago lrkigùj
gjstkjtëjlk dcy bl ; `n bl uj nks lelitc gjvlrjkblrc, lj icfpkrkigùj
icj la ikuskbc pcr la IC? lj oksl k uj tglfpc dcrgzcjtl bl ;88 kûcs. La

iksc bl ak lfgsgùj bl ; `n bl DIEI-?? lqugvkal k ;.>88 `n bl IC?.
***Kûcs bl Ugbk lj ak Ktfùselrk= tglfpc lstgfkbc qul ujk sustkjigk
icjvgvl lj ak ktfùselrk ujk vlz qul dk sgbc agolrkbk, aks flziaks bl
rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlrkjtls jc sl lspligikj blogbc k qul
qul lj su icfpcsgigùj lxgstlj
vkrgcs rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlrkjtls icj bgelrljtls tglfpcs bl vgbk lj ak ktfùselrk.
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | ;4

La Xrctcicac
bl Fcjtrlka
Blogbc k acs prcoalfks qul sl prlsljtkokj icj la usc bl

sustkjigks knctkbcrks bl czcjc lj bgelrljtls kpagikigcjls,
ak icfujgbkb fujbgka kbcptù aks flbgbks kicrbkbks lj la
Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka qul sl rfù lj slptglforl bl ;74>.

Crgngjkafljtl la Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka eul rfkbc pcr ?2
pkæsls y ak Icfujgbkb Licjùfgik Lurcplk.
La Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka lstkoalil rlbuiigcjls nrkbukals
lj la usc bl aks YKCs dkstk su lagfgjkigùj tctka, slpkrkjbc
iakrkfljtl acs pkæsls blskrrcaakbcs icj acs pkæsls lj væks
bl blskrrcaac yk qul su prcoalfëtgik ls fuy bgstgjtk y pcr
icjsliuljigk acs ikaljbkrgcs bl lagfgjkigùj tljbrækj qul
slr bgelrljtls.
Lj ak tkoak sgnugljtl sl fulstrk la kiulrbc crgngjka bl
lagfgjkigùj bl YKCs pkrk acs bgelrljtls pkæsls.

AGYRKBKY
Y\YRKJIGK A ÆJ LK OKYL ICFX _CF GYC
KNCRKBC_K
KNCRKB C_K LJ LA BL _LB\IIGÙJ
BL AK IKXK KJLTC-N_\XC
BL C]CJC BLA X_CRCICAC
BL FCJR_LKA
IEIs K-G Icjsufc prcflbgc <8% k pkrtgr bl ?88<
bl acs kûcs 4<% k pkrtgr bl ?88>
;77<-;77> ;88% k pkrtgr bl ?8;8
Dkacjls K-GG Icjsufc prcflbgc <8% k pkrtgr bl ?88<
bl acs kûcs ;88% k pkrtgr bl ?8;8
;77<-;77>
Orcfurc bl L-G Icjsufc prcflbgc ?8% k pkrtgr bl ?88<
Fltgac bl acs kûcs ;88% k pkrtgr bl ?8;<
;77<-;774
Ctrcs IEIs O-G Icjsufc prcflbgc ?8% k pkrtgr bl ?889
bl acs kûcs 4<% k pkrtgr bl ?88>
;774-?888 ;88% k pkrtgr bl ?8;8
DIEIs I-G Icjsufc prcflbgc ;88% k pkrtgr bl ?828

bla kûc ?8;<
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | ?8

Ak tkoak kjtlrgcr fcstrkok la kiulrbc crgngjka bl ak

lagfgjkigùj pkuaktgjk bl acs DIEIs lj acs pkæsls iaksgikbcs
icfc Krtæiuac < (Xkæsls lj væks bl blskrrcaac), lj ak rlujgùj
bla icfgtç lmliutgvc bla Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka sl kicrbkrcj
aks sgnugljtls elidks qul fcbgik la pakj crgngjka y icjvglrtl
k ak rlnuakigùj lj ujk kiigùj kilalrkbk pkrk ak rlbuiigùj y
lagfgjkigùj bl DIEIs lj acs pkæsls K<.
Lstk julvk rlnuakigùj lstkoalil qul sl blolj flbgr
acs icjsufcs bl acs pkæsls lj acs kûcs ?887 y ;8;8 y la
vcauflj bl icjsufc bl lstcs bcs kûcs slrë prcflbgkbc
pkrk lstkoalilr ak oksl bl icjsufc lj la kûc ?8;9.
Lstc gjbgik qul kýj iukjbc sl gjirlfljtl la icjsufc
bl DIEIs lj acs pkæsls K< lj acs kûcs ?8;; y ?8;?, lj la
kûc ?8;9 sl blol iufpagr icj la icjsufc oksl lstkoaligbc
(aakfkbc icjnlakfgljtc bl icjsufc) y k pkrtgr bla ?8;< sl
gjgigk ak rlbuiigùj bl acs icjsufcs icj ujk bgsfgjuigùj bla
;8% y ksæ suilsgvkfljtl.
Lj ak tkoak sl fulstrk lsqulfëtgikfljtl ak rlbuiigùj

bla icjsufc bl DIEIs lj acs pkæsls Krtæiuac <.
?; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

X_CN_KFK BL LAGFGJKIGÙJ C_ G N G JKA J \ L UC

BL DIEIs
Aæjlk Oksl ? 8; < 7 - ?8 ; 8

Ic j n lak f g l jt c ? 8; 5 ? 8 ;9
_lbuiigùj bl ;8% ------ ?8;<
_lbuiigùj bl 9<% ------ ?8?8
_lbuiigùj bl 5>.<% ------ ?8?<
_lbuiigùj bl 7>.<% ------ ?898
_l b u ii g ù j b l ; 8 8% -- - -- - ?828
Xrcnrkfk julvc bl rlbuiigùj bl icjsufc bl DIEIs pkæsls K<
Ljfgljbks ka Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka
La kiulrbc crgngjka bla Xrctcicac sl fcbgiù icj ak prgflrk

ljfgljbk lstkoaligbk lj Acjbrls lj ;778 bcjbl sl gjiauæk k
acs DIEIs icfc sustkjigks qul blolrækj bl slr rlnuakbks,
sl kfpagkrcj tkfogçj aks jkigcjls rfkjtls k << pkæsls y

sl rlecrzkrcj aks iaëusuaks bl lstl kiulrbc.
Lj ;77? sl rlkagzù ak ctrk ljfgljbk lj ak igubkb bl
Icpljdknul bcjbl duoc kanujks fcbgikigcjls y lj lsk
ciksgùj ksgstglrcj fës bl 78 pkæsls qul kicrbkrcj iufpagr
icj la Xrctcicac.
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | ??

Lstks ljfgljbks prgjigpkafljtl sl dkj rlkagzkbc pcr

bgelrljtls rkzcjls, pkrk kitukagzkr elidks bl iufpagfgljtc,
pkrk knrlnkr c fcbgikr iaëusuaks bla kiulrbc, ikfogkr
lspligikigcjls, lti.
Lj rlsuflj, ka Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka sl al dkj dlidc
iuktrc ljfgljbks=
Ljfgljbk bl Acjbrls
Ljfgljbk bl Icpljdknul
Ljfgljbk bl Fcjtrlka
Ljfgljbk bl Olgmgjn
?9 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

_lergnlrkigùj
fliëjgik
pcr icfprlsgùj
bl nksls IEIs y
DIEIs
Lj acs kûcs 98‗s bla sgnac pkskbc, blspuçs bl ak irlkigùj

bl acs IEI, DIEI y bl acs plqulûcs fctcrls laçitrgics, ak
utgagzkigùj bl acs rlergnlrkbcrls k icfprlsgùj lj acs dcnkrls
icfljzù k blskrrcaakrsl icjsgblrkoalfljtl. Lj fuidks
iksks tkfogçj sl utgagzkokj rlergnlrkbcrls k nks lj acs qul
sl lfpalkok la ljergkfgljtc pcr koscrigùj bl kfcjgkic/
vkpcr bl knuk y lrkj kiigcjkbcs pcr la ikacr bl nks lj vlz
bl uj fctcr. Lstcs rlergnlrkbcrls sl utgagzkj tcbkvæk lj acs

vldæiuacs aakfkbcs rlirlc. Kitukafljtl, sgj lfokrnc, acs
rlergnlrkbcrls
rlergnlrkbcrls k icfprlsgùj pcr vkpcr scj acs utgagzkbcs fës
icfýjfljtl lj la dcnkr.
Acs prgjigpgcs bl eujigcjkfgljtc bl ak rlergnlrkigùj
pcr icfprlsgùj bl vkpcr, lj ecrfk sgfpagikbk, pulblj
?< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

bgvgbgrsl lj iuktrc cplrkigcjls= lvkpcrkigùj, icfprlsgùj,

icjbljskigùj y lxpkjsgùj.
Lvkpcrkigùj.- Lj lstk ltkpk bla igiac bl rlergnlrkigùj la

rlergnlrkjtl aalnk ka lvkpcrkbcr lj lstkbc pkrigkafljtl
aæqugbc y k okmk prlsgùj. Ka pcjlrsl lj icjtkitc icj la flbgc
qul sl blslk ljergkr, la rlergnlrkjtl ka koscrolr ikacr bla
flbgc, gjgigk su louaagigùj lvkpcrëjbcsl k ac akrnc bla
lvkpcrkbcr dkstk aalnkr k tljlr uj scorlikaljtkfgljtc
s corlikaljtkfgljtc..
Icfprlsgùj.- \jk vlz qul la rlergnlrkjtl kokjbcjk la

lvkpcrkbcr, lstl sl ljiuljtrk icfc vkpcr scorlikaljtkbc y
ls bgrgngbc dkigk la icfprlscr la iuka suiigcjk la rlergnlrkjtl
pkrk icfprgfgrac y lalvkr su prlsgùj. Nljlrkafljtl acs
icfprlscrls scj kiigcjkbcs pcr flbgcs fliëjgics
cotljgljbc su ljlrnæk bl fctcrls laçitrgics gjtlnrkbcs ka
icfprlscr.
Icjbljskigùj.- La rlergnlrkjtl kdcrk sl ljiuljtrk icj ujk

katk prlsgùj y uj fkycr nrkbc bl scorlikaljtkfgljtc y ls
ljvgkbc dkigk la icjbljskbcr bcjbl pulbl ljtcjils vcavlr
ka lstkbc aæqugbc flbgkjtl ak lfgsgùj bl ikacr dkigk la
lxtlrgcr. Nljlrkafljtl ak euljtl bl ljergkfgljtc ls la kgrl

sgj lfokrnc lxgstlj icjbljskbcrls qul utgagzkj knuk icfc

flbgc bl ljergkfgljtc.
Lxpkjsgùj.- La aæqugbc bl katk prlsgùj qul kokjbcjk la

icjbljskbcr. Yl trksakbk dkigk la bgspcsgtgvc bl lxpkjsgùj
lj bcjbl sl okmk su prlsgùj y pkrtl bla aæqugbc sl lvkpcrgzk.
Lj lstk ltkpk, tljlfcs uj rlergnlrkjtl pkrigkafljtl aæqugbc
eræc agstc pkrk icfljzkr tcbc la igiac bl julvc.
Rlrfcbgjëfgik
Xkrk pcblr ljtljblr acs icjilptcs oësgics bl ak rlergnlrkigùj,

rlergnlrkigùj,
ls gfpcrtkjtl bkr uj rlpksc k acs bgelrljtls icjilptcs bl ak
tlrfcbgjëfgik. Icfc kanujcs lstëj yk bljgbcs lj fuidcs
agorcs, sl fljigcjkrëj scac acs fës gfpcrtkjtls.
\jk aly gfpcrtkjtl bl ak tlrfcbgjëfgik ls qul ak ljlrnæk
jc sl irlk jg sl blstruyl,
b lstruyl, scac sl trkjsecrfk.
Ctrk aly fljigcjk qul la ikacr icfc ecrfk bl ljlrnæk
sglfprl vk k ugr bl uj iulrpc icj tlfplrkturk fës katk k
ctrc icj tlfplrkturk fës okmk, lstk aly ls pkrtgiuakrfljtl
gfpcrtkjtl pcrqul bk aunkr ka prcilsc bl rlergnlrkigùj, bcjbl
?> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

acs fktlrgkals k slr rlergnlrkbcs blsprljblj su ikacr gjtlrjc

pkrk bgrgngrac k ctrc ugbc c iulrpc icj fljcr tlfplrkturk.
La ikacr, qul ls ujk ecrfk bl ljlrnæk y ls bljgbc lj acs
kjlxcs bl lstl fkjuka, sglfprl vk k ugr bl ujk suostkjigk
ikagljtl k ujk fës eræk.
La ikacr prcvcik ikfogcs bl lstkbc, uj ugbc aæqugbc pulbl
ikfogkrsl k vkpcr scac icj ak koscrigùj bl ikacr y vgilvlrsk
uj vkpcr pulbl icjbljskrsl sg sl al lxtrkl ikacr.
Ecrfks
Ecrfks bl trkjsfgtgr la ikacr=
Xcr Icjbuiigùj
Xcr Icjvliigùj
Xcr _kbgkigùj
Icjbuiigùj.- La ikacr ls trkjselrgbc bl ak pkrtl fës ikagljtl

bla fktlrgka k ak pkrtl fës eræk, lstl prcilsc bl trkjselrljigk
trkjselrljigk
bl ikacr ciurrl prgjigpkafljtl lj fltkals qul scj ouljcs

icjbuitcrls bla ikacr. Lstc lxpagik pcr quç ak nrkj fkycræk bl
fltkals k tlfplrkturk kfogljtl bkj sljskigùj bl lstkr eræcs.
Icjvliigùj.- Lstl tgpc bl trkjselrljigk bl ikacr ciurrl

lxiausgvkfljtl
lxiausgvkfljtl lj acs ugbcs lj lstkbc aæqugbc c nkslcsc y sl

rlkagzk iukjbc uj ugbc sl ikagljtk y sl lxpkjbl dkigçjbcsl

fës agvgkjc qul ak ctrk pkrtl bla ugbc igriujbkjtl, lalvëjbcsl
pcr ljigfk bl su ljtcrjc y blmkjbc su aunkr ka ugbc fës
eræc. Lstl prcilsc sl coslrvk lj la kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc.
_kbgkigùj.- La lmlfpac iaësgic bl lstl prcilsc bl trkjselrljigk

bl ikacr ls la eljùfljc bl ikaljtkfgljtc bl ak tglrrk pcr acs
rkycs bla sca, qul kýj iukjbc sl ljiuljtrk k ujk bgstkjigk
icjsgblrkoal, sl plrigol la ikacr qul lfgtl.
?7 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

_lergnlrkjtls
\j rlergnlrkjtl ls uj ugbc ikpkz bl trkjspcrtkr la ikacr bl

uj akbc k ctrc lj ikjtgbkbls suigljtls pkrk blskrrcaakr ujk
trkselrljigk bl ikacr
ikacr.. Acs rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtlss scj acs ugbcs bl
trkokmc lj acs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj, kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc

y ocfoks bl ikacr
ikacr.. Lstcs prcbuitcs
prcbuitcs koscrolj la ikacr bl
uj ërlk icfc la lspkigc kicjbgigcjkbc bl ujk skak y ls
lxpuaskbc lj ctrk ërlk lxtlrgcr nljlrkafljtl pcr icjbuitc
bla lvkpcrkbcr y bla icjbljskbcr rlsplitgvkfljtl.
K ac akrnc bl ak dgstcrgk bl ak rlergnlrkigùj, sl dkj
utgagzkbc vkrgcs tgpcs bl rlergnlrkjtls, kanujcs tùxgics, ctrcs
gjkfkoals, kanujcs fës icj prcpglbkbls kfogljtkals
agfgtkbks, lti. Ac qul dk aalvkbc k ak icjiausgùj bl qul jc
lxgstl dkstk la fcfljtc uj rlergnlrkjtl gblka.
Xkrk pcblr tljlr ujk flmcr bligsgùj bl quç tgpc bl rlergnlrkjtl
sl blol utgagzkr lj ujk gjstkakigùj bl rlergnlrkigùj y/c kgrl
kicjbgigcjkbc, ls gfpcrtkjtl icjsgblrkr 2 ekitcrls oësgics=
9; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Ekitcrls Kfogljtkals
Ekitcrls Licjùfgics
Ekitcrls bl Ylnurgbkb
Ekitcrls bl Blslfplûc
Ikbk ujc bl lstcs pujtcs pulbl gjeaugr lj ecrfk fuy

gfpcrtkjtl sg aks gjstkakigcjls bl rlergnlrkigùj y kgrl
kicjbgigcjkbc pulblj slr vgkoals bl slr cplrkbks pcr
akrnc tglfpc.
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | 9?

Ekitcrls Kfogljtkals
Ekitcrls icfc la Xctljigka bl Knctkfgljtc k ak Ikpk bl
Czcjc y la Xctljigka bl Ikaljtkfgljtc Nacoka pulblj gjugr
lj ecrfk bltlrfgjkjtl lj sg ujk gjstkakigùj bl b l rlergnlrkigùj
lstë cplrkjbc lj ecrfk rlnuakr y jc vk k tljlr prcoalfks lj
la euturc pkrk slnugr cplrkjbc. La iksc fës brëstgic lj lstks
elidks ls pcr lmlfpac aks gjstkakigcjls kjtgnuks cplrkjbc
icj _-;?, uj rlergnlrkjtl qul lstë eulrtlfljtl rlnuakbc lj
acs pkæsls bl ak rlngùj
rlngùj y slrë
slrë fuy bgeæiga slnugr cplrkjbc sgj
dkilr ikfogcs bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl kprcpgkbc.
Kdcrk oglj, icj acs kmustls qul sl dkj rlkagzkbc lj ak
rlnuakigùj bl acs DIEIs, aks gjstkakigcjls cplrkjbc icj _-??
pulblj slr kfljkzkbks pcr ak agfgtkigùj bl ak celrtk bl lstl
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl lj acs prùxgfcs kûcs.
Ekitcrls Licjùfgics
La icstc bl ak gjstkakigùj ls la kbliukbc pkrk ak gjvlrsgùj qul
sl lstë dkigljbc c rlprlsljtk uj eulrtl nkstc crgngjka.
La rlergnlrkjtl pulbl slr fkjlmkbc lj ecrfk kbliukbk
sgj dkilr nrkjbls gjvlrsgcjls lj la fkjlmc, kafkiljkfgljtc
99 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

y bgspcsgigùj c rlprlsljtk uj nrkj nkstc lj ak cplrkigùj bl

acs sgstlfks.
Ekitcrls bl Ylnurgbkb
La rlergnlrkjtl utgagzkbc ls slnurc lj su fkjlmc, ls tcxgic

c gjeakfkoal.
Yg tgljl kanujk bl lstks prcpglbkbls slræk gfpcrtkjtl
rlvgskr tcbcs acs fkjukals bl slnurgbkb pkrk la fkjlmc
slnurc bla rlergnlrkjtl blogbc qul kanujcs rlergnlrkjtls
jc scj plrfgtgbcs lj vkrgks kpagikigcjls bl rlergnlrkigùj
y kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc.
Icfc lmlfpac sl pulbl igtkr k la kfcjgkic qul ls uj
oulj rlergnlrkjtl, sgj lfokrnc, jc pulbl slr gjstkakbc lj
dlakblrks bcfçstgiks y icflrigkals.
Ekitcrls bl I
La rlergnlrkjtl utgagzkbc iufpal icj su akocr c tçijgikfljtl ls

gjikpkz bl pcblr blslfplûkr la trkokmc lj bcjbl eul gjstkakbc.
Yu icligljtl bl blslfplûc (ICX)? ls kprcpgkbc pkrk ak
kpagikigùj lj bcjbl lstë gjstkakbc c lstë eulrk bl aunkr slnýj
sus prcpglbkbls tlrfcbgjëfgiks.
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | 92

Icfc sl icfljtù kjtlrgcrfljtl, la kjëagsgs bl lstcs

ekitcrls ls fuy gfpcrtkjtl iukjbc sl tljnk qul ljerljtkr k
ak bligsgùj bl gjstkakr julvks fkqugjks c dkilr aks flmcrls
rlicfljbkigcjls k acs prcpgltkrgcs bl sgstlfks pkrk acs
sgnugljtls kûcs lj bcjbl ak rlnuakigùj bl fuidks sustkjigks
pulbl dkilr qul acs lqugpcs blmlj bl cplrkr kuj iukjbc jc
dkykj aalnkbc k su vgbk ýtga.
9< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Iaksgegikigùj bl
_lergnlrkjtls
pcr sus
icfpcjljtls
quæfgics
Lj ak gjbustrgk bl ak rlergnlrkigùj y kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc sl

dkj utgagzkbc fýatgpals suostkjigks quæfgiks icj bgelrljtls
ikrkitlræstgiks, blsbl aks qul jc scj gjkfkoals jg tùxgiks
dkstk aks qul prlsljtkj æjbgils bl gjkfkogagbkb y tcxgigbkb
qul prcvcikj uj fkycr iugbkbc lj la usc bl acs lqugpcs y ak
prlvljigùj bl eunks. Lj ak pkrtl sgnugljtl sl lspligikj acs
fës utgagzkbcs lj acs slitcrls bl icjsufc.
Iacrcucrcikrocjcs (IEIs)
Icfpulstcs katkfljtl lstkoals blogbc k su icfpcsgigùj

quæfgik okskbk prgjigpkafljtl lj fcaçiuaks bl iacrc, ýcr
9> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

y ikrocjc. Eulrcj gjtrcbuigbcs ka flrikbc lj acs kûcs ‗98

bla sgnac pkskbc y tuvglrcj nrkj utgagzkigùj lj slitcrls
slitcrls bl
rlergnlrkigùj, kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc, icfc scavljtls lj ak
gjbustrgk lalitrùjgik y fltkafliëjgik, icfc knljtls bl
lspufkbc pkrk ak lakocrkigùj bla pcagurltkjc y pcaglstgrljc
y icfc lstlrgagzkjtls fçbgics.
Dgbrciacrcucrcikrocjcs
Dgbrciacrcucrcikrocjcs (DIEIs)
Icfpulstcs lstkoals bl icfpcsgigùj quæfgik sgfgakr k acs

IEIs plrc icj fljcs icjtljgbc bl iacrc lj su fcaçiuak qul
prcvcik fljcrls pctljigkals bl knctkfgljtc k ak ikpk bl
czcjc. Lstcs prcbuitcs dkj sgbc utgagzkbcs lj ak rlergnlrkigùj,
kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc, icfc lspufkjtls lj ak ekorgikigùj bl
pcagurltkjc y icfc prcplaljtls lj ak gjbustrgk bla klrcsca.
k lrcsca.
Dgbrcucrcikrocjcs (DEIs)
Icfpulstcs quæfgics agorls bl iacrc qul tgljlj ilrc

pctljigka bl knctkfgljtc k ak ikpk bl czcjc plrc icjtgjýkj
tljgljbc katcs æjbgils bl pctljigka bl ikaljtkfgljtc nacoka.
Lstks suostkjigks dkj sgbc lalngbks pkrk
pk rk sustgtugr k aks YKCs
lj aks bgelrljtls kpagikigcjls, sgj lfokrnc su euturc ls

gjiglrtc k akrnc pakzc blogbc k ak gfpcrtkjigk qul dk icorkbc

la prcoalfk bl ikfogc iagfëtgic lj la fujbc.
Lstks suostkjigks pulblj slr utgagzkbks lj tcbks aks
kpagikigcjls bl acs IEIs y DIEIs pcr ac qul k icrtc pakzc
dkj sgbc ujk scauigùj bl sustgtuigùj bl YKCs.
Dgbrcikrourcs (DIs)
Yuostkjigks icj ouljk ikpkigbkb bl rlergnlrkigùj y

tlrfcbgjëfgikfljtl kilptkoals pkrk slr utgagzkbks lj
rlergnlrkigùj, kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc y icfc lspufkjtl bl
pcagurltkjc y pcaglstgrljc ksæ icfc prcplaljtl lj ak gjbustrgk
bla klrcsca.
Rgljlj prcpglbkbls kfogljtkals fuy kilptkoals blogbc
k qul jc bkûkj ak ikpk bl czcjc y tgljlj uj okmc pctljigka
bl ikfogc iagfëtgic, sgj lfokrnc su katk gjkfkogagbkb acs
agfgtk k iglrtks kpagikigcjls pcr acs katcs icstcs bl gjstkakigùj
y fkjtljgfgljtc qul scj jlilskrgcs pkrk kufljtkr ak
slnurgbkb bl acs usukrgcs.

Icfpulstcs gjcrnëjgi
gjcrnëjgics
cs (_-
( _->;>,
>;>, _->
_->22)
La kfcjgkic (_->;>) ls uj lxilaljtl rlergnlrkjtl qul dk

sgbc utgagzkbc blsbl acs prgjigpgcs bl ak rlergnlrkigùj. Rgljl
ujk katk ikpkigbkb bl rlergnlrkigùj y su kilptkigùj ls fuy
kfpagk ljtrl acs usukrgcs.
Yu agfgtkjtl ls su katc jgvla bl tcxgigbkb qul dk prcvcikbc
qul lstl rlergnlrkjtl scac slk utgagzkbc lj ak rlergnlrkigùj
gjbustrgka bl nrkjbls ikrnks y almcs bl acs usukrgcs jkals
pkrk lvgtkr la icjtkitc bl lstl rlergnlrkjtl icj aks plrscjks.
Rkfogçj ls pcsgoal utgagzkrac icfc rlergnlrkjtl
sliujbkrgc lj sgstlfks bcjbl la bgslûc bl acs fgsfcs
plrfgtkj su gjstkakigùj.
La Ogùxgbc bl Ikrocjc (_->22) ls uj rlergnlrkjtl qul dk
sgbc prcokbc lj vkrgks kpagikigcjls blogbc k sus lxilaljtls
prcpglbkbls kfogljtkals.
Ak agfgtkjtl bl lstl rlergnlrkjtl ls su katk prlsgùj
bl cplrkigùj qul jc plrfgtl dkilr bgslûcs lj tcbks
aks kpagikigcjls. Kitukafljtl ls gjstkakbc lj dlakblrks
bcfçstgiks y icflrigkals icj icfprlscrls erkiigcjkrgcs y
tkfogçj ls utgagzkbc lj sgstlfks icfc rlergnlrkjtl sliujbkrgc.
| 28

Iaksgegikigùj bl
_lergnlrkjtls
pcr su
juflrkigùj
Lxgstlj bgelrljtls tgpcs bl rlergnlrkjtls qul scj utgagzkbcs

lj ak gjbustrgk bl ak _lergnlrkigùj y kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc
kitukafljtl, lj slnugbk sl dkil ujk iaksgikigùj bl acs fës
icfujls slnýj ak jcrfk 92 bla KYD_KL icj ak jkagbkb bl
jc fkjlmkr jcforls quæfgics pkrk aks sustkjigks.
_lergnlrkjtls Xurcs.- Ycj kqulaacs qul scac tgljlj uj

icfpcjljtl quæfgic y su icfpcrtkfgljtc lstë okskbc lj
aks prcpglbkbls tlrfcbgjëfgiks prcpgks bl ak sustkjigk.
Icfc lmlfpacs sl pulblj igtkr la rlergnlrkjtl ;?(_-;?), la
rlergnlrkjtl ;; (_-;;), la prcpkjc (_-?78), lti.
_lergnlrkjtls
_lergnlrkjtls Kzlctrùpgics.
Kzlctrùpgics.-- Ycj flziaks bl rlergnlrkjtls
prgjigpkafljtl bl bcs icfpcjljtls, acs iukals sl icfpcrtkj

icfc uj icfpulstc purc blogbc k qul jc tgljlj vkrgkigùj

bl tlfplrkturk y prlsgùj lj acs ikfogcs bl eksl sg sl
ljiuljtrkj lj su pujtc bl kzlctrcpæk. Xkrk ikscs prëitgics
su icfpcrtkfgljtc ls fuy sgfgakr k uj icfpulstc purc.
Icfc lmlfpac sl pulbl igtkr k acs rlergnlrkjtls _-<8?,
_-<8>, _-<84O, lti.
_lergnlrkjtls ]lctrùpgics.- Ycj flziaks bl rlergnlr

rlergnlrkjtls
kjtls
qul sæ tgljlj vkrgkigcjls bl tlfplrkturk iukjbc lxgstl uj
ikfogc bl eksl (icjbljskigùj c lvkpcrkigùj). Lstc sl blol
prgjigpkafljtl k qul acs icfpcjljtls qul icjecrfkj ak
flziak tgljlj bgelrljtls pujtcs bl louaagigùj. K lstk vkrgkigùj
bl tlfplrkturk sl al aakfk blsagzkfgljtc bl tlfplrkturk c
‑nagbl‖ qul blol slr icjsgblrkbc
i cjsgblrkbc iukjbc sl gjstkalj lstl tgpc
bl rlergnlrkjtls lj acs sgstlfks.
Lj lstk iaksgikigùj tkfogçj sl al aakfk slrgls bl
rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlrkjtls iukjbc acs icfpcjljtls purcs scj bl ak slrgl bla
fltkjc y ltkjc (bliljks y iljtljks), Ylrgls 288 _lergnlrkjtls
]lùtrcpcs y Ylrgls <88 _lergnlrkjtls Kzlùtrcpcs.

Nksls
rlergnlrkjtls=
la kfcjgkic
Lj kblakjtl, blsirgogrlfcs aks prcpglbkbls fës gjtlrlskjtls

bl lstl nks, kanujks pcsgogagbkbls bl kpagikigùj y acs icjtrcals
utgagzkbcs pkrk ak rlergnlr
rlergnlrkigùj
kigùj pcr kfcjgkic.
kf cjgkic.
Uljtkmks bla kfcjgkic
Rrkjselrljigk bl ikacr
Yuplrgcr k ak bl acs rlergnlrkjtls ucrkbcs fës utgagzkbcs.

Yu ikpkigbkb ls bl iuktrc k igjic vlils fkycr qul ak bla
_;? y la _??, iuyks ikpkigbkbls bl trkjselrljigk bl ikacr sl
vlj bgsfgjugbks lj ak prëitgik iukjbc sl flziakj icj la kilgtl.
La kfcjgkic jc sl flziak icj la kilgtl, plrc sæ sl ecrfkj
lfuasgcjls qul icfpagikj ak cplrkigùj lj pakjtks gjbustrgkals
scorl tcbc iukjbc la lstkbc bl acs icfprlscrls jc ls ùptgfc.

Bgslûc bla lqugpc

Xulstc qul la kfcjækic jc sl flziak icj kilgtl, la bgslûc
bla lqugpc ls fës sljigaac.
Jc sl jlilsgtkj tuolræks vlrtgikals bcoals y la kilgtl
igriuakjtl jc ciksgcjk ikæbks bl prlsgùj.
\jk kfpagkigùj bl ak ikpkigbkb lxgstljtl ls fuy sljigaak,
okstk icj ujk bgspcsgigùj kbliukbk bl tuolræks pkrk pcblr
kûkbgr icfprlscrls y lvkpcrkbcrls c icjbljskbcrls, sgj
tljlr qul prlciupkrsl pcr la rltcrjc bla kilgtl. Bl lstk
ecrfk, sl pulblj lxpactkr aks pcsgogagbkbls bl kdcrrc bl
ljlrnæk qul cerlil ujk pakjtk bl fýatgpals icfprlscrls.
Nrcscr bl ak pkrlb bl tuolræks
Ak fkycr ikpkigbkb bl rlergnlrkigùj gfpagik uj ikubka

fësgic gjelrgcr qul, mujtc icj ujk vgsicigbkb tkfogçj gjelrgcr,
gjelrgcr,
sl trkbuil lj tuolræks fuidc fljcs icstcsks.
Lstks tuolræks blolj slr bl kilrc c kaufgjgc, fktlrgkals
fës okrktcs qul la icorl jlilskrgc pkrk acs sgstlfks qul
trkjspcrtkj rlergnlrkjtls ucrkbcs.

Fgsigogagbkb icj la knuk

La knuk ls tctkafljtl scauoal lj kfcjgkic qul, pcr ac
tkjtc, ls fuy tcalrkjtl. Lj ujk nrkj pakjtk bl rlergnlrkigùj,
rlsuatk fuy bgeæiga bltlitkr uj icjtljgbc bla <% bl knuk k
trkvçs bl acs fkjùfltrcs y tlrfùfltrcs qul sl sulalj
kbqugrgr pkrk tkals sgstlfks.
Fuidks gjstkakigcjls eujigcjkj icj uj icjtljgbc bl knuk
k nuk
rlaktgvkfljtl lalvkbc sgj gjicjvljgljtls gfpcrtkjtls. Xcr
icjsgnugljtl, jc sl prligskj slikjtls bl atrcs, vgscrls bl
aæqugbc jg gjbgikbcrls bl duflbkb y ak vëavuak bl lxpkjsgùj
jujik sl icjnlak.
Xrligc
La kfcjgkic sl ekorgik pkrk fuidcs uscs kblfës bl

rlergnlrkigùj, ekitcr qul pulbl icjtrgougr k fkjtljlr su
prligc okmc.
Lj iukaquglr iksc, la prligc bla kfcjgkic ls fuy gjelrgcr ka
icstl bl ak fkycræk
f kycræk bl acs rlergnlrkjtls ucrkbcs, y kblfës
icj ikjtgbkbls sgnjgiktgvkfljtl gjelrgcrls sl icjsgnulj acs
fgsfcs lelitcs.

La kfcjgkic y la flbgc kfogljtl

La kfcjgkic ls icjsgblrkbc pkrk la euturc icfc ujc bl
acs sustgtutcs fës likils k acs ugbcs rlnakfljtkbcs pcr
la prctcicac bla Fcjtrlka (;74>).
Bl tcbcs acs sustgtutcs kitukafljtl bgspcjgoals, la
kfcjgkic ls la ýjgic rlergnlrkjtl qul jc kelitk ak ikpk bl
czcjc y jc prcvci
prcvcik k lelitc gjvlrjkblrc, sgljbc uj icfpulstc
k oksl bl ëtcfcs bl dgbrùnljcs y ak fcaçiuak jc tgljl
prlsljigk bl ëtcfcs bl iacrc c bl orcfc.
Lj iksc bl slr vlrtgbc lj lstkbc aæqugbc sl lvkpcrk lj ecrfk
prëitgikfljtl gjstkjtëjlk, yk qul su tlfplrkturk bl louaagigùj
k ak prlsgùj ktfcseçrgik ls k -92 ½I y ls ksæ qul jc dky rglsnc bl
icjtkfgjkigùj bl knuks suotlrrëjlks c bl suplrigl.
Ls ksæ qul dcy qulbk lstkoaligbc qul acs icjstruitcrls
scj ikpkils bl prcbuigr icfprlscrls k kfcjgkic bl plqulûk
pctljigk y qul lqugpkfgljtcs bl kicjbgigcjkfgljtc bl kgrl
k kfcjgkic pulblj slr gjstkakbcs lj aunkr bl kqulaacs qul
eujigcjkj icj rlergnlrkjtls ucrkbcs tljgljbc lj iuljtk
qul lj ak icjilpigùj bl aks fëqugjks pkrk kfcjgkic jc
blol dkolr icorl jg sus kalkigcjls.

Ksgfgsfc sl blolrë icjsgblrkr bl tljlr ujk slpkrkigùj

ljtrl acs acikals k kicjbgigcjkr y ak skak bl fëqugjk,
fë qugjk, y utgagzkr
uj igriugtc gjtlrflbgkrgc flbgkjtl uj ugbc ikacpcrtkbcr.
ikacpcrtkbcr.
La kfcjgkic lxilaljtl ugbc ergncræic
Icfc ugbc ergncræic la kfcjgkic prlsljtk juflrcsks

vljtkmks, sgljbc aks fës gfpcrtkjtls aks sgnugljtls=
Xcsll ouljks prcpglbkbls tlrfcbgjëfgiks, bl
trkjselrljigk
trkjselrljigk bl ikacr y bl fksk.
f ksk.
Ls quæfgikfljtl jlutrc pkrk acs lalfljtcs bl acs
igriugtcs ergncræics, skavc pkrk la icorl y sus kalkigcjls
qul scj fktlrgkals kfpagkfljtl uskbcs lj aks gjstkakigcjls
icj ugbcs dkacnljkbcs. Ls pcr lsc qul jc sl blol ikrnkr
kfcjgkic lj acs igriugtcs icj rlergnlrkjtls dkacnljkbcs.
La kfcjgkic jc sl flziak icj la kilgtl bl auorgikigùj.
Jc ls sljsgoal k ak prlsljigk bl kgrl dýflbc c bla knuk.
Ls eëigafljtl bltlitkoal lj iksc bl eunk ksæ
k sæ slk fuy alvl,
bl lstk ecrfk ls fuy bgeæiga tljlr ujk ekaak bla igriugtc pcr
vkigkbc prcnrlsgvc bl ak gjstkakigùj. _lkiigcjk icj acs dufcs
prcilbljtls bl ak icfoustgùj bl vlaks bl kzuerl, nljlrkjbc
uj dufc oakjic ikrkitlræstgic y eëigafljtl vgsgoal.

La kfcjgkic ls la ugbc ergncræic bl fljcr icstc lj su

vkacr bl icfprk.
icfp rk.
Aks fëqugjks ergncræiks k kfcjgkic scj bl uj prligc fuy
icfpltgtgvc lj gjvlrsgùj gjgigka y icstc bl eujigcjkfgljtc
(oulj kprcvlidkfgljtc bl ak ljlrnæk).
La kfcjgkic y la dcforl
La kfcjgkic qul ls ujk sustkjigk jkturka, ls prcbuigbc lj

nrkj ikjtgbkb pcr sciglbkbls quæfgiks (prcbuiigùj fujbgka
;?8.888.888 bl tcjlakbks lj ;742), pkrk bgvlrscs uscs y lj
;½ aunkr pkrk kocjc lj uscs knræicaks.-
;. Yl qulfk iukjbc ak icjbljskigùj lj la kgrl lstë ljtrl

la ;5 y la ?<%. La pujtc bl kutcgjkfkigùj bl ak flziak ls
k ujk tlfplrkturk bl 5<; ½I. Ls pcr lstc qul la rglsnc bl
gjkfkigùj ls fuy agfgtkbc.
?. Ak bgauigùj bla JD9 lj la knuk y aks scauigcjls kiucsks
scj lxctçrfgiks (rglsncs bl qulfkrsl lj acs cmcs lj flbgc
icjtkfgjkbc pcr la JD9).
9. Rgljl uj lelitc scecikjtl. Yl lstgfk qul la vkacr aæfgtl bl
lxpcsgigùj pkrk la dcforl ls bl ?< ppf. La cacr ikrkitlræstgic
irlk ujk rlkiigùj bl pëjgic k okmk icjiljtrkigùj lj la kgrl.

Lj katks icjiljtrkigcjls prcvcik bgiuatkbls rlspgrktcrgks

aalnkjbc ka kdcnc. Ak bcsgs fcrtka ls bl 98.888 ppf. La JD9
jc tgljl kiigùj tùxgik rliurrljtl lj iksc bl gjdkakigùj pcr la
dcforl c acs kjgfkals.
Acs plagnrcs qul prlsljtk la kfcjgkic qul ac aalvkrcj

k iaksgikrac icfc sustkjigk plagnrcsk, scj dcy fuy oglj
icjcigbcs pcr acs prcelsgcjkals qul dkj puoagikbc aks
flbgbks k kbcptkr lj iksc bl eunks kiigbljtkals.
Bl tcbks fkjlrks ls bl dkilr jctkr qul sg sl prcbuil ujk
eunk ka kfogljtl bla JD9 qul igriuak bljtrc bl ak gjstkakigùj
ergncræik, y la eulrtl cacr kiusk gjflbgktkfljtl la pujtc bl
eunk, yk qul icj icjiljtrkigcjls bl < ppf. yk sl bltlitk
flbgkjtl la caektc.
Ls ksæ qul dky uj fujbc fgaakrls bl blpùsgtcs bl nrkj
vcauflj pkrk la kafkiljkfgljtc bl prcbuitcs plrlilblrcs
qul eujigcjkj icj JD9.

Ylrgls bl
rlergnlrkjtls
Ylr gl J c f o rl Nk s
888 Fltkjc _-;?
;88 Ltkjc _-;92k
288 ]lctrcpc _-28;K
<88 Kzlctrcpc _-<8?
Ak fltcbcacnæk pkrk ljicjtrkr acs jýflrcs bl rlergnlrkjtls

purcs ls ak sgnugljtl=
La bængtc bl ak lxtrlfk blrlidk sl rllrl

rllrl k ak ikjtgbkb bl
fcaçiuaks bl ýcr qul tgljl la icfpulstc.La bængtc sgnugljtl
k ak gzquglrbk sl rllrl k ak ikjtgbkb bl fcaçiuaks bl
dgbrùnljc qul tgljl la icfpulstc fës ujc.
La bgngtc bl sgnugljtl k ak gzquglrbk sl rllrl k ak ikjtgbkb
bl fcaçiuaks bl ikrocjc qul tgljl la icfpulstc fljcs ujc
(iukjbc lstl bgngtc ls ilrc jc sl lsirgol).
La bængtc k ak lxtrlfk gzquglrbk sl rllrl k acs bcoals
ljakils qul tgljlj aks fcaçiuaks bl ikrocjc.
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | <8

La lmlfpac tæpgic ls la rlergnlrkjtl ;? qul quæfgikfljtl sl

aakfk bgiacrcbgucrc-fltkjc y ak eùrfuak ls Ia?E?I (bcs
iacrcs, bcs ýcr y uj ikrocjc). Ls uj oulj lmlrigigc dkilr ak
prëitgik icfc aalnkr ka jýflrc ;? pkrtgljbc bl lstcs bktcs.
Rkfogçj ls gfpcrtkjtl icfljtkr qul acs rlergnlrkjtls
dgbrcikrourcs cotgljlj sus jýflrcs pkrtgljbc bl lstk
rlnak. Xcr lmlfpac la prcpkjc jc tgljl fcaçiu
fcaçiuaks
aks bl ýcr
ýcr,,
tgljl cidc dgbrùnljcs y trls ikrocjcs. Yg slnugfcs ak rlnak
kjtls fljigcjkbk jcs gjbgik qul la jýflrc bla prcpkjc ls
la _-?78, pkrk la outkjc la juflrc ls _-588.
Ksgfgsfc sl fljigcjk qul pkrk acs rlergnlrkjtls gjcrnëjgics
sl al dk ksgnjkbc ak slrgl >88 scac knrlnkjbc su plsc fcaliuakr.
Xcr lmlfpac la IC? tgljl icfc juflrc bl rlergnlrkjtl _->22
(Xlsc Fcaliuakr bla IC? 622), la kfcjgkic _->;>.
Ak jcrfk 92 bl KYD_KL iaksgik tkfogçj k acs
rlergnlrkjtls pcr su tcxgigbkb l gjkfkogagbkb bl kiulrbc k
aks icjiljtrkigcjls qul sl prlsljtkj iukjbc uj rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl
ls lfgtgbc k ak ktfcselrk y ljtrk lj icjtkitc icj aks plrscjks.
Lstks icjiljtrkigcjls bl rlergnlrkjtls lj la flbgc
kfogljtl blolj tljlr iglrtcs aæfgtls bl slnurgbkb qul
plrfgtkj qul uj trkokmkbcr sl ljiuljtrl slnurc lj su aunkr
bl trkokmc. Lstcs æjbgils scj la RAU y la R^K.
<; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Ukaul).- Icjiljtrkigùj fëxgfk plrfgsgoal

RAU (Rdrlsdcab Agfgt Ukaul).- Icjiljtrkigùj
RAU
lj ak qul uj trkokmkbcr pulbl lstkr lxpulstc k ak sustkjigk
burkjtl uj plrgcbc bgkrgc bl 4 d pcr igjic bæks k ak slfkjk
burkjtl 28 kûcs sgj tljlr jgjnýj lelitc jlnktgvc k su skaub.
R^K.- Ukacr pcjblrkbc bl icjiljtrkigùj lj la tglfpc

lxprlskbk lj dcrks pcr bæk.
Fulstrk nrëikfljtl aks bgelrljtls iaksgikigcjls bl acs
rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlrkjtls slnýj ak jcrfk 92 bla KYD_KL.
Icj la comltc bl slr fës iakrc sl dkilj aks sgnugljtls
kiakrkigcjls icj rlsplitc k ac qul gjbgik ak jcrfk=
Ak iaksgikigùj K; lstkoalil qul uj rlergnlrkjtl ls jc
gjkfkoal jg tùxgic pcr ljigfk bl icjiljtrkigcjls bl 288
pkrtls pcr fgaaùj, nljlrkafljtl acs rlergnlrkjtls _-??,
_-;92k, _-282K scj iaksgikbcs icfc K; blogbc k qul jc
scj gjkfkoals.
Xcr lmlfpac, la rlergnlrkjtl _-;?9 ls iaksgikbc icfc uj
O;, ls uj rlergnlrkjtl jc gjkfkoal plrc blol fkjtljlrsl
lj icjiljtrkigcjls fljcrls bl <8 ppf pkrk fkjtljlr aks
icjbgigcjls akocrkals lj icjbgigcjls bl trkokmc slnurc.
Ksæ tcbcs acs rlergnlrkjtls scj lvkaukbcs pcr sus
ikrkitlræstgiks bl tcxgigbkb l gjkfkogagbkb y lj aks dcmks
bl slnurgbkb bl acs fgsfcs sl pulbl coslrvkr iùfc lstë
iaksgikbc la qul sl blsll utgagzkr
utgagzkr..
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | <?

RCTGIGBKB
Gj﬏kfkogagbkb K9 O9
Katk Dgbrcikrocjcs Iacrurc
B
K
B
bl Ugjgac
G
A
G Gj﬏kfkogagbkb K? O?
O Flbgk _-2;?o Kfcjgkic

K _-;<?k
F
K
A Gj﬏kfkogagbkb K; O;
E Okmk _-??, _;92k _-;?9
J
G
Iaksl K= RAU/R^K 288 ppf c fkycr

Iaksl O= RAU/R^K
RAU/R^K 977 ppf c fljcr
Ak Gj﬏kfkogagbkb tkfogçj sl iaksg﬋ik

Iaksl;= jc prcpcnk ak ﬏kfk
Iaksl ?= okmk prcpknkigùj bl ﬏kfk
Iaksl 9= katk prcpknkigùj bl ﬏kfk
<9 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

_lergnlrkjtls
\tgagzkbcs lj ak
Gjbustrgk Kituka
Lj lstk pkrtl sl trktkrëj aks ikrkitlræstgiks bl acs

rlergnlrkjtls qul scj utgagzkbcs kitukafljtl lj ak
gjbustrgk, fuidcs bl lstcs prcbuitcs dkj sgbc utgagzkbcs
pkrk ak lakocrkigùj bl bgvlrscs prcbuitcs sgj lfokrnc
lj lstk ciksgùj jcs icjiljtrkrlfcs lj la usc icfc
rlergnlrkjtls lxiausgvkfljtl.
Kanujcs bl acs sgnugljtls rlergnlrkjtls scj icjcigbcs
trkbgigcjkafljtl y tgljblj k slr lagfgjkbcs lj acs flsls
prùxgfcs blogbc ka Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka plrc kanujcs ctrcs
dkj sgbc utgagzkbcs icfc katlrjktgvks bl sustgtuigùj pkrk
IEIs y DIEIs.
_lergnlrkjtl ;? (IEI-;?)
_lergnlrkjtl trkbgigcjkafljtl utgagzkbc lj dlakblrks
bcfçstgiks y icflrigkals ksæ icfc lj la kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc
kutcfctrgz, sus prcpglbkbls rlergnlrkjtls ac aalvkrcj k slr
<< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

ujc bl acs prlelrgbcs bl acs tçijgics blogbc k su lxilaljtl

lstkogagbkb y ouljk ikpkigbkb ikacræik.
Kitukafljtl sl ljiuljtrk lj væks bl lagfgjkigùj pcr slr uj
IEI qul tgljl katc pctljigka bl knctkfgljtc k ak ikpk bl czcjc.
_lergnlrkjtl ;; (IEI-;;)
\j rlergnlrkjtl aæqugbc k tlfplrkturk kfogljtl qul eul
utgagzkbc prgjigpkafljtl pkrk acs lqugpcs iljtræeuncs bl kgrl
kicjbgigcjkbc y icfc knljtl bl agfpglzk pkrk sgstlfks bl
rlergnlrkigùj
rlergnlrkigùj lj nljlrka.
Kitukafljtl sl ljiuljtrk lj væks bl lagfgjkigùj pcr slr uj
IEI qul tgljl katc pctljigka bl knctkfgljtc k ak ikpk bl czcjc.
_lergnlrkjtl ?? (DIEI-??)
_lergnlrkjtl utgagzkbc kitukafljtl lj ak nrkj fkycræk bl
acs lqugpcs bl kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc ujgtkrgc, lj rlergnlrkigùj
icflrigka bl flbgk y okmk tlfplrkturk.
Yu katk blfkjbk fujbgka sl blol k vkrgcs ekitcrls0
kfpagk bgspcjgogagbkb, kjtgnñlbkb lj la flrikbc, vlrsëtga y
icj ouljk ikpkigbkb ikacræik, su elidk bl lagfgjkigùj sgnul
sgljbc bgstkjtl y eul utgagzkbc icfc sustgtutc blsbl la gjgigc
bl ak rlnuakigùj bl acs IEIs.

_lergnlrkjtl <8? (IEI-<8?)

Lstl rlergnlrkjtl eul utgagzkbc pkrk ak rlergnlrkigùj bl okmk
tlfplrkturk y lj sgstlfks lj iksikbk pkrk lqugpcs bl
akocrktcrgc. Ls ujk flziak kzlctrùpgik bl _-;;< y _-?? qul
lstë prùxgfkfljtl sgljbc lagfgjkbc pcr aks rlnuakigcjls
bla Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka blogbc k qul ls icjsgblrkbc icfc
uj IEI.
_lergnlrkjtl 28;K (DIEI-28;K)

_lergnlrkjtl flmcr icjcigbc icfc FX97 qul dk sgbc uj
sustgtutc bla _-;? lj bgvlrsks kpagikigcjls y kitukafljtl ls
utgagzkbc lj kanujcs flrikbcs bl ak rlngùj icfc katlrjktgvk
bl sustgtuigùj, su agfgtkjtl ls su katk tlfplrkturk bl
blsikrnk qul lj iagfks ikaurcscs rlprlsljtk uj prcoalfk
sg jc sl rlkagzkj kmustls lj la icjbljskbcr bl acs sgstlfks k
slr rlkicjbgigcjkbcs.
_lergnlrkjtl 28;O (DIEI-28;O)

Lstl rlergnlrkjtl scac sl dk utgagzkbc lj kanujcs pkæsls icfc
sustgtutc bla _-;? lj okmk tlfplrkturk,
tlfpl rkturk, ls uj oulj rlergnlrkjtl
sgj lfokrnc su agfgtkjtl scj acs lsikscs sgstlfks cplrkjbc
lj icjbgigcjls bl flbgk prlsgùj y okmk tlfplrkturk. Rkfogçj
sl al icjcil k lstl rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl icfc FX55.
<> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

_lergnlrkjtl 28?K (DIEI-28?K)

_lergnlrkjtl icjcigbc tkfogçj icfc la DX48 qul dk sgbc ujk
katlrjktgvk bl sustgtuigùj ka _-<8? lj okmk tlfplrkturk, la usc
bl lstl prcbuitc ls agfgtkbc pcr vkrgcs ekitcrls, la prgjigpka ls
qul jc ls fuy icjcigbc lj acs pkæsls bl Aktgjckfçrgik.
_lergnlrkjtl 28?O (DIEI-28?O)

_lergnlrkjtl icjcigbc icfc DX4; qul dk sgbc utgagzkbc
prgjigpkafljtl lj fëqugjks bl dglac bl plqulûks
ikpkigbkbls, uj rlergnlrkjtl ligljtl qul sustgtuyù ka _-<8?
lj lstk kpagikigùj.
_lergnlrkjtl _-285K (DIEI-285K)

\j rlergnlrkjtl utgagzkbc lj kanujcs pkæsls pkrk sustgtugr ka
_-;? lj dlakblrks bcfçstgiks y icflrigkals ksæ icfc lj
sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj bl fkycr ikpkigbkb. Ls uj oulj
sustgtutc sgj lfokrnc lj kanujcs pkæsls sl dk ljicjtrkbc icj
prcoalfks bl ikagbkb. Blogbc k qul ls ujk flziak zlctrùpgik
su icfpcsgigùj blol slr ak lspligikbk pkrk lstl rlergnlrkjtl.

_lergnlrkjtl ;92k (DEI-;92k)

\j rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl DEI qul tgljl ilrc pctljigka bl knctkfgljtc bl
czcjc qul dk sgbc sustgtutc bla _-;? lj bgvlrsks kpagikigcjls
y qul sl dk utgagzkbc icfc rlergnlrkjtl katlrjktgvc pkrk
lqugpc julvc, ls uj icfpulstc purc qul tgljl vlrsktgagbkb
y eëiga fkjlmc, pkrk kpagikrac sl blol utgagzkr auorgikjtl
sgjtçtgic k oksl bl pcagcalstlr.
Ls utgagzkbc kitukafljtl lj ak fkycræk bl acs vldæiuacs
tkjtc lj kutcfùvgals icfc lj kutcousls bl pkskmlrcs y lj ak
nrkj fkycræk bl dlakblrks bcfçstgiks y icflrigkals.
_lergnlrkjtl 282K (DEI-282K)

\jk flziak zlctrùpgik icj fuy okmc blsagzkfgljtc bl
tlfplrkturk y fuy vlrsëtga yk qul pulbl trkokmkr pkrk flbgk
y okmk tlfplrktur
tlfplrkturk
k lj sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj icflrigka
icflrigka bl
bgelrljtls ikpkigbkbls. Lstl rlergnlrkjtl dk sgbc gjstkakbc
lj nrkjbls ikbljks bl suplrflrikbcs y lj vldæiuacs bl
trkjspcrtl bl ikrnk rlergnlrkbk icj fuy ouljcs rlsuatkbcs.
Ls uj DEI icj ilrc pctljigka bl knctkfgljtc bl czcjc plrc
icjtgjýk tljgljbc uj alvkbc pctljigka bl ikaljtkfgljtc nacoka.
<7 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

_lergnlrkjtl <8> (DEI-<8>)

\j rlergnlrkjtl qul ls ujk flziak kzlctrùpgik qul ls fuy
sgfgakr ka _-282K y nljlrkafljtl dk sgbc gjstkakbc lj
ikbljks bl suplrflrikbcs pkrk okmk tlfplrkturk.
Ka gnuka qul _-282K su pctljigka bl knctkfgljtc bl
czcjc ls ilrc plrc icjtgjýk tljgljbc lalvkbc pctljigka bl
ikaljtkfgljtc nacoka.
Lj ak tkoak sl lspligikj ctrks flziaks bl rlergnlrkjtls
DEIs qul pulblj slr ouljcs sustgtutcs k acs DIEIs qul
tgljblj blsbl yk k slr sustgtugbcs blogbc k ak julvk rlnuakigùj
bl lstks sustkjigks kicrbkbk lj aks ýatgfks rlujgcjls bla
Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka.
| 58

Xrcilbgfgljtcs
bl Yustgtuigùj bl
_lergnlrkjtls
Jýflrc Jcforl Yu s tg tu yl Rg p c A u o r gik j tl K p a g ik i g ù j Ic fl jtk r gc s

KDY_K L Icflrigka
_-2 ?9K 97-RI _- ; ? ]l c t rù p g ic Kaqugaoljiljc Ljergkbcrks Ilrikjc ka _-;?

Flziak Xcagcaçstlr bl knuk icj prlsgùj y
iljtræeunks tlfplrkturk bl
bgslûkbks blsikrnk sgfgakr
pkrk _-;?. ka _-;?.
Xljbgljtl FC - ? 7 _- ? ? Fgjlrka Ljergkbcrks Ilrikjc ka _-??

bl ksgnjkr Kaqugoljiljc bl knuk icj prlsgùj y
Xcagcaçstlr bl lxpkjsgùj tlfplrkturk bl
bgrlitk. blsikrnk fljcrls
ka _-??.
_-2 ;>K FC - < 7 _- ? ? ]l c t rù p g ic Fgjlrka K/I rlsgbljigka y Ilrikjc ka _-??

Flziak Kaqugoljiljc icflrigka icj prlsgùj y
ljergkbcrks
Xcagcaçstlr tlfplrkturk bl
bl knuk, kpagikigcjls
blsikrnk
lj flbgk
tlfplrkturk. fljcrls ka _-??.
_-2 ??K FC - > 7 _- ? ? ]lctrùpgic Fg jl rka Kpagikigcjls Ilrikjc ka _-??

_-<8? Flziak Kaqugoljiljc icflrigkals icj prlsgùj y
DX-48 Xcagcaçstlr l gjbustrgkals tlfplrkturk bl
DX-4; lj flbgk y okmk blsikrnk fljcrls
_-284K tlfplrkturk. ka _-??.
_-2 ;9K FC - 2 7 _- ; ? ]lctrùpgic Fg jl rka K/I Ilrikjc ka _-;?

FX-97 Flziak kutcfctrgz, tlfplrkturk bl
FX-55 K/I blsikrnk sgfgakr
Icflrigka,
_-287K ka _-;?.
sgstlfks bl
rlergnlrkigùj.
Xljbgljtl FC - 4 7 _- ; 9 O ; Fgjlrka Okmk y uatrk Ilrikjc

bl Kaqugoljiljc okmk tlfplrkturk ka _-9O;.
ksgnjkr Xcagcaçstlr (-28¸E dkstk
-;88¸E)

Dcy lj bæk iukjbc ak rlnuakigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls qul bkûkj

ak ikpk lstrktcseçrgik bl czcjc çstk ikbk vlz fës ilrik bl
lagfgjkr k acs IEIs y sl gjgigk ak rlnuakigùj bl DIEIs lj acs
pkæsls Krtæiuac < k acs qul plrtljlil Xkrknuky, sl blolj
dkilr ikfogcs lj acs lqugpcs qul kslnurlj ak icjtgjugbkb
bl ak cplrkigùj bl acs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj.
Lj lstl ikpætuac vlrlfcs acs bgelrljtls prcilbgfgljtcs
bl sustgtuigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls lj acs bgelrljtls ikfpcs
y kpagikigcjls.
Lxgstlj lj lsljigk 5 prcilscs bl sustgtuigùj qul

blsirgogrlfcs
blsirgog rlfcs orlvlfljtl pkrk aalvkracs k ikoc lj ak prëitgik=
Ikfogc bl uj IEI k uj DIEI sgj ikfogc bl kilgtl.

Ikfogc bl uj IEI k uj DIEI icj ikfogc bl kilgtl.
Ikfogc bl uj IEI k uj DEI sgj ikfogc bl kilgtl.
Ikfogc bl uj IEI k uj DEI icj ikfogc bl kilgtl.
Ikfogc bl uj DIEI k uj DEI sgj ikfogc bl kilgtl.
Ikfogc bl uj DIEI k uj DEI icj ikfogc bl kilgtl.

Ikfogc bl uj IEI k uj DIEI sgj ikfogc bl kilgtl

Lstl prcilbgfgljtc sl aalvk k ikoc iukjbc aks icjbgigcjls bl
rltcrjc bl kilgtl ka icfprlscr scj kbliukbks
kbliukbks bl tka ecrfk qul
la ikfogc bl rlergnlrkjtl jc kelitl ak ikjtgbkb bl auorgikjtl
qul icjtgljl la icfprlscr.
Lstl iksc ls la tæpgic bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj
kutcicjtljgbc bcjbl tcbks ak pkrtls bla sgstlfk sl ljiuljtrkj
lj ujk ujgbkb, icfc dlakblrks bcfçstgiks y icflrigkals.
Kquæ la rltcrjc bl kilgtl sl prlsljtk fuidks vlils pcr ak
eulrzk bl nrkvlbkb blogbc k qul la icfprlscr sl ljiuljtrk
uogikbc lj ak pkrtl okmk bla sgstlfk y jc lxgstlj fuidcs
costëiuacs lj ak tuolræk qul
q ul gfpgbkj la rltcrjc bla auorgikjtl
ka icfprlscr
icfprlscr..
Lstl prcilbgfgljtc dks sgbc utgagzkbc pkrk ak sustgtuigùj
bl IEI-;? lj fuidcs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj.
La prcilbgfgljtc ls sljigaac y sl blejl lj acs sgnugljtls pkscs=
Ulrgikr bktcs bla sgstlfk icfc cplrk iukjbc lstë

trkokmkjbc icj la IEI-;? pkrk icfpkrkracs icj acs qul sl
cotljnkj blspuçs bla ikfogc bl rlergnlrkjtl. (sg la sgstlfk
lstë vkiæc bl rlergnlrkjtl y jc lstë cplrkjbc, sl blol

rliurrgr k ak lxplrgljigk bl lqugpcs sgfgakrls pkrk cotljlr

acs bktcs bla sgstlfk icfc prlsgùj bl suiigùj, tlfplrkturk
bla lvkpcrkbcr, kfplrkml bla icfprlscr, lti.).
Xkrkr la lqugpc y lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl IEI-;?, ak

rliuplrkigùj bla rlergnlrkjtl sl blol rlkagzkr bl kiulrbc k
acs prcilbgfgljtcs blsirgtcs lj lstl fkjuka. Ls pcsgoal qul
lj lstl tgpc bl lqugpcs scac lxgstk ujk vëavuak bl kiilsc ka
sgstlfk icfc ls ak vëavuak bl suiigùj y pcr
p cr lstl icjbuitc sl
blol dkilr ak rliuplrkigùj.
Ikfogkr la atrc blsdgbrktkbcr, lstk prëitgik blol dkilrsl

tcbks aks vlils qul uj sgstlfk ls koglrtc. Kitukafljtl tcbcs acs
atrcs scj icfpktgoals icj ak nrkj fkycræk bl acs rlergnlrkjtls.
_lkagzkr la vkiæc y rlvgskr aks eunks bla sgstlfk, acs

prcilbgfgljtcs yk dkj sgbc blsirgtcs lj lstl fkjuka pkrk
aalvkr k ikoc lstks tkrlks lj ecrfk icrrlitk. Ls cpcrtujc
kiakrkr qul acs sgstlfks trkokmkjbc icj IEIs icjtgljlj
kilgtl fgjlrka
fgjlrka lj la qul sl rlquglrl
rlquglrl kaikjzkr uj vkiæc bl
<88 fgircjls pkrk kslnurkr ujk cplrkigùj icrrlitk.

\jk vlz qul sl dk kaikjzkbc la vkiæc y rlvgskbc qul la

sgstlfk lstç agorl bl eunks, sl prcilbl k rcfplr la vkiæc icj
la rlergnlrkjtl, rlicrblfcs qul ak fkycræk bl rlergnlrkjtls
sustgtutcs DIEIs scj flziaks qul blolj lxtrklrsl bla
igagjbrc lj eksl aæqugbk pkrk slr ikrnkbcs k acs sgstlfks.
Ljtcjils sl rcfpl la vkiæc icj ujk ikjtgbkb bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl
aæqugbc bl tka ecrfk qul sl kaikjilj ujks 98 psgn bl prlsgùj.
Iukjbc sl dk rlkagzkbc ak prgflr ikrnk bl rlergnlrkjtl,

prcilblfcs k krrkjikr la sgstlfk y kmustkfcs ak ikrnk,
ls gfpcrtkjtl rlicrbkr qul blolfcs bl lxtrklr agqugbc bla
igagjbrc pkrk ikrnkrac pcr ak suiigùj bla icfprlscr0 lstc pulbl
rlprlsljtkr uj rglsnc pcr la gjnrlsc bl agqugbc lj la icfprlscr
pcr ac qul sl sunglrl qul la kmustl bl ikrnk bla rlergnlrkjtl
sl aalvl k ikoc pcr pkscs, qul sl vkyk gjnrlskjbc pcic k pcic
pkrk plrfgtgr qul la rlergnlrkjtl qul skal agqugbc bla igagjbrc sl
lvkpcrl ljtrl aks fkjnulrks, la fkjgecab y la icfprlscr. Bl
lstk ecrfk kslnurkfcs qul jc kagfljtkfcs aæqugbc ka sgstlfk.
Ls cpcrtujc icfljtkr qul la igagjbrc bl rlergnlrkjtl blol

lstë lj ujk pcsgigùj gjvlrtgbk pkrk
pkrk ak lxtrkiigùj bla rlergnlrkjtl.

Acs rlergnlrkjtls flziaks bl DIEIs qul dkj slrvgbc pkrk

ak sustgtuigùj bl IEIs, nljlrkafljtl utgagzkj ljtrl la 4< y la
7<% lj plsc bl ak ikrnk crgngjka bl IEI-;?.
Ikfogc bl uj IEI k uj DIEI icj ikfogc bl kilgtl
Lstl prcilbgfgljtc sl aalvk k ikoc iukjbc aks icjbgigcjls

bl rltcrjc bl kilgtl ka icfprlscr jc scj kbliukbks blogbc
k qul tljlfcs uj sgstlfk bgvgbgbc bcjbl la icjbljskbcr sl
ljiuljtrk k ujk bgstkjigk bl vkrgcs fltrcs bl ak pcsgigùj
bla lvkpcrkbcr y k ujk katurk bgelrljtl, lstks icjbgigcjls
jcs plrfgtlj pljskr qul la rltcrjc bl kilgtl ka icfprlscr
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl y la kilgtl bla sgstlfk.
Xcr icjsliuljigk lj lstl tgpc bl sgstlfks sæ sl rlquglrl
uj ikfogc bl kilgtl qul jcs kslnurl la oulj rltcrjc bl
kilgtl ka icfprlscr.
Lstl iksc ls la bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj bl
kafkiljkfgljtc bl kagfljtcs y ologbks lj tgljbks bl
plqulûks k flbgkjks, lj rlstkurkjtls, dctlals, flrikbcs,
lti. Xulblj slr bl flbgk c okmk tlfplrktur
tlfplrkturk.
k.

Lstl prcilbgfgljtc dks sgbc utgagzkbc pkrk ak sustgtuigùj

bl IEI-;? lj fuidcs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj pkrk qul
trkokml icj flziaks DIEIs. Acs pkscs scj acs sgnugljtls=

cotljnkj blspuçs bla ikfogc bl rlergnlrkjtl (sg la sgstlfk
lstë vkiæc bl rlergnlrkjtl y jc lstë cplrkjbc, sl blol
rliurrgr k ak lxplrgljigk bl lqugpcs sgfgakrls pkrk cotljlr
acs bktcs bla sgstlfk icfc prlsgùj bl suiigùj, tlfplrkturk
bla lvkpcrkbcr, kfplrkml bla icfprlscr, lti.).

sgstlfk icfc ls ak vëavuak bl suiigùj y pcr
p cr lstl icjbuitc sl
Lxtrklr la auorgikjtl bla sgstlfk, sl blol vkigkr la

icjtljgbc bl kilgtl bla icfprlscr y jc gfpcrtk ak ikjtgbkb
bl kilgtl rlsgbuka lj la sgstlfk yk qul ak icfpktgogagbkb

ljtrl kilgtl fgjlrka y kilgtl kaqugaoljiljc ls fuy ouljk y

pulblj trkokmkr mujtcs dkstk lj uj pcriljtkml bl <8-<8.
Knrlnkr kilgtl kaqugaoljiljc ka sgstlfk, sl sunglrl

knrlnkr ak fgsfk ikjtgbkb bl kilgtl qul sl lxtrkmc bla lqugpc.
Ls gfpcrtkjtl kiakrkr qul ac fës gfpcrtkjtl ls aalnkr ka jgvla
icrrlitc bl kilgtl slnýj ak fgrgaak bla icfprlscr pkrk lvgtkr
blmkr la sgstlfk icj uj jgvla okmc bl auorgikjtl.
Ikfogkr acs atrcs blsdgbrktkbcrls, lstk prëitgik

blol dkilrsl tcbks aks vlils qul uj sgstlfk ls koglrtc.
Kitukafljtl tcbcs acs atrcs scj icfpktgoals icj ak nrkj
fkycræk bl acs rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtls.
kjtls.

aalvkr k ikoc lstks tkrlks lj ecrfk icrrlitk. Blogbc k qul
la sgstlfk icjtgljl kdcrk auorgikjtl kaqugaoljiljc, sl
blol kaikjzkr uj vkiæc bl <88 fgircjls pkrk kslnurkr ujk
cplrkigùj icrrlitk.



sustgtutcs DIEIs scj flziaks qul blolj lxtrklrsl bla
igagjbrc lj eksl aæqugbk pkrk slr ikrnkbcs k acs sgstlfks.
Ljtcjils sl rcfpl la vkiæc icj ujk ikjtgbkb bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl
aæqugbc, sl sunglrl gjylitkr la rlergnlrkjtl pcr la akbc bl katk
pkrk kngagzkr la prcilsc bl ikrnk, icj lstl prcilbgfgljtc
pcblfcs kslnurkr qul knrlnkfcs fës bla <8% bl ak ikrnk
crgngjka bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl.
kjtl.
Iukjbc sl dk rlkagzkbc ak prgflrk ikrnk bl rlergnlrkjtl,

prcilblfcs k krrkjikr la sgstlfk y kmustkfcs ak ikrnk.
Ls gfpcrtkjtl rlicrbkr qul blolfcs bl lxtrklr aæqugbc bla
igagjbrc pkrk ikrnkrac pcr ak suiigùj bla icfprlscr0 lstc pulbl
rlprlsljtkr uj rglsnc pcr la gjnrlsc bl aæqugbc lj la icfprlscr
pkrk plrfgtgr qul la rlergnlrkjtl qul skal aæqugbc bla igagjbrc sl
Ls cpcrtujc icfljtkr qul la igagjbrc bl rlergnlrkjtl

blol lstkr lj ujk pcsgigùj gjvlrtgbk pkrk ak lxtrkiigùj bla
rlergnlrkjtl lj eksl aæqugbk blogbc k qul ak nrkj fkycræk bl

rlergnlrkjtls sustgtutcs scj bl ak slrgl 288 c slk flziaks

zlctrùpgiks qul tgljlj pcriljtkmls bl sus icfpcjljtls lj
ak eksl aæqugbk bgelrljtls
b gelrljtls k acs bl ak eksl bl vkpcr.
vkpcr.
Iukjbc la rlergnlrkjtl ls uj prcbuitc purc c slk jc ls

ujk flziak, sl plrfgtl lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl lj eksl bl
vkpcr icfc ac fulstrk ak nurk <.?.

ak sustgtuigùj bl IEIs, nljlrkafljtl utgagzkj ljtrl la 4< y
la 7<% lj plsc bl ak ikrnk crgngjka bl IEI-;? c bla _-<8?,
pcr lsk rkzùj lj kanujcs lqugpcs ls pcsgoal qul la sgstlfk
yk lstç oglj ikrnkbc y sgnkj kpkrligljbc ouroumks lj aks
fgrgaaks (vgscr) bla lqugpc.
Xkrk jkagzkr la prcilsc bl ikfogc bl uj rlergnlrkjtl

rlergnlrkjtl
sl blol kmustkr oglj ak ikrnk bla fgsfc y ljtcjils sl blol
okskr lj la plsc sufgjgstrkbc, lj la kfplrkml bla lqugpc,
lj ak prlsgùj bl suiigùj y blsikrnk y ak tlfplrkturk bla
lvkpcrkbcr pkrk skolr sg la lqugpc yk lstë cplrkjbc lj
ecrfk kbliukbk.
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | >8

Lxtrkiigùj bl uj rlergnlrkjtl purc lj eksl bl vkpcr
>; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Ikfogc bl uj DIEI k uj DEI sgj ikfogc bl kilgtl

rltcrjc bl kilgtl ka icfprlscr scj kbliukbks
kbliukbks bl tka ecrfk qul
la ikfogc bl rlergnlrkjtl jc kelitl ak ikjtgbkb bl auorgikjtl
qul icjtgljl la icfprlscr.
Acs lqugpcs trkokmkjbc icj DIEIs kutcicjtljgbcs,
nljlrkafljtl
nljlrkaflj tl scj kgrls kicjbgigcjkbcs bl vljtkjk c pcrtëtgals
lj bcjbl jc lxgstlj fuidcs costëiuacs lj ak tuolræk qul
gfpgbkj la rltcrjc bla auorgikjtl ka icfprlscr.
Lstl prcilbgfgljtc dk sgbc utgagzkbc pkrk ak sustgtuigùj bl
DIEI-?? lj fuidcs sgstlfks bl b l kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc.
La prcilbgfgljtc
prcilbgfgljtc ls sljigaac y sl blejl lj acs sgnugljtls pkscs=

trkokmkjbc icj la DIEI-?? pkrk icfpkrkracs icj acs qul sl
lstë vkiæc bl rlergnlrkjtl y jc lstë cplrkjbc, sl blol rliurrgr
k ak lxplrgljigk bl lqugpcs sgfgakrls pkrk cotljlr acs bktcs bla
sgstlfk icfc
ic fc prlsgùj bl suiigùj,
suii gùj, tlfplrkturk bla lvkpcrkbcr,
lvkpcrkbcr,
kfplrkml bla icfprlscr, lti.).
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | >?

Xkrkr la lqugpc y lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl DIEI-??, ak

lj lstl tgpc bl lqugpcs scac lxgstk ujk
ujk vëavuak
vëavuak bl kiilsc ka
sgstlfk icfc ls ak vëavuak bl suiigùj y pcr lstl icjbuitc sl
blol dkilr ak rliuplrkigùj. Yg jc lxgstl vëavuak bl suiigùj sl
blol kbkptkr
kbkpt kr ujk vëavuak bl plrecrkigùj (pglrigjn) pkrk lxtrklr
la rlergnlrkjtl.


kilgtl fgjlrka
rlquglrl kaikjzkr uj vkiæc
vkiæc bl <88
fgircjls pkrk kslnurkr ujk cplrkigùj icrrlitk.

>9 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

sustgtutcs DEIs scj flziaks qul blolj lxtrklrsl bla igagjbrc

lj eksl aæqugbk pkrk slr ikrnkbcs k acs sgstlfks. Ljtcjils sl
rcfpl la vkiæc icj ujk ikjtgbkb bl rlergnlrkjtl aæqugbc bl tka
ecrfk qul sl kaikjilj ujks 98 psgn
psgn bl prlsgùj.
prlsgùj.

prcilblfcs k krrkjikr la sgstlfk y kmustkfcs ak ikrnk,
ls gfpcrtkjtl rlicrbkr qul blolfcs bl lxtrklr aáqugbc bla
igagjbrc pkrk ikrnkrac pcr ak suigùj bla icfprlscr0 lstc
pulbl rlprlsljtkr uj rglsnc pcr la gjnrlsc bl aáqugbc lj la
icfprlscr pcr ac qul sl sunglrl qul la kmustl bl ikrnk bla
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlr kjtl sl aalvl k ikoc pcr pkscs, qul sl vkyk gjnrlskjbc
pcic k pcic pkrk plrfgtgr qul la rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl qul skal aáqugbc
bla igagjbrc sl lvkpcrl ljtrl aks fkjnulrks, la fkjgecab y la
icfprlscr. Bl lstk ecrfk kslnurkfcs qul jc kagfljtkfcs
aæqugbc ka sgstlfk.

rlergnlrkjtl icfc sl fulstrk lj ak nurk.

ak sustgtuigùj bl DIEIs, nljlrkafljtl utgagzkj ljtrl la 4< y la
7<% lj plsc bl ak ikrnk crgngjka bl DIEI-??.

Icj kanujcs sustgtutcs bla DIEI-?? icfc la _-2;>K, la

icfpcrtkfgljtc bla lqugpc ls fuy ouljc bl tka ecrfk qul ak
lxplrgljigk lj ikfpc prlbgil uj kdcrrc ljlrnçtgic bla 5 ka 4%
qul ls kanc fuy ouljc.
>< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Ikfogc bl uj DIEI k uj DEI icj ikfogc bl kilgtl

La prcilbgfgljtc ls fuy sgfgakr ka bl ak sliigùj kjtlrgcr
y scac dky qul rlvgskr acs agjlkfgljtcs bgitkbcs pcr acs
ekorgikjtls.
Ikfogc bl uj IEI k uj DEI sgj ikfogc bl kilgtl
Lstl prcilbgfgljtc ls fuy pkrligbc iukjbc sl rlquglrl ikfogkr

bl uj DIEI k uj DEI y ls pcsgoal aalvkrac k ikoc iukjbc aks
icjbgigcjls bl rltcrjc bl kilgtl ka icfprlscr scj kbliukbks bl
tka ecrfk qul la ikfogc bl rlergnlrkjtl jc kelitl ak ikjtgbkb bl
auorgikjtl qul icjtgljl la icfprlscr
icfprlscr..
Acs lqugpcs trkokmkjbc icj IEIs kutcicjtljgbcs,
nljlrkafljtl scj dlakblrks bcfçstgiks y icflrigkals lj bcjbl
jc lxgstlj fuidcs costëiuacs lj ak tuolræk qul gfpgbkj
gfpgbkj la rltcrjc
bla auorgikjtl ka icfprlscr
icfprlscr..
Lstl prcilbgfgljtc dk sgbc utgagzkbc pkrk
pkrk ak sustgtuigùj bl IEI-
;? lj fuidcs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj bcfçstgik y icflrigka.

La prcilbgfgljtc
prcilbgfgljtc ls sljigaac y sl blejl lj acs sgnugljtls pkscs=

lstk vkiæc bl rlergnlrkjtl y jc lstë cplrkjbc, sl blol rliurrgr
sgstlfk icfc
lvkpcrkbcr,
Xkrkr la lqugpc y lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl DIEI-;?, ak

blol dkilr ak rliuplrkigùj. Yg jc lxgstl vëavuak bl suiigùj sl
blol kbkptkr
kbkpt kr ujk vëavuak bl plrecrkigùj (pglrigjn) pkrk lxtrklr
la rlergnlrkjtl.

>> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls


kilgtl fgjlrka
rlquglrl kaikjzkr uj vkiæc
vkiæc bl <88
fgircjls pkrk kslnurkr ujk cplrkigùj icrrlitk.
sgstlfk lstç agorl

la rlergnlrkjtl, bl eunks, sl
rlicrblfcs prcilbl
qul k rcfplr
ak fkycræk la vkiæc icj
bl rlergnlrkjtls
lj eksl aæqugbk pkrk slr ikrnkbcs k acs sgstlfks. Ljtcjils sl
rcfpl la vkiæc icj ujk ikjtgbkb bl rlergnlrkjtl aæqugbc bl tka
ecrfk qul sl kaikjilj ujks 98 psgnpsgn bl prlsgùj.
prlsgùj.

prcilblfcs k krrkjikr la sgstlfk y kmustkfcs ak ikrnk. Ls
gfpcrtkjtl rlicrbkr qul blolfcs bl lxtrklr aæqugbc bla
igagjbrc pkrk ikrnkrac pcr ak suiigùj bla icfprlscr0 lstc
pulbl rlprlsljtkr uj rglsnc pcr la gjnrlsc bl aæqugbc lj la
icfprlscr pcr ac qul sl sunglrl qul la kmustl bl ikrnk bla
rlergnlrkjtl sl aalvl k ikoc pcr pkscs, qul sl vkyk gjnrlskjbc
pcic k pcic pkrk plrfgtgr qul la rlergnlrkjtl qul skal aæqugbc

bla igagjbrc sl lvkpcrl ljtrl aks fkjnulrks, la fkjgecab y la

icfprlscr. Bl lstk ecrfk kslnurkfcs qul jc kagfljtkfcs
aæqugbc ka sgstlfk.

rlergnlrkjtl icfc sl fulstrk lj ak nurk.
Acs rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlr
sustgtuigùj kjtlsnljlrkafljtl
bl IEIs, flziaks bl DEIs qul ljtrl
utgagzkj dkj slrvgbc
la 4< y pkrk ak
la 7<%
lj plsc bl ak ikrnk crgngjka bl IEI-;?.
Ikfogc bl uj IEI k uj DEI icj ikfogc bl kilgtl

rltcrjc bl kilgtl ka icfprlscr
icfprlscr jc scj kbliukbks blogbc k
qul tljlfcs uj sgstlfk bgvgbgbc bcjbl la icjbljskbcr sl
ljiuljtrk k ujk bgstkjigk bl vkrgcs fltrcs bl ak pcsgigùj
bla lvkpcrkbcr y k ujk katurk bgelrljtl, lstks icjbgigcjls
jcs plrfgtlj pljskr qul la rltcrjc bl kilgtl ka icfprlscr
sl pulbl bgiuatkr sg jc lxgstl ouljk fgsigogagbkb ljtrl la
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl y la kilgtl bla sgstlfk.
>7 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Xcr icjsliuljigk lj lstl tgpc bl sgstlfks sæ sl rlquglrl uj

ikfogc bl kilgtl qul jcs kslnurl la oulj rltcrjc bl kilgtl ka
icfprlscr.
Lstl prcilbgfgljtc tkfogçj kpagik pkrk iukjbc la auorgikjtl
fgjlrka c ka`gaoljiljc jc ls icfpktgoal icj la DEI qul sl
tljnk pkrk ak suostgtuigùj.
Lstl iksc ls la bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj bl
kafkiljkfgljtc bl kagfljtcs y ologbks lj tgljbks bl
plqulûks
Xulblj slrk flbgk
fl bgkjks,
flbgkjks, ljtlfplrkturk.
c okmk rlstkurkjtls, dctlals, flrikbcs, lti.
Lstl prcilbgfgljtc dk sgbc utgagzkbc pkrk ak sustgtuigùj bl
IEI-;? y _-<8? lj fuidcs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj pkrk qul
trkokmlj icj rlergnlrkjtls purcs y/c flziaks bl DEIs. Acs
pkscs scj acs sgnugljtls=

lstë vkiæc bl rlergnlrkjtl y jc lstë cplrkjbc, sl blol rliurrgr
sgstlfk icfc
lvkpcrkbcr,
| 48


lj lstl tgpc bl lqugpcs scac lxgstk ujk
ujk vëavuak
vëavuak bl kiilsc ka
Lxtrklr la auorgikjtl bla sgstlfk, sl blol vkigkr la icjtljgbc
bl kilgtl
rlsgbuc blabla icfprlscr
kjtlrgcr y lsljfuy
auorgikjtl gfpcrtkjtl qul
ujk icjiljtrkigùj jc qulbl
fkycr ka <%
pcrqul acs auorgikjtls fgjlrkals y k oksl bl ka`gaoljiljc jc scj
icfpktgoals icj kanujcs rlergnlrkjtls DEIs.
Ikfogkr acs atrcs blsdgbrktkbcrls, lstk prëitgik

blol dkilrsl tcbks aks vlils qul uj sgstlfk ls koglrtc.
Kitukafljtl tcbcs acs atrcs scj icfpktgoals icj ak nrkj
fkycræk bl acs rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtls.
kjtls.

prcilbgfgljtcs yk dkj sgbc blsirgtcs lj lstl fkjuka
fkjuka pkrk aalvkr
k ikoc lstks tkrlks lj ecrfk icrrlitk. Blogbc k qul la sgstlfk
icjtgljl kdcrk auorgikjtl pcagcalstlr, sl blol kaikjzkr uj vkiæc
bl ?<8 fgircjls pkrk kslnurkr ujk cplrkigùj icrrlitk.


lj eksl aæqugbk pkrk slr ikrnkbcs k acs sgstlfks. Ljtcjils
sl rcfpl la vkiæc icj ujk ikjtgbkb bl rlergnlrkjtl aæqugbc, sl
sunglrl gjylitkr la rlergnlrkjtl pcr la akbc bl katk pkrk kngagzkr
la prcilsc bl ikrnk, icj lstl prcilbgfgljtc pcblfcs kslnurkr
qul knrlnkfcs fës bla <8% bl ak ikrnk crgngjka bl rlergnlrkjtl.

prcilblfcs k krrkjikr la sgstlfk y kmustkfcs ak ikrnk. Ls
gfpcrtkjtl rlicrbkr qul blolfcs lxtrklr aæqugbc bla igagjbrc
pkrk ikrnkrac pcr ak suiigùj bla icfprlscr0 lstc pulbl
rlprlsljtkr uj rglsnc pcr la gjnrlsc bl aæqugbc lj la icfprlscr
pkrk plrfgtgr qul la rlergnlrkjtl qul skal aæqugbc bla igagjbrc sl
Ls cpcrtujc icfljtkr qul sglfprl qul sl ikrnul ujk

flziak slrgl 288 k acs sgstlfks, acs igagjbrcs bl rlergnlrkjtl

blolj gjvlrtgrsl pkrk lxtrklr

lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl lj eksl aæqugbk
blogbc k qul ak nrkj fkycræk bl rlergnlrkjtls sustgtutcs
scj bl ak slrgl 288 c slk flziaks zlctrùpgiks qul tgljlj
pcriljtkmls bl sus icfpcjljtls lj ak eksl aæqugbk bgelrljtls
k acs bl ak eksl bl vkpcr.
Iukjbc la rlergnlrkjtl ls uj prcbuitc purc c slk jc ls ujk

flziak, sl plrfgtl lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl lj eksl bl vkpcr
icfc ac fulstrk ak nurk.

Acs rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlrkjtls flziaks bl DEIs qul dkj slrvgbc pkrk ak
sustgtuigùj bl IEIs, nljlrkafljtl utgagzkj ljtrl
ljtrl la 4< y la 7<%
lj plsc bl ak ikrnk crgngjka bl IEI-;? c bla _-<8?, pcr lsk rkzùj
lj kanujcs lqugpcs ls pcsgoal qul la sgstlfk yk lstç oglj ikrnkbc
y sgnkj kpkrligljbc ouroumks lj aks fgrgaaks (vgscr) bla lqugpc.
Xkrk jkagzkr la prcilsc bl ikfogc bl uj rlergnlrkjtl

sl blol kmustkr oglj ak ikrnk bla fgsfc y ljtcjils sl blol
okskr lj la plsc sufgjgstrkbc
sufgjgstrkbc,, lj la kfplrkml bla lqugpc, lj ak
prlsgùj bl suiigùj y blsikrnk y ak tlfplrkturk bla lvkpcrkbcr
pkrk skolr sg la lqugpc yk lstë cplrkjbc lj ecrfk kbliukbk.

_lergnlrkjtls Yustgtutcs DEIs pkrk rlergnlrkigùj bl

tlfplrkturkk flbgk y okmk
tlfplrktur
Jýflrc Jcforl Y ustgt uy l Rgp c A u o r g ik j t l Kp ag i ki g ù j Ic fl jt kr g c s

KDY_ KL Icflrigka
_-<8> K ]- < 8 _- < 8 ? K zl ù tr c p c Xca g ca çst lr Lq ug pc J ul vc . Iksg gnuka

(;?</;29k) _-?? Kbliukigcjls ka <8?.
bl lqugpc
gjstkakbc.
_-282K _- 2 8 2 K _- < 8 ? Kzlùtrcpc X ca

ca gc
gc aç
aç st
st lr
lr L qu
qu gp
gp c J ul
ul vc
vc . Iksg gnuka
(;?</;29k/;29k) _-?? Flziak Kbliukigcjls ka <8?.
bl lqugpc
gjstkakbc.
_lergnlrkjtls Yustgtutcs DIEIs pkrk rlergnlrkigùj bl

tlfplrkturk flbgk y okmk
Jýflrc Jcforl Y us t g t u y l R g pc Auorgikjtl K p ag i k ig ù j Icfljtkrgcs
KDY_KL Icflrigka
_-28? D X - 48 _ - <8 ? ]lù tr

trc pc
pc K aq
aq ug
ug ao
ao lj
lj il
ilj c Kbliukigcjls Fkycr prlsgùj
(??/;?</?78) _-?? c bl lqugpc bl blsikrnk
Xcagcaçstlr gjstkakbc. qul la <8?.
_-284K E T- ; 8 _- < 8 ? ]lùtrcpc Kaqugaoljiljc Kbliukigcjls Fkycr prlsgùj

(;?</;29k/??) _-?? Flziak c bl lqugpc bl blsikrnk
Xcagcaçstlr gjstkakbc. qul la <8?.

_lergnlrkjtls Yustgtutcs DIEIs pkrk rlergnlrkigùj bl

tlfplrkturkk flbgk
tlfplrktur
Jýflrc Jcforl Y us t g t u yl Rgp c A u o r g ik j t l K p a g ik i g ù j I c fl jt k rg c s

KDY_ KL Icflrigka
_-28;K FX - 97 _- ; ? ]lùtrcpc Kaqugaoljiljc Kbliukigcjls Ilrikjc ka

(??/;<?k/;?2) Flziak c bl lqugpc _-;?
Xcagcaçstlr gjstkakbc \skr bcjbl ak
tlfplrkturk bl
lvkpcrkigùj slk
fkycr k -?9ªI.
_-28;O FX - 55 _- ; ? ]lùtrcpc Kaqugaoljiljc Kbliukigcjls Ilrikjc ka

(??/;<?k/;?2) Flziak c bl lqugpc _-;?
Xcagcaçstlr gjstkakbc \skr bcjbl ak
tlfplrkturk bl
lvkpcrkigùj slk
fkycr k -?9ªI.
_-287K _-287K _- ; ? ]lùtrcpc Kaqugaoljiljc Kb l i u ki g c jl s Ikpkigbkb

(??/;?2/;2?O) ET-<7 Flziak bl lqugpc fkycr ka
gjstkakbc _-;?. Ygfgakr
ka FX-55.

_lergnlrkjtls Yustgtutcs DIEIs y DEIs pkrk kgrl

kicjbgigcjkbc icflrigka l gjbustrgka
Jýflrc Jcforl Y u s t g t u yl R gp c Auorgikjtl K p ag i k ig ùj Icfljtkrgcs

KDY_K L Icflrigka
_ - ;? 9 _ X - ; ?9 _- ; ; I cf p ul s t c Kaqugaoljiljc Ljergkbcrks Ikpkigbkb

Xurc Kilgtl Fgjlrka iljtræeunks. gjelrgcr ka
_-;;.
_- ; 9 2 k _ X-; 9 2 k _- ; ? I cf pu l s t c X ca
ca gc
gc aç
aç st
st lr
lr L qu
qu gp
gp c j ul
ul vc
vc . Iksg gnuka
Xurc Kbliukigcjls ka _-;?.
bl lqugpc
gjstkakbc.
_- ; 9 2 k _ X-; 9 2 k _- ? ? I cf pu l s t c Xc a g ca ç st lr L q u gp c j u lv c. I k p k ig b kb
Xurc gjelrgcr. _lquglrl
uj lqugpc fës
nrkjbl.
_-2;8K _X- ; 9 2 k _- ? ? Flziak X ca

ca gc
gc aç
aç st
st lr
lr L qu
qu gp
gp c j ul
ul vc
vc . L﬋igljigk
(9?/;?<) Iksg fkycr qul

Kzlctrùpc la _-?? y
_-28;4. Xulbl
rlqulrgr rlbgslûc
bla lqugpc.
_-28>I _- 2 8 > I _- ? ? ] l c t rù p c Xc a g ca ç st lr L q u gp c j u lv c. L﬋igljigk
(9?/;?</;92k) Kbliukigcjls fljcr

bl lqugpc ka _??.
gjstkakbc.
Lj la Kjlxc D bl lstl fkjuka sl lspligikj aks pëngjks bl Gjtlrjlt qul sl pulblj
icjsuatkr pkrk fkycr gjecrfkigùj.

_liuplrkigùj
y l_e lr gi ng il ar kk bj ct lbs l
_
Yl blol fljigcjkr lj lstl ikpætuac qul acs prcilscs bl

rliuplrkigùj, rligiakbc y rlnljlrkigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls dkj
lvcauigcjkbc lj nrkj ecrfk acs ýatgfcs kûcs blogbc k aks
rlnuakigcjls kfogljtkals qul prcvcikj qul acs usukrgcs, ikbk
vlz fës, rliuplrlj sus rlergnlrkjtls y acs rlutgagilj. Kquæ aks
bljgigcjls slnýj la fkjuka bl rlergnlrkigùj ?88? bla KYD_KL.
_liuplrkigùj.- Xrcilsc qul icjsgstl lj rlfcvlr la

rlergnlrkjtl lj iukaquglr icjbgigùj bl uj sgstlfk y kafkiljkrac
rlergnlrkjtl
lj uj icjtljlbcr lxtlrjc, sgj kjkagzkrac jg prcilskrac.
_ligiakr.- Xrcilsc qul icjsgstl lj agfpgkr la rlergnlrkjtl

rlfcvgljbc la kilgtl, ak duflbkb, ak kigblz y ak prlsljigk bl
sùagbcs pkskjbc la rlergnlrkjtl pcr fýatgpals bgspcsgtgvcs icfc
atrcs blsdgbrktkbcrls
blsdgbrktkbcrls icj la comltgvc bl rlutgagzkr la rlergnlrkjtl.
rlergnlrkjtl.

La tçrfgjc rligiakr usukafljtl sl kpagik k acs

prcilbgfgljtcs qul sl pulblj gfpalfljtkr lj sgtgc c lj la
tkaalr bl slrvgigc.
(_liakgf).- Ls la rlprcilsc bl uj rlergnlrkjtl

_lnljlrkr (_liakgf).-
dkstk qul kaikjil aks lspligikigcjls bl uj rlergnlrkjtl
vgrnlj. Lstl prcilsc utgagzk lj ujk bl sus ltkpks ak slpkrkigùj
væk blstgakigùj y sl rlquglrl uj kjëagsgs bla prcbuitc jka pkrk
kslnurkr qul dk aalnkbc k ak lspligikigùj bl prcbuitc julvc.

La tçrfgjc rlnljlrkr gfpagik
gfpagik lj ak fkycræk bl acs ikscs la
usc bl prcilscs qul scakfljtl sl pulblj lmliutkr lj uj lqugpc
bl rlprcilsc c lj aks pakjtks prcbuitcrks bl rlergnlrkjtls.
Lstëjbkr K_G >88 (Kflrgikj _lergnlrktgcj Gjstgtutl)
Lstl lstëjbkr jcs orgjbk ak gjecrfkigùj bl aks lspligikigcjls

qul blolj iufpagr acs rlergnlrkjtls rlnljlrkbcs pkrk ak
nrkj fkycræk bl acs rlergnlrkjtls utgagzkbcs lj ak gjbustrgk
bl ak rlergnlr
rlergnlrkigùj
kigùj y kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc.
Iukjbc uj rlergnlrkjtl pksk pcr uj prcilsc bl
rlnljlrkigùj çstl blol pkskr pcr uj kjëagsgs qul bltlrfgjl
ak icfpcsgigùj quæfgik y la nrkbc bl icjtkfgjkjtls qul
tgljl la prcbuitc jka. Ak jcrfk >88 bla K_G (Kflrgikj
| 44

_lergnlrktgcj Gjstgtutl) gjbgik aks ikjtgbkbls fëxgfks

bl icjtkfgjkjtls qul blol tljlr uj rlergnlrkjtl pkrk
icjsgblrkrac uj rlergnlrkjtl julvc.
Blstruiigùj bl _lergnlrkjtls
Ak tljbljigk bla flrikbc bl acs rlergnlrkjtls ls ak

rlutgagzkigùj bl acs fgsfcs utgagzkjbc prcilscs bl rligiakbc
y rlnljlrkigùj, plrc lstcs bcs prcilscs jc scj pcsgoals sg sl

flziakj acs rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtls.
kjtls.
\jk flziak bl bcs rlergnlrkjtls icj bgelrljtl jýflrc bl
KYD_KL qul slk fkycr bla ?% bl icjiljtrkigùj yk jc ls
pcsgoal rligiakrak jg rlnljlrkrak, pcr lsk rkzùj la prcilsc bl
rliuplrkigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlrkjtls ls bl vgtka gfpcrtkjigk pkrk la
rlusc bl acs rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtls.
kjtls.
Icfc lmlfpac k ac kjtlrgcr sl pulbl igtkr la iksc lj bcjbl
sl tljnk uj igagjbrc bl rlergnlrkjtl _-?? y pcr blsiugbc sl
knrlnk ujk ikjtgbkb bl b l _-;?, lstk flziak bl rlergnlrkjtls jc
pulbl slr rligiakbk sg ak ikjtgbkb bl _-;? lj la vcauflj tctka
bl ak flziak ls fkycr ka ?%.
Iukjbc sl tgljlj
tgljlj flziaks
flziaks bl rlergnl
rlergnlrkjtls
rkjtls ‑pcr lmlfpac
lmlfpac
28% bl _-;? y 58% bl _-;92k‖ c iukjbc pcr aks ikrkitlræstgiks
ikrkitl ræstgiks
bl uj rlergnlrkjtl jc ls pcsgoal su agfpglzk blogbc k su katk

kigblz c icjtljgbc bl kilgtl, lstcs blolj slr blstrugbcs0

kitukafljtl lxgstlj yk tlijcacnæks bgspcjgoals pkrk ak
blstruiigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlrkjtls aks iukals dk sgbc kprcokbks pcr la
Xkjla bl Lvkaukigùj Rçijgik y Licjùfgik (RLKX) bla Xrctcicac
bl Fcjtrlka. Lj ak sgnugljtl tkoak sl fljigcjkj aks bgelrljtls
tlijcacnæks kprcokbks bl blstruiigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls.
| 78

Rlijcacnæk bl blstruiigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls Bgitkflj bl ak lvkaukigùj

IEIs y DIEIs bla RLKX
L﬋ikigk bl Blstruiigùj y Lagfgjkigùj (LBL)** 77.77%
Dcrjcs bl ilfljtc Kprcokbk
Gjigjlrkigùj pcr gjyliigùj aæqugbk Kprcokbk
Cxgbkigùj bl nksls/dufcs Kprcokbk
Irkqulc lj rlkitcr Kprcokbk
Gjigjlrkigùj lj dcrjc rctktcrgc Kprcokbk
Kric bl paksfk bl krnùj Kprcokbk
Xaksfk bl rkbgcerliuljigk gjbuitgvkfljtl kicpakbc Kprcokbk
Xaksfk bl fgirccjbks Kprcokbk
Kric bl paksfk bl jgtrùnljc Kprcokbk
Blsdkacnljkigùj iktkaætgik lj eksl nkslcsk Kprcokbk
_lkitcr bl vkpcr suplrikaljtkbc Kprcokbk
**La irgtlrgc rlaktgvc k ak LBL sl rllrl k ak ikpkigbkb bl ak tlijcaùngik

tlijcaùn gik scorl ak oksl
k ak iuka sl kprulok lsk tlijcacnæk. Jc sglfprl rllmk la rljbgfgljtc bgkrgc acnrkbc,
ekitcr qul lstkrë icjtrcakbc pcr aks jcrfks fæjgfks jkigcjkals.

_lutgagzkigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls lj sgtgc
Lxgstlj bcs prcilbgfgljtcs icj acs iukals acs tçijgics

pulblj rlutgagzkr la rlergnlrkjtl sgj skagr bla tkaalr bl slrvgigc=
_liuplrkr la rlergnlrkjtl y rlikrnkrac lj la fgsfc
lqugpc.- Lstk prëitgik ls kilptkbk iukjbc aks icjbgigcjls
bla rlergnlrkjtl scj ouljks pcrqul sl prlsufl qul la lqugpc
bcjbl lstkok icjtljgbc cplrkok jcrfkafljtl kjtls bl
lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl.
_liuplrkr la rlergnlrkjtl y rligiakrac.- Ls ujk prëitgik
icfýj ljtrl fuidcs tçijgics bl rlergnlrkigùj y kgrl
kicjbgigcjkbc, scac sl blol tljlr ujk fëqugjk rligiakbcrk bl
rlergnlrkjtls
rlergnlrkjtls lj la sgtgc pkrk pcblr acnrkr ak agfpglzk icrrlitk
bla rlergnlrkjtl. Ls gfpcrtkjtl gjsgstgr qul sg flziaks bcs
rlergnlrkjtls icj bgelrljtl juflrc bl KYD_KL pcr fës bl
ujk rlakigùj 74/? lj pcriljtkml lj plsc, lstk flziak slræk
gfpcsgoal bl rligiakr.
Xrcilbgfgljtcs Xrlvgcs
Xrlvgcs k ak rliuplrkigùj bl _lergnlrkjtls
Kjtls bl gjgigkr iukaquglr prcilbgfgljtc bl rliuplrkigùj

bl rlergnlrkjtls bl uj sgstlfk, sl blol gbljtgikr la tgpc
bl rlergnlrkjtl qul sl vk k lxtrklr. Lxgstlj prcilbgfgljtcs

lspliæics pkrk gbljtgikr acs rlergnlrkjtls plrc fuidc

iuljtk ak lxplrgljigk bla tçijgic pkrk skolr quç tgpc bl
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl lstë lj la sgstlfk. Ls gfpcrtkjtl ak gbljtgikigùj
pcrqul jc sl blolj
blo lj flziakr rlergnlrkjtls.
La igagjbrc bl rliuplrkigùj blol slr kprcpgkbc pkrk lstk
tkrlk, jc sl rlicfgljbk utgagzkr igagjbrcs blslidkoals pkrk
lstl j pcrqul lstcs ljvksls lstëj bgslûkbcs pkrk uskrsl
scac ujk vlz. Acs igagjbrcs bl rliuplrkigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls
blolj bl iufpagr icj aks jcrfks BCR bcjbl sl lspligqul

ak prlsgùj fëxgfk bl trkokmc, ak elidk bl icjstruiigùj
bla ljvksl y ak elidk rlicfljbkbk pkrk rlkagzkr pruloks
bl rlsgstljigk. Lj ak nurk 5.? sl coslrvk uj ljvksl pkrk
rliuplrkigùj icj bcoal vëavuak y blolj lstkr pgjtkbcs bl
icacr kfkrgaac lj ak pkrtl suplrgcr y bl nrgs lj ak pkrtl gjelrgcr.
gjelrgcr.
Yg la igagjbrc lstë vkiæc, sl rlicfgljbk qul sl al rlkagil
uj vkiæc bl ;,888 fgircjls pkrk kslnurkr qul jc icjtljnk
duflbkb u ctrcs icjtkfgjkjtls la ljvksl.
Yg la igagjbrc jc lstë vkiæc, sl blol lstkr slnurc quç
rlergnlrkjtl icjtgljl pkrk lvgtkr icjtkfgjkigùj iruzkbk
sg sl al knrlnk ctrc tgpc bl rlergnlrkjtl. Lj lstl iksc ls
gfpcrtkjtl utgagzkr uj flbgc bl ljergkfgljtc qul kyubl ka
trksvksl bl rlergnlrkjtl bla sgstlfk ka igagjbrc, lstc pulbl
slr icacikjbc la igagjbrc lj ujk ikfk bl dglac pkrk okmkr ak

tlfplrkturk bla fgsfc y bl lsk ecrfk fkjtljlr ujk prlsgùj

okmk lj la igagjbrc ekigagtkjbc ak trkjselr
trkjselrljigk
ljigk bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl
bla sgstlfk ka igagjbrc.
Ak fëqugjk rliuplrkbcrk qul sl utgagil pulbl slr icj
kilgtl c agorl bl kilgtl, rlkafljtl jc dky fuidk bgelrljigk
lj la rlergnlrkjtl rliuplrkbc
rliuplrkbc sg sl utgagzk ujk u ctrk.
Igagjbrc bl _liuplrkigùj bl _lergnlr

_lergnlrkjtls
kjtls

Fçtcbcs pkrk ak _liuplr

_liuplrkigùj
kigùj bl _lergnlr
_lergnlrkjtls
kjtls
Iukjbc sl vk k rlkagzkr uj slrvgigc bl fkjtljgfgljtc c

rlpkrkigùj bl uj lqugpc, lj ak fkycræk bl acs ikscs sl blol
rliuplrkr la rlergnlrkjtl qul rlprlsljtk la prgflr pksc bla
trkokmc k rlkagzkr. Icfc sl fljigcjù kjtlrgcrfljtl lstl
prcilsc icjsgstl lj lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl bla lqugpc y
trksakbkrac k uj rligpgljtl lxtlrjc bgslûkbc lspligkafljtl
pkrk kafkiljkr rlergnlrkjtl uskbc. Lxgstlj iuktrc fçtcbcs

prgjigpkals pkrk ak rliuplrkigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls.
rlergnlrkjtls.
_liuplrkr
_liuplrkr la rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl lj eksl aæqugbk
La tgpc bl rliuplrkigùj lj eksl aæqugbk nljlrkafljtl sl

utgagzk iukjbc acs lqugpcs scj fuy nrkjbls y la vcauflj bl
rlergnlrkjtl ls tkfogçj icjsgblrkoal. Lj kanujcs ikscs sl
pulbl lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl bla tkjqul rligogbcr icj ocfoks
iljtræeunks c ocfoks jlufëtgiks y ljvgkraks bgrlitkfljtl k
acs tkjquls bl rliuplrkigùj.
Blogbc k qul iukjbc sl rliuplrk lj eksl aæqugbk sglfprl
qulbk ujk eksl bl vkpcr, lj acs sgnugljtls ikpætuacs sl trktk
uj pcic fës lj bltkaal aks bgelrljtls
b gelrljtls ecrfks bl rliuplrkigùj

lj eksl bl vkpcr qul bl kanujk ecrfk sl rlakigcjkj icj ak

rliuplrkigùj lj eksl aæqugbk.
_liuplrkigùj
_liuplrkigùj lj eksl bl Ukpcr-Aæqugbc
Ls uj prcilsc sljigaac qul pulbl slr utgagzkbc lj iukaquglr

sgstlfk sglfprl qul jc icjtljnk ikjtgbkbls bl rlergnlrkjtl
fkycrls k acs 7 @n bl ikrnk. Xkrk acs sgstlfk bl ikrnks
suplrgcrls sl sunglrl la prcilbgfgljtc ‑pusd-puaa‖ qul sl

lxpagikrë lj aks sgnugljtls sliigcjls bl lstl ikpætuac.
Xkrk aalvkr k ikoc lstl prcilbgfgljtc sl rlicfgljbk
qugtkr acs pgvctls bl aks vëavuaks pkrk kilalrkr la prcilsc bl
lxtrkiigùj y icfc lj tcbks aks ctrks vkrglbkbls bl lxtrkiigùj
bl rlergnlrkjtl tkfogçj sl rlicfgljbk utgagzkr fkjnulrks
icj vëavuaks bl ocak fkjukals gjtlnrkbks k aks fkjnulrks
pkrk lvgtkr fkycrls blrrkfls bl rlergnlrkjtl. Lj ak nurk
sgnugljtl sl fulstrk la krrlnac bl icjlxgcjls pkrk rlkagzkr
lstl prcilsc.

Fçtcbc _liuplrkigùj Aæqugbc Ukpcr
_liuplrkr rlergnlrkjtl lj eksl bl vkpcr-aæqugbc iukjbc

la icfprlscr jc eujigcjk= lj lstl prcilsc sl rlicfgljbk
ikaljtkr la sgstlfk icj aëfpkrks
aëfpk rks pkrk lvkpcrkr la rlergnlrkjtl
bgaugbc lj la kilgtl bla sgstlfk. La prlsljtl
prlsljtl bgknrkfk fulstrk
ak ecrfk bl icjlitkr la sgstlfk pkrk ak rliuplrkigùj.

_liuplrkigùj
_liuplrkigùj bl vkpcr iukjbc la icfprlscr jc trkokmk
Yl blolj tcfkr lj iuljtk kanujks
kanujks coslrvkigcjls lj lstl prcilsc=
Yl blolj gjstkakr vëavuaks bla akbc bl katk y okmk prlsgùj0

la rlergnlrkjtl sl lxtrkl y sl icjbljsk lj la igagjbrc
rliuplrkbcr,, lstl prcilsc lstë kprcokbc pcr ak LX
rliuplrkbcr LXK.
K.
Yl lstgfk ujk rliuplrkigùj bla 48% bla rlergnlrkjtl
blogbc k qul pkrtl bla rlergnlrkjtl sl rliuplrk lj eksl
aæqugbk y ctrk pkrtl lj eksl bl vkpcr.

Ls gfpcrtkjtl lxtrklr la rlergnlrkjtl bl kfocs akbcs.
_liuplrkigùj
_liuplrkigùj iukjbc la icfprlscr sg lstë cplrkjbc
Lj lstl prcilsc sl kprcvlidk ak eulrzk bla icfprlscr pkrk ak
lxtrkiigùj bla rlergnlrkjtl, jc
jc ls jlilskrgc ikaljtkr la sgstlfk
pcrqul ak prlsgùj bla icfprlscr fulvl la rlergnlrkjtl dkigk
eulrk bla sgstlfk.
Ycac sl gjstkak ujk vëavuak bla akbc bl katk prlsgùj.

Lstl prcilsc tkfogçj lstë kprcokbc
k prcokbc pcr ak LXK y rliuplrk
rliuplrk
fës bla 78% bla rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl bla sgstlfk.

_liuplrkigùjj bl vkpcr iukjbc la icfprlscr lstë cplrkjbc

_liuplrkigù

_liuplrkigùj lj eksl bl Ukpcr
Ak rliuplrkigùj bl rlergnlrkjtls lj eksl bl vkpcr ls uj pcic

fës aljtk y pcr icjsliuljigk gjvcauirk uj fkycr tglfpc
pkrk lvkiukr sgstlfks. Iukjbc acs sgstlfks scj nrkjbls y
lj la bgslûc lxgstlj akrncs trkfcs bl tuolræk ak prëitgik bl
rliuplrkigùj lj eksl bl vkpcr jc ls rlicfljbkbk, plrc lj
sgstlfks plqulûcs erkiigcjkrgcs y dkstk bl < tcjlakbks bl
rlergnlrkigùj ak rliuplrkigùj lj vkpcr pulbl slr ujk scauigùj.

Xkrk lstl prcilsc sl rlquglrl qul aks fkjnulrks
trkbgigcjkals bl ±‖ bl bgëfltrc blokj slr sustgtugbks pcr
fkjnulrks bl 9/4‖ bl bgëfltrc qul kyubkrëj ka prcilsc
bl rliuplrkigùj.
Lj lstl prcilsc sl utgagzkrë ujk fkqugjk rliuplrkbcrk
qul koscrolrë la rlergnlrkjtl lj eksl bl vkpcr y ac icjbljskrë
pkrk trksakbkrac ka igagjbrc bl rliuplrkigùj.
| ;88

_liuplrkigùj
_liuplrkigùj lj ak eksl vkpcr
Lstl prcilsc ls utgagzkbc iukjbc sl tgljlj lqugpcs bl nrkj

tkfkûc bcjbl ak lxtrkiigùj bla rlergnlrkjtl pulbl gjvcauirkr uj
tglfpc icjsgblrkoal pcr ak ikjtgbkb icjtljgbk lj la sgstlfk.
Ak cplrkigùj bl ‑mkakr/lfpumkr‖ sl aalvk k ikoc utgagzkjbc la
vkpcr bla igagjbrc pkrk lfpumkr la rlergnlrkjtl aáqugbc eulrk bla
sgstlfk. Yl icjlitk ujk fkjnulrk blsbl la akbc bla aæ qugbc bl ak
;8; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

ujgbkb iuyc rlergnlrkjtl sl blslk lxtrklr k ak vëavuak bla aæqugbc

bla igagjbrc bl rliuplrkigùj.
Yl icjlitk ctrk fkjnulrk bl ak vëavuak bl vkpcr bla igagjbrc
rliuplrkbcr dkigk ak suiigùj bl ak fkqugjk rliuplrkbcrk y ujk
tlrilrk fkjnulrk sl icjlitk bl ak blsikrnk bl ak fëqugjk
rliuplrkbcrk dkigk la pulrtc bl vkpcr bla sgstlfk.
Yl blol kslnurkr qul la sgstlfk blol lstkr eulrk bl
cplrkigùj pkrk aalvkr k ikoc lstl trkokmc qul icjsgstl lj krrkjikr
ak fëqugjk rliuplrkbcrk qul suiigcjkrë la vkpcr bla igagjbrc bl

rliuplrkigùj qul k su vlz rltgrkrë la aæqugbc bla lqugpc. La vkpcr
suiigcjkbc pcr ak fëqugjk slrë icfprgfgbc y ljvgkbc ka sgstlfk
‑lfpumkjbc‖ la rlergnlrkjtl aæqugbc ka igagjbrc rliuplrkbcr, ksæ
slnugrë dkstk icjslnugr rliuplrkr ilrik bla 78% bla
bla rlergnlrkjtl.
Ls gfpcrtkjtl tcfkr lj iuljtk qul iukjbc la aæqugbc yk sl dk
lxtrkæbc lj su tctkagbkb, sl blol dkilr uj krrlnac bl tuolræk pkrk
lxtrklr la vkpcr rlsgbuka bla sgstlfk.
| ;8?


Yl tgljlj kanujks coslrvkigcjls pkrk kpagikr lstl prcilbgfgljtc=
Ls gfpcrtkjtl utgagzkr uj vgscr (fgrgaak) pkrk coslrvkr

iukjbc la aæqugbc slk rlfcvgbc.
Yl utgagzkrë lj lstl prcilsc aks trls fkjnulrks bla fkjgecab
Jc sl blol utgagzkr sg ak ikrnk bl rlergnlrkjtl bla lqugpc
ls fljcr bl 7 @n.
Jc sl blol utgagzkr sg la lqugpc ls ujk ocfok bl ikacr u
ctrc sgstlfk bcjbl la rlergnlrkjtl pubglrk qulbkr kgsakbc.
| ;82

Ouljks
Xrëitgiks
Lj lstl ikpætuac sl kjkagzkj acs ksplitcs prgjigpkals bl
acs prcoalfks lj uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj c bl kgrl

kicjbgigcjkbc bl icfprlsgùj bl vkpcr, ksæ icfc aks
prlikuigcjls prgjigpkals qul blolj tcfkrsl ka prcilblr la
slrvgigc bl julvks gjstkakigcjls c ka korgr la lqugpc pkrk jls
bl slrvgigc. Lstl ikpætuac plrfgtgrë ikpkigtkr ka gjnljglrc c ka
tçijgic pkrk lvkaukr acs sæjtcfks bl ak prlsljigk bl duflbkb
y suiglbkb (c slk, bl icjtkfgjkjtls) lj la sgstlfk, kjkagzkr acs
prcoalfks rlakigcjkbcs icj la auorgikjtl, vlrgikr sg dky eunks
y tcfkr prlikuigcjls lj fktlrgk bl slnurgbkb.
Duflbkb y ëigbcs
Ak duflbkb ls ak ikusk bl vkrgcs prcoalfks bl eujigcjkfgljtc
lj acs sgstlfks bl icfprlsgùj bl vkpcr y ls gfpcrtkjtl
ljtljblr lj quç sl okskj lstcs prcoalfks. Oësgikfljtl, ak
duflbkb pulbl iaksgikrsl icfc vgsgoal l gjvgsgoal.
;8< |Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Ak duflbkb ‑vgsgoal‖ icjsgstl lj ujk katk icjiljtrkigùj bl

knuk y pulbl icjstktkrsl k sgfpal vgstk, prlsljtëjbcsl lj
ecrfk bl aæqugbc. Ciksgcjkafljtl sl ljiuljtrk knuk lj ecrfk
aæqugbk lj acs sgstlfks, plrc lstc ls uj tkjtc rkrc.
Ak duflbkb ‑gjvgsgoal‖ ls ujk okmk icjiljtrkigùj bl knuk
y jc sl pulbl icjstktkr k sgfpal vgstk (lstë lj ecrfk bl vkpcr).
Lstk ecrfk bl duflbkb lxgstl lj tcbks pkrtls, lj tcbcs acs
sùagbcs, aæqugbcs y nksls. Yu icjtljgbc lj la kgrl sl lxprlsk lj
tçrfgjcs bl duflbkb rlaktgvk. Lj acs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj,

lstk ls dkogtukafljtl ak euljtl bl acs prcoalfks.
\jk sgfpal nctk bl knuk pulbl
p ulbl pkrlilr kanc gjceljsgvc, plrc
pkrk uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj ls uj fcjstruc, la ljlfgnc
jýflrc ujc k icfoktgr pcr acs lspligkagstks bla slrvgigc bl
rlergnlrkigùj. W ac qul ac dkil uj ljlfgnc tkj ecrfgbkoal ls
la dlidc bl qul ak duflbkb pulbl ljtrkr eëigafljtl lj uj
sgstlfk y ls bgeæiga bl lagfgjkrak.
³[uç pulbl dkilr ak duflbkb lj uj sgstlfk3
Ak duflbkb bljtrc bl uj sgstlfk pulbl ‑icjnlakrsl‖ y bltljlr

la umc bla rlergnlrkjtl. Ak duflbkb ljtrkrë pcr ac nljlrka lj
la umc bla rlergnlrkjtl y pcbrë slr aalvkbk pcr la aæqugbc ilrik
| ;85

bla bgspcsgtgvc bl lxpkjsgùj y trkjsecrfkrsl lj dglac ikuskjbc

ujk rlstrgiigùj c gjiausc la oacqulc icfpaltc bla umc.
K flbgbk qul ak vëavuak bl lxpkjsgùj bl ikagljtk, blogbc
k ak ekatk bl rlergnlrkjtl, la dglac sl eujbl y ak duflbkb
vulavl k ak vëavuak bl lxpkjsgùj y ujk vlz fës nljlrk uj
ljergkfgljtc gjtlrfgtljtl.
[ul sl prcbuzik c jc rlkafljtl ujk ‑icjnlakigùj‖
blpljbl scorl tcbc bl ak ikjtgbkb bl knuk y bla tkfkûc
bl aks pkrtæiuaks bl dglac ecrfkbks. Xlrc uj tkpcjkfgljtc

pcr ‑icjnlakigùj‖ jc ls la ýjgic prcoalfk prcvcikbc pcr ak
duflbkb.
Icj acs julvcs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj y kgrl
kicjbgigcjkbc cplrkjbc icj auorgikjtls sgjtçtgics k oksl bl
pcagcalstlr,, la prcoalfk bl ak duflbkb ls tcbkvæk fës nrkjbl
pcagcalstlr
blogbc k qul lstcs auorgikjtls scj katkfljtl dgnrcsiùpgics y
koscrolj ak duflbkb icj ujk vlacigbkb fuidc fkycr k acs
auorgikjtls trkbgigcjkals.
Icrrcsgùj
Ak duflbkb gjbuil tkfogçj k ak icrrcsgùj qul pulbl irlkr
nrkvls prcoalfks blogbc, k fljubc, k qul acs lelitcs bl lstk jc
scj lvgbljtls sgjc blspuçs bl dkolrsl prcbuigbc nrkvls bkûcs.
Xcr lmlfpac, ak duflbkb scac bl knuk pulbl ikuskr dlrruforl
;8> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

blspuçs bl iglrtc tglfpc. Jc costkjtl, ak duflbkb icj la

rlergnlrkjtl irlk fuidk fks icrrcsgùj. \j rlergnlrkjtl icfc
la IEI-;? qul icjtgljl iacrc sl dgbrcagzkrë fës aljtkfljtl
icj la knuk y ecrfkrk ëigbc iacrdæbrgic. Lstl ëigbc kufljtk
ljcrflfljtl ak icrrcsgùj bl acs fltkals.
Duflbkb + _lergnlrkjtl 6 Ëigbc
Icrrcsgùj y acbcs lj pkrtls bla icfprlscr
| ;84
La ikacr kufljtk la rgtfc bl ak icrrcsgùj prcvcikbk pcr

acs ëigbcs blogbc k qul k katks tlfplrkturks la prcilsc bl
ecrfkigùj bl ëigbc sl kilalrk. Lstl ëigbc pcr supulstc, ktkik k
tcbcs acs fktlrgkals icj acs qul ljtrk lj icjtkitc, la rgtfc bl
icrrcsgùj bl ikbk fktlrgka lstë bltlrfgjkbc pcr sus iukagbkbls
bl rlsgstljigk k ak icrrcsgùj. La kilrc nljlrkafljtl sl icrrclrë
k jgvlals bl duflbkb gjelrgcrls k acs bla icorl c orcjil.
Xglbrk bl atrc skturkbk bl duflbkb y icrrcsgùj bla sgstlfk
Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

;87 |
La auorgikjtl prlsljtk ctrc prcoalfk qul pakjtlk ak duflbkb.

La auorgikjtl sgjtçtgic k oksl bl pcagcalstlr ls ujk lxilpigùj
k ak rlnak bl qul la kilgtl y la knuk jc sl flziakj. Bl dlidc,
lstl tgpc bl auorgikjtl tgljl ujk kjgbkb icj ak duflbkb y
ak koscrolrë rëpgbkfljtl sg ls lxpulstc k ak ktfcselrk scac
kanujcs fgjutcs. Acs auorgikjtls fgjlrkals jc sl flziakj
icj la knuk lj aks fgsfks icjbgigcjls qul acs auorgikjtls
bl pcagcalstlr, sgj lfokrnc, icfc vgljlj blsdgbrktkbcs y
prlpkrkbcs pkrk slr gjstkakbcs lj sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj,

lstcs auorgikjtls tkfogçj tgljlj la pcblr bl koscrolr
duflbkb lj ecrfk fuy rëpgbk.
La knuk trkjsecrfkbk lj ëigbc sl lfuasgcjk icj acs
auorgikjtls rlergnlrkjtls, ecrfkjbc kfocs ujk flziak æjtgfk
bl naùouacs sufkfljtl jcs. Yl bljcfgjk k lstl lelitc
‑ljacbkfgljtc‖ bla kilgtl y rlbuil nrkjblfljtl su ikpkigbkb
bl auorgikigùj.
La acbc c acs slbgfljtcs pulblj tcfkr ak ecrfk bl aæqugbcs
ekjncscs, pcavcs jcs, sùagbcs nrkjuacscs c sùagbcs plnkmcscs, y
prcvcik ujk vkrglbkb bl prcoalfks. Lstks ecrfks pulblj tkpkr
atrcs jcs, vëavuaks bl lxpkjsgùj y tuocs ikpgakrls. W blogbc k
qul dkogtukafljtl icjtgljlj ëigbcs,
ëigb cs, icrrclj iukaquglr icsk k ak
qul sl kbdglrlj, kilalrkjbc la bkûc.
| ;;8
Xkrk lagfgjkr prcoalfks bl duflbkb ls jlilskrgc tcfkr

prlikuigcjls y flbgbks qul nkrkjtgilj ak kusljigk bl ak fgsfk
lj la sgstlfk. La fcbc fës likz bl lagfgjkr ak duflbkb
bl uj sgstlfk ls utgagzkr ujk ocfok bl vkiæc kprcpgkbk pkrk
lstl prcilsc y la lalfljtc iakvl ls la jgvla bl vkiæc. La jgvla
rlicfljbkbc bl vkiæc ls bl ?<8 fgircjls pkrk sgstlfks qul
icjtljnkj auorgikjtls pcagcalstlr y bl <88 fgircjls pkrk acs
sgstlfks qul icjtljnkj auorgikjtls fgjlrkals c sgjtçtgics
k oksl bl ka`gaoljiljc. Lstl jgvla bl vkiæc blol fkjtljlrsl

burkjtl ;8 fgjutcs sgj ak kyubk bl ujk ocfok bl vkiæc. >.;.9.-
Yæjtcfks bl ak prlsljigk bl duflbkb lj la sgstlfk

Ak duflbkb lj la sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj kelitk ka kilgtl y
pulbl prcvcikr blsplrelitcs k ak ujgbkb y qul la icfprlscr
dlrfçtgic sl qulfl. Aks cpcrtujgbkbls fës icfujls bl qul
pulbk pljltrkr duflbkb lj la sgstlfk sl prlsljtkj iukjbc
dky eunks ka kfogljtl, c burkjtl la slrvgigc y aks rlpkrkigcjls,
ka lelitukr ikfogcs bl atrcs c auorgikjtls.
Ak duflbkb ecrfk dglac lj la bgspcsgtgvc bl icjtrca bl
rlergnlrkjtl. Lstc suilbl lj la pujtc lj qul sl lstë lxpkjbgljbc
lj la lvkpcrkbcr. Ak ecrfkigùj bl dglac iglrrk ak kolrturk,

;;; |
oacqulkjbc la umc dkigk la lvkpcrkbcr. Lstk icjbgigùj pulbl

rlicjcilrsl pcr vkrgks coslrvkigcjls=
La sgstlfk sl blsicjnlakrë
b lsicjnlakrë icfpaltkfljtl. Ylnugbkfljtl,
bkbc qul ak ecrfkigùj
ecrfkigùj bl dglac qul ikusù lala oacqulc dk
blskpkrligbc, ak ujgbkb vcavlrë k trkokmkr icrrlitkfljtl.
Xlrc scac pcr uj rktc kjtls bl qul sl ecrfl julvkfljtl la
dglac lj la icjtrca bl rlergnlrkjtl.
Ctrc sæjtcfk ls ak bgsfgjuigùj bl prlsgùj. La fkjùfltrc

bl prlsgùj bl suiigùj fulstrk ujk bgsfgjuigùj icjstkjtl
lj la trkjsiursc bl vkrgks dcrks, aalnkjbc gjiausc dkstk la
vkiæc icfpaltc. Ylnugbkfljtl, ak prlsgùj vulavl k slr jcrfka
rlpljtgjkfljtl.
rlpljtgjkfljtl. Lstl igiac kjcrfka icjtgjukrk rlpgtgçjbcsl.
Yg burkjtl la iglrrl bla sgstlfk, sl ikagljtk la bgspcsgtgvc bl

icjtrca bl rlergnlrkjtl icj uj ikaljtkbcr bl rlsgstljigk, ujk
kafcdkbgaak ikagljtl c uj ouaoc bl ikacr rkbgkjtl, la dglac sl eujbgrë.
Yg la sgstlfk icfgljzk ljtcjils k eujigcjkr icrrlitkfljtl, ls
sgnjc slnurc bl qul dky duflbkb lj la rlergnlrkjtl.
| ;;?
Xurnk bl acs sgstlfks

Xurnk ls la tçrfgjc qul sl utgagzk pkrk blsirgogr la prcilsc bl
lxtrkiigùj bla kgrl, vkpcrls, pcavc c duflbkb qul sl quglrl
lagfgjkr bla sgstlfk. Yl plrfgtl k uj nks jlutrc icfc la
jgtrùnljc qul igriual k trkvçs bl ak pkrtl bla rlergnlrkbcr c
bl ak tuolræk, ecrzkjbc dkigk eulrk la kgrl y acs vkpcrls qul
dky qul lagfgjkr.
Nksls jc icjbljskoals
Acs nksls jc rlergnlrkjtls scj icjtkfgjkjtls qul sl
ljiuljtrkj erliuljtlfljtl lj acs sgstlfks bl kgrl
kicjbgigcjkbc y bl rlergnlrkigùj. Lstcs nksls sl gjatrkj lj
acs sgstlfks dlrfçtgics bla sgnugljtl fcbc=
Dky nksls jc icjbljskoals prlsljtls burkjtl ak

ekorgikigùj bl acs sgstlfks y plrfkjlilj blogbc k ujk
lvkiukigùj gjicfpaltk.
Acs nksls jc icjbljskoals sl bls koscrolj bl bgvlrscs
fktlrgkals bla sgstlfk c sl ecrfkj pcr blsicfpcsgigùj bl acs
fgsfcs k lalvkbks tlfplrkturks burkjtl la eujigcjkfgljtc
bla sgstlfk.
Acs nksls jc icjbljskoals ljtrkj blogbc k pçrbgbks lj la
akbc qul okmk (prlsgùj gjelrgcr k ak ktfcseçrgik).

;;9 |
Yl ecrfkj nksls jc icjbljskoals k pkrtgr bl rlkiigcjls

quæfgiks ljtrl acs rlergnlrkjtls, auorgikjtls y ctrc
fktlrgka burkjtl la eujigcjkfgljtc. Acs nksls rlkitgvcs
quæfgikfljtl, icfc pcr lmlfpac la iacrurc bl dgbrùnljc,
ktkikj k ctrcs icfpcjljtls lj la sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj.
Lj ikscs lxtrlfcs, ak ujgbkb rlergnlrkjtl ekaak.
Acs nksls quæfgikfljtl gjlrtls lj la sgstlfk, qul jc sl
icjbljskj lj la icjbljskbcr, bgsfgjuylj ak ligljigk bla

ljergkfgljtc. Ak ikjtgbkb bl nks gjlrtl jc icjbljskoal qul
ls plrmubgigka blpljbl bla bgslûc y bla tkfkûc bla sgstlfk
bl rlergnlrkigùj y bla tgpc bl rlergnlrkjtl. Yu prlsljigk
icjtrgouyl k tljlr prlsgcjls bl blsikrnk suplrgcrls k acs
jcrfkals y k ak icjsgnugljtl tlfplrkturk bl blsikrnk
fës lalvkbk. Aks tlfplrkturks fës lalvkbks kilalrkj aks
rlkiigcjls quæfgiks gjblslkoals. Acs nksls qul sl pulblj
ljicjtrkr lj aks ujgbkbls bl rlergnlrkigùj dlrfçtgiks
gjiauylj ka jgtrùnljc, cxænljc, bgùxgbc bl ikrocjc, fcjùxgbc
bl ikrocjc, fltkjc l dgbrùnljc. Acs prgflrcs trls nksls
ljuflrkbcs prcvgljlj bl ak lvkiukigùj gjicfpaltk bla kgrl
c bl ujk eunk lj la akbc bl okmk bla sgstlfk. La bgùxgbc bl
ikrocjc y la fcjùxgbc bl ikrocjc dkogtukafljtl sl ecrfkj
iukjbc sl rlikagljtkj acs fktlrgkals kgsakjtls crnëjgics.
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | ;;2
Yl dk bltlitkbc dgbrùnljc iukjbc la icfprlscr lstë

suergljbc fuidc blsnkstl lj acs rcbkfgljtcs. Lj uj lqugpc
oglj bgslûkbc y qul eujigcjk
eujigcjk blogbkfljtl sl ljiuljtrkj
scac trkzks bl lstcs nksls.
La lelitc bl nksls jc icjbljskoals lj uj sgstlfk bl
rlergnlrkigùj
rlergnlrkigùj prcvcik katks tlfplrkturks y sl pulbl plrigogr
la bkûc lj ak sgnugljtl gfknlj.
Xaktc bl vëavuaks icj uj scorlikaljtkfgljtc

;;< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Ukiæc lj acs sgstlfks bl _lergnlrkigùj y Kgrl Kicjbgigcjkbc

Icfc sl dk suorkykbc kjtlrgcrfljtl, la rlergnlrkjtl ls fuy
sljsgoal k ak duflbkb lj la sgstlfk. Xkrk ljtljblr iùfc
sl icfpcrtk la knuk y iùfc dky qul slikr uj sgstlfk, blol
icfprljblrsl ak sgnugljtl aly jkturka. La pujtc bl louaagigùj
bla knuk vkræk slnýj ak prlsgùj. Lj ujgbkbls bl gjnljglræk, aks
prlsgcjls lstëj lxprlskbks lj agorks pcr puankbk iukbrkbk
koscautk (psgk). Ak prlsgùj ktfcseçrgik jcrfka ls bl ;2,> psgk.
Xlrc pcr rkzcjls prëitgiks bl gjnljglræk, acs fkjùfltrcs k

fljubc sl ikagorkj k 8 psgn agorks pcr puankbk iukbrkbk
fkjcfçtrgik pkrk gjbgikr ak prlsgùj ktfcseçrgik. Aks
prlsgcjls gjelrgcrls k ak ktfcseçrgik sl bljcfgjkj vkiæcs
pkrigkals. La 8 lj ak lsikak koscautk bl prlsgcjls icrrlspcjbl
k ujk prlsgùj qul jc pulbl rlbuigrsl fës. \j vkiæc plrelitc
ls bl 8 fgircjls.
La fgirùj sl utgagzk pkrk flbgr vkiæcs ilrikjcs ka vkiæc
koscautc. Ls tkfogçj gfpcrtkjtl qul sl icfprljbk ak rlakigùj
ljtrl ak prlsgùj koscautk y ak fkjcfçtrgik iukjbc sl prcilbl
k ak lxtrkiig
lxtrkiigùj
ùj bla ugbc bla sgstlfk (prcilbgfg
(prcilbgfgljtc
ljtc bl vkiæc).
Acs fkjùfltrcs lstëj ikagorkbcs jcrfkafljtl bl fkjlrk
qul la 8 icrrlspcj
icrrlspcjbkbk k ak prlsgùj ktfcseçrgik.
Ka lvkiukr uj sgstlfk dkorë jlilsgbkb bl uj fkjùfltrc
lspligka bl vkiæc pkrk icjtrcakr la vkiæc rlka lj la sgstlfk.
Lstcs bgspcsgtgvcs bl flbgigùj bl vkiæc sl acs jcfork

vkiuùfltrcs
vkiuùfltr cs y sl ljiuljtrkj bgspcjgoals lj ak gjbustrgk.
Ukiucfltrc bgngtka
;;> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Lj acs prcilbgfgljtcs jcrfkals bl slrvgigc ls gfpcrtkjtl

skolr quç jgvla bl vkiæc sl rlquglrl pkrk ikbk sgstlfk y lstc
fuidks vlils blpljbl bla tgpc bl auorgikjtl qul icjtgljl la
lqugpc (icfprlscr).
Ak icfpkûæk Lflrscj lj su bgvgsgùj bl icfprlscrls
Icplakjb cpgjk qul la vkiæc bl uj sgstlfk blol flbgrsl
icj uj vkiuùfltrc bgngtka y blolj kaikjzkrsl aks sgnugljtls
ikjtgbkbls bl vkiæc pkrk ikbk sgstlfk=
Yg la sgstlfk icjtgljl kilgtl fgjlrka c ka`gaoljiljc ls

suigljtl kaikjzkr acs <88 fgircjls bl vkiæc pkrk kslnurkr
qul la jgvla bl duflbkb jc kelitl ak cplrkigùj bla lqugpc.
Yg la sgstlfk icjtgljl kilgtl sgjtçtgic k oksl bl pcagcalstlr
la vkiæc qul sl blol kaikjzkr ls bl ?<8 fgircjls.
Ukiæc icj la icfprlscr bla sgstlfk

Lj ecrfk pcr blfës lqugvcikbk, fuidcs tçijgics bl
rlergnlrkigùj utgagzkj la icfprlscr bla sgstlfk pkrk
rlkagzkr ‑la vkiæc‖ ka sgstlfk, sgj plriktkrsl bl qul lstl
prcilbgfgljtc pulbl bkûkr bljgtgvkfljtl su icfprlscr y
jc sl vk k kaikjzkr la jgvla bl vkiæc icrrlitc blogbc k qul
acs icfprlscrls jc scj lqugpcs bgslûkbcs pkrk dkilr lstl
trkokmc. Lj slnugbk sl lxpagikj kanujks bl aks icjsliuljigks
bl dkilr lstk fkak prëitgik.
Lj icfprlscrls dlrfçtgics y slfgdlrfçtgics ls

fuy prcokoal qul la kgsakjtl sl bkûl yk qul ujk bl aks
ikrkitlræstgiks bl lstcs icfprlscrls ls qul la rlergnlrkjtl ls
la flbgc bl ljergkfgljtc, sg sl pcjlj k trkokmkr lstcs lqugpcs
sgj su flbgc bl ljergkfgljtc. Acs blvkjkbcs bla fctcr sl
ikagljtkj y sl bkûk tcbc la lqugpc.
Iukjbc sl dkil vkiæc k ujk ocogjks laçitrgik, lstks dkilj
uj kric laçitrgic scac pcrqul sl dkil igriuakr ujk icrrgljtl
laçitrgik k trkvçs bl laaks.

Icfc yk sl icfljtù, la vkiæc qul sl acnrk ka dkilr lstk
prëitgik jc ls bl jgjnujk ecrfk la kbliukbc pkrk jgjnýj tgpc
bl sgstlfk.
Jc sl blol dkilr vkiæc icj la icfprlscr bla sgstlfk.
Ocfok bl vkiæc
Xkrk pcblr lvkiukr blogbkfljtl uj sgstlfk, dkil ekatk
ujk ouljk ocfok bl vkiæc y ak fgsfk blol tljlr aks
sgnugljtls ikrkitlræstgiks=
_çngflj bl umc kprcpgkbc pkrk la sgstlfk k lvkiukr.

Ylr bl bcs ltkpks.
Rljlr ujk ligljigk bl ocfolc lalvkbk.
;;7 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Rljlr uj rlnuakbcr bl nks pkrk lagfgjkr ak icjbljskigùj

bl vkpcr bljtrc bl ak ljtrkbk bl ak ocfok y la atrc bl lsikpl.
Yl blol lalngr ak ocfok bl vkiæc kbliukbk pkrk

p krk ak ikpkigbkb
bla lqugpc qul blslkfcs lvkiukr, ls gfpcrtkjtl fljigcjkr
qul la prcilsc bl vkiæc tkfogçj sl vl kelitkbc pcr ak katurk
scorl la jgvla bla fkr bcjbl sl lelitýl la prcilsc bl vkiæc, ksæ
ujk igubkb qul sl ljiuljtrl k jgvla bla fkr rlqulrgrë fljcs
tglfpc pkrk acnrkr la vkiæc kbliukbc.

Ak acjngtub
acjngtub bl aks tuolræks
tuolræks ls pcsgoal qul kelitl
kelitl lj la
tglfpc bl vkiæc. Ygj lfokrnc icj ujk ocfok kbliukbk aks
acjngtubls jc lmlrilj nrkj
nrkj gjuljigk lj la prcilsc
prcilsc bl vkiæc.
Ocfoks bl vkiæc icj bgelrljtls ikubkals bl umc
9</2? art/fgj ;;7/;2? art/fgj ;>4/?;9 art/fgj

;,< IEF < IEF >,< IEF
| ;?8
Ak tlfplrkturk kfogljtl sæ ls uj ekitcr qul pulbl gjugr

lj la prcilsc bl vkiæc, pcr lsk rkzùj sl rlicfgljbk qul acs
sgstlfks sl ikagljtlj icj aëfpkrks gjikjblsiljtls pkrk
kicrtkr la prcilsc.
Xkrk skolr sg ak ocfok bl vkiæc qul lstcy utgagzkjbc ls ak
ocfok kprcpgkbk sl blol slnugr ujk rlnak fuy sljigaak, acs
prgjigpkals ekorgikjtls bl ocfoks bl vkiæc fljigcjkj qul
ujk ocfok bl ; ief (iuogi ecct/fgjutl) ls ikpkz bl dkilr uj
oulj vkiæc k uj lqugpc icj ikpkigbkb dkstk bl > tcjlakbks

bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkigùj.
kigùj.
Ksæ qul sg sl tgljl uj sgstlfk bl 28 tcjlakbks bl
rlergnlrkigùj
rlergnlrkigùj sl rlqulrgrë ujk ocfok
o cfok bl
28 / > 6 <.>;° 5 ief bl ikpkigbkb.
Ls gfpcrtkjtl gjsgstgr lj qul la prcilsc bl vkiæc bl

uj sgstlfk blol flbgrsl icj uj vkiuùfltrc,
vkiuùfltrc, qul ls la
gjstrufljtc qul jcs kyubk k skolr lxkitkfljtl la jgvla qul
tljlfcs bl vkiæc lj la sgstlfk.
La vkiæc bl uj sgstlfk jc sl fgbl pcr tglfpc, sl fgbl pcr

ak ikjtgbkb bl fgirùfltrcs, fgag pksikals c iukaquglr ctrk
flbgbk bl vkiæc qul sl fkjlml icj fkycr ekfgagkrgbkb.
ekfgagkrgbkb.
;?; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Ygnugljbc lstk rlnak ls fuy pcsgoal qul julstrcs tglfpcs

bl slrvgigc y/c fkjtljgfgljtc lj lqugpcs sl rlbuzikj blogbc
k qul sl tgljl ak gblk bl qul acnrkr uj oulj vkiæc rlquglrl bl
fuidks dcrks bl lstkr dkigljbc la prcilsc y ls ujk gblk
lqugvcikbk yk qul icj la vkiuùfltrc sl pulbl coslrvkr lj
ecrfk fuy sljigaak sg sl dk aalnkbc ka vkiæc kbliukbc y lj ak
fkycræk bl acs ikscs ls lj fljcr tglfpc bl ac qul sl lsplrk.
Xrcilsc bla Ukiæc

\j sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj blol icjtljlr ýjgikfljtl la
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl lj lstkbc
lstkbc aæqugbc
aæqugbc c nkslcsc
nkslcsc mujtc
mujtc icj kilgtl
kilgtl
slic. Rcbcs acs vkpcrls, nksls y ugbcs blolj slr lagfgjkbcs.
Lstks sustkjigks nljlrkafljtl scj lagfgjkbks icjlitkjbc la
sgstlfk k ujk ocfok bl vkiæc y plrfgtgljbc
plrfgtgljbc qul ak ocfok
eujigcjl icjtgjukfljtl
icjtgjukfljtl dkstk aalnkr k uj vkiæc prceujbc lj la
sgstlfk. K vlils ls jlilskrgc ikaljtkr aks pkrtls k 27 nrkbcs
Ilasgus fgljtrks sl lstë dkigljbc la vkiæcvkiæc prceujbc0
prceujbc0 k j
bl lagfgjkr tcbk ak duflbkb gjblslkoal, ikagljtl aks pkrtls
utgagzkjbc
utgagzkjb c kgrl ikagljtl,
ikagljtl, aëfpkrks pkrk ikaljtkr c knuk ikagljtl.
¡¡¡Mkfës utgagzkr ujk ocqugaak k eulnc bgrlitc scorl aks

pkrtls bla lqugpc!!!
| ;??
Lvkiul la sgstlfk sglfprl qul lstl slk koglrtc pkrk uj

slrvgigc c icfc iukjbc pksl ac sgnugljtl=
Ka rllfpakzkr uj icfprlscr, icjbljskbcr, slikbcr,

lvkpcrkbcr,, lti.
lvkpcrkbcr lti .
Iukjbc la sgstlfk jc tgljl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtl.
kjtl.
Iukjbc la rlergnlrkjtl lstë icjtkfgjkbc.
Iukjbc sl ikrnk auorgikjtl.
Ak utgagzkigùj bl uj fýatgpal bl lvkiukigùj y ikrnk

(Fkjgecab) ls ujk ouljk prëitgik
p rëitgik ka aalvkr k ikoc ak lvkiukigùj
y/c ak ikrnk bla sgstlfk.
Iùfc lvkiukr uj sgstlfk

Lxgstlj vkrgcs prcilscs pkrk aalnkr ka vkiæc qul rlquglrl
uj sgstlfk, gjgigkrlfcs icj la prcilsc fës sljigaac qul
ls la bla vkiæc bgrlitc icjlitkjbc ak ocfok bl vkiæc dkstk
aalnkr k ak ikjtgbkb bl fgircjls rlqulrgbk slnýj la tgpc bl
auorgikjtl qul tljnc lj la sgstlfk. Lstc ls kaikjzkr acs <88
fgircjls sg la sgstlfk icjtgljl auorgikjtl ka`gaoljiljc y/c
fgjlrka. C kaikjzkr acs ?<8 fgircjls sg la sgstlfk icjtgljl
uj auorgikjtl sgjtçtgic k oksl bl pcagcalstlr
pcagcalstlr..
;?9 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Yl pulbl dkilr uj prcilsc bl vkiæc fës lstrgitc qul

gjvcauirk uj tglfpc kbgigcjka plrc ls fës slnurc y ls
lspligkafljtl kbliukbc lj sgstlfks
sgstlfk s nrkjbls. Icfc sgnul=
;) Icfc prgflr pksc pcblfcs dkilr uj krrkstrl bl jgtrùnljc

;) Icfc
slic lj la sgstlfk, lstc vk k plrfgtgr qul nrkj pkrtl bl ak
duflbkb qul sl ljiuljtrk lj la sgstlfk pulbk slr koscrogbk
pcr la jgtrùnljc. Ls fuy gfpcrtkjtl kslnurkrsl bl utgagzkr uj
rlnuakbcr bl prlsgùj pkrk la fkjlmc bl lstl tgpc bl nks.

Xrlsurgzkr la sgstlfk icj jgtrùnljc (J?). Ulrgikr sg dky
?) Xrlsurgzkr
?)
eunks y fkjtljlr ak prlsgùj burkjtl uj akpsc y vlr sg la
fkjùfltrc gjbgik uj ikfogc.
Iukjbc sl icjstktl qul la sgstlfk jc tgljl eunks lagfgjkr
9) Iukjbc
9)
la J?. Icjlitkr ujk ocfok bl vkiæc kbliukbk tkjtc bla akbc
bl kspgrkigùj icfc bla akbc bl blsikrnk bla icfprlscr.
Korgr tcbks aks vëavuaks, ka gnuka qul aks
aks vëavuaks scaljcgbls.
scaljcgbls.
\tgagzkr uj fýatgpal bl fkjùfltrcs
fk jùfltrcs y vkiuùfltrc. Bkr tglfpc
pkrk ak bgeusgùj bla vkpcr bl knuk y bl kgrl.
2) Yl sunglrl qul sl icjlitlj acs fkjùfltrcs bl acs bcs
2)
akbcs bla sgstlfk pkrk dkilr fës rëpgbc la prcilsc.
<) Rkfogçj
<) Rkfogçj ls gfpcrtkjtl qul sl ikagljtl la sgstlfk pkrk
dkilr qul ak duflbkb slk rlfcvgbk icj fkycr ekigagbkb.
| ;?2
Lj ak prùxgfk nurk sl pulbl coslrvkr uj krrlnac bl uj

sgstlfk pkrk rlkagzkr la vkiæc.
5) Iukjbc sl dkyk acnrkbc uj vkiæc sktgsekitcrgc (<88
fgircjls) bltljlr ak ocfok y blmkrak pcr kanýj tglfpc (flbgk
dcrk) pkrk vlr sg ak knumk sl fulvl dkigk la akbc bl prlsgùj
ktfcseçrgik. Yg suilbl lstc, pcbræk blolrsl k bcs rkzcjls= c
oglj dky ujk eunk, c oglj dky tcbkvæk duflbkb lj la sgstlfk.
Yg ak prlsgùj (vkiæc) sl fkjtgljl icjsgblrkoalfljtl pkrlmk
burkjtl la fgsfc akpsc bl tglfpc, la igriugtc lstk lvkiukbc

icrrlitkfljtl y lstë slic y agorl bl eunks.
Kdcrk pulbl lfplzkrsl k ikrnkr la rlergnlr
>) Kdcrk
>) rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl rcfpgljbc
la vkiæc, yk slk bgrlitkfljtl dkigk la akbc bla aæqugbc bl katk
prlsgùj, c dkigk la akbc bl ak kspgrkigùj iukjbc la icfprlscr
jc lstç eujigcjkjbc.
Xrcilsc bl Rrls Ukiæcs

Lj ikscs fuy brëstgics bl icjtkfgjkigùj bl knuk lj
sgstlfks, icfc iukjbc sl tgljlj icjbljskbcrls ljergkbcs
pcr knuk lj acs qul pcr kanujk rkzùj
rkzùj dkyk dkogbc icjtkitc bla
rlergnlrkjtl icj ujk nrkj ikjtgbkb bl duflbkb, sl rlquglrl
dkilr uj prcilsc aakfkbc bl trls vkiæcs pkrk kslnurkr qul
lagfgjlfcs ak duflbkb bla sgstlfk.
;?< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Xkrk rlkagzkr lstc sl blol slnugr ak sgnugljtl sliuljigk=
;) Icjlitkr ak ocfok bl vkiæc kprcpgkbk ka sgstlfk.

?) Xcjlr lj fkridk ak ocfok.
Bltljlr ak ocfok iukjbc sl tljnk ujk aliturk bl ;.<88 fgircjls.
9)Bltljlr
9)
_cfplr la vkiæc icj jgtrùnljc y prlsurgzkr la sgstlfk k 9
2) _cfplr
2)
agorks/puan? y lsplrkr bl 98 k 58 fgjutcs.
<) Agolrkr la jgtrùnljc bla sgstlfk.
5) Krrkjikr
5) Krr kjikr bl julvc ak ocfok bl vkiæc.
Bltljlr ak ocfok iukjbc sl tljnk ujk aliturk bl ;.<88 fgircjls.
>)Bltljlr
>)
_cfplr la vkiæc icj jgtrùnljc y prlsurgzkr la sgstlfk k 9
4) _cfplr
4)
agorks/puan? y lsplrkr bl 98 k 58 fgjutcs.
Agolrkr la jgtrùnljc bla sgstlfk.
7) Agolrkr
7)
Krrkjikr
;8) Krr
;8) kjikr bl julvc ak
ak ocfok bl vkiæc.
;;) Bltljlr ak ocfok iukjbc sl tljnk ujk aliturk bl <88 c
?<8 fgircjls slnýj la tgpc bl auorgikjtl bla sgstlfk.
_cfplr la vkiæc icj la rlergnlr
;?) _cfplr
;?) rlergnlrkjtl
kjtl bla sgstlfk.
Icfpaltkr ak ikrnk bl rlergnlrkjtl ka sgstlfk.
;9) Icfpaltkr
;9)
Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg | ;?5
Kilgtl lj la sgstlfk
Lsqulfk bl uj okrrgbc bla sgstlfk icj jgtrùnljc
Jctk= _licrbkr qul sl blol utgagzkr uj rlnuakbcr bl prlsgùj kprcpgkbc pkrk la usc
bla jgtrùnljc, jc sl blol rlnuakr icj
ic j ak vëavuak bla igagjbrc
Xkrk ak auorgikigùj bl acs icfprlscrls bl rlergnlrkigùj sl

utgagzkj kilgtls lspligkals. Ak fkrik bl kilgtl prcpcrigcjkbc
;?> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
crgngjkafljtl sl lspligik k fljubc scorl ujk pakik bl

bktcs rlaktgvcs ka kilgtl y ls kprcpgkbk pkrk aks icjbgigcjls
bl eujigcjkfgljtc plrtgjljtl. Yg dky qul kûkbgr kilgtl, blol
utgagzkrsl ak fgsfk fkrik. Lvætlsl flziakr bgelrljtls fkriks
bl kilgtl. Acs kilgtls pkrk fctcrls jc pulblj utgagzkrsl lj uj
sgstlfk bl icfprlscrls k oksl bl IEI-;? c DIEI-?? jg sl pulbl
utgagzkr kilgtl uskbc gjiausc iukjbc ls rlnljlrkbc. La kilgtl
utgagzkbc koscrol duflbkb bla kgrl y tkfogçj prcvcik icrrliigùj
lj la icfprlscr,
icfprlscr, lspligkafljtl lj acs icfprlscrls bl kfcjgkic.
kfcjgkic.
La kilgtl blol kafkiljkrsl lj uj aunkr agorl bl duflbkb lj
rligpgljtls ilrrkbcs dlrfçtgikfljtl usëjbcsl ýjgikfljtl
ljvksls slics pkrk la rlaaljkbc. Ls kicjslmkoal icacikr uj
ikrtuidc slikbcr lj ak vljtgakigùj
vljtgakigùj bl kgrl
kgrl bla rligpgljtl
rligpgljtl bl
kafkiljkfgljtc pkrk gfplbgr ak ljtrkbk bl duflbkb iukjbc
sl lxtrkl la kilgtl
Kilgtl auorgikjtl
Bljtrc bl acs sgstlfks dlrfçtgics la auorgikjtl lstë lj
icjtkitc æjtgfc icj la ocogjkbc bl acs fctcrls laçitrgics.
La kilgtl blol pcr ac tkjtc tljlr nrkj icfpktgogagbkb icj
acs fktlrgkals y nrkj lstkogagbkb tçrfgik. Aks prcpglbkbls
bl fgsigogagbkb bl kilgtl y rlergnlrkjtl scj gjbgspljskoals
pkrk nkrkjtgzkr uj fkjtljgfgljtc fæjgfc bla sgstlfk y
| ;?4
rltcrjc bl auorgikjtl ka icfprlscr lvgtkjbc bl lsk fkjlrk ak

icjbgigùj lxtrlfk bl knctkfgljtc bla kilgtl bla icfprlscr.
Aks prcpglbkbls icfogjkbks bl vgsicsgbkb ikrkitlræstgiks bl
duflbligfgljtc bl aks suplrigls y scauogagbkb bl rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl
(pkrk fkjtljlr ak ugblz bla kilgtl bl okmk tlfplrkturk) jc
scakfljtl icjtrgouylj k ak igriuakigùj bla auorgikjtl sgjc qul
kelitkj tkfogçj k aks ikrkitlræstgiks bl aks plaæiuaks scorl
aks suplrigls bl trkjselrljigk bl ikacr y, pcstlrgcrfljtl,
k ak ligljigk ljlrnçtgik. \j oulj kilgtl auorgikjtl tgljl aks

sgnugljtls prcpglbkbls=

;) Okmc icjtljgbc pkrkjæjic, ak slpkrkigùj bl ak pkrkjk bl ak
flziak bla kilgtl auorgikjtl pulbl tkpkr acs crgigcs bl icjtrca.
?) Ouljk lstkogagbkb tçrfgik. Jc blolj ecrfkrsl blpùsgtcs
burcs bl ikroùj lj acs pujtcs ikagljtls bla icfprlscr.
9) Ouljk lstkogagbkb quæfgik. Jc blol dkilr jgjnujk
9)
rlkiigùj quæfgik icj la rlergnlrkjtl jg acs fktlrgkals qul
dkogtukafljtl sl utgagzkj lj acs sgstlfks.
2) Okmc pujtc bl ugblz. Ikpkigbkb bla kilgtl bl fkjtljlrsl
ugbc k ak fës okmk tlfplrkturk bla sgstlfk
<) Okmk vgsicsgbkb. Ikpkigbkb bl auorgikjtl bl fkjtljlr
ouljks prcpglbkbls bl auorgikigùj k tlfplrkturks lalvkbks
;?7 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
y ouljk ugblz k okmks tlfplrkturks0 bl prcpcrigcjkr ujk

ouljk plaæiuak auorgikjtl lj tcbc tglfpc.
K j bl flmcrkr ak likigk bla kilgtl, fuidcs ekorgikjtls
kûkblj fks sustkjigks quæfgiks qul lstëj blstgjkbks k
gjdgogr ak ecrfkigùj bl acbc c lspufk (la kilgtl qul icjtljnk
duflbkb c kgrl ecrfkrë acbc c okrjgils y pulbl prcvcikr
bkûcs k ak ujgbkb). La kilgtl suigc bl uj sgstlfk dlrfçtgic
pulbl vcavlrsl ëigbc y prcvcikr qulfkburks lj aks fkjcs.
Ikfogkr sglfprl acs atrcs iukjbc lstc dkyk suilbgbc pkrk

fkjtljlr agfpgc la julvc kilgtl.
Kilgtls lxgstljtls lj ak gjbustrgk bl ak _lergnlrkigùj

Yl tgljlj kitukafljtl bgspcjgoals bgelrljtls tgpcs bl
auorgikjtls lj ak gjbustrgk bl ak rlergnlrkigùj.
rlergnlrkigùj. Ikbk ujc bl laacs
rlýjl ikrkitlræstgiks bgelrljtls qul kyubkj k acs sgstlfks
k cplrkr lj ecrfk kbliukbk. Lj tçrfgjcs fuy sljigaacs sl
blsirgolj ikbk ujc bl acs tgpcs bl auorgikjtls=
Auorgikjtls Fgjlrkals= scj acs kilgtls cotljgbcs bl ak

blstgakigùj bla pltrùalc, tkfogçj aakfkbcs auorgikjtls
jketçjgics y scj utgagzkbcs prgjigpkafljtl pkrk acs
rlergnlrkjtls IEIs lxgstljtls lj la flrikbc (_-;?).
| ;98
Auorgikjtls sgjtçtgics k oksl bl Kaqugaoljiljc= scj acs

kilgtls qul dkj sgbc gjtrcbuigbcs ka flrikbc pkrk slr
utgagzkbcs icj acs rlergnlrkjtls katlrjktgvcs DIEIs yk slk
flziaks bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkjtls
kjtls c icfpulstcs purcs.
Auorgikjtls sgjtçtgics k oksl bl Xcagcalstlr= scj acs kilgtls

qul eulrcj irlkbcs pkrk slr utgagzkbcs icj acs rlergnlrkjtls
agorls bl iacrc icfc acs DEIs y qul scj katkfljtl dgnrcsiùpgics.
Xkrk la fkjlmc bl lstcs kilgtls ls gfpcrtkjtl tljlr iugbkbc

pkrk lvgtkr ak skturkigùj bl duflbkb bl lstcs kilgtls. Xkrk
Xkrk la
usc bl lstcs kilgtls sl rlicfgljbk=
\jk vlz koglrtc la ljvksl bl lstl auorgikjtl sl blol utgagzkr

tcbc, sg jc sl utgagzk ak tctkagbkb bla prcbuitc, la auorgikjtl blol
slr blslidkbc bl ujk ecrfk kprcpgkbk.
Blogbc k qul lstcs kilgtls tgljlj katk dgnrcsicpgk, lstl
kilgtl tgljl jgvlals bl skturkigùj bl duflbkb bl fës bl
;.888 ppf bl knuk pcr ac qul sl blol tljlr fuidc iugbkbc
lj su fkjlmc.
Yl rlquglrl utgagzkr ocfoks bl kilgtl pkrk su gjyliigùj k
acs sgstlfks.
Auorgikjtls sgjtçtgics k oksl bl Xcagkaqugalj Nagica= lstcs

kilgtls eulrcj crgngjkafljtl gjstkakbcs lj acs sgstlfks bl
kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc kutcfctrgz, sus ikrkitlræstgiks scj fuy
ouljks plrc tgljlj tkfogçj la prcoalfk bl slr katkfljtl
dgnrcsiùpgics
dgnrcsiù pgics y su usc dk sgbc agfgtkbc c scac kanujks fkriks
bl kutcs trkokmkjbc icj _-;9
_-;92k.
2k.
Ikfogc bl kilgtl
Jc dky fcbc bl bltlrfgjkr la kilgtl bl ak fkycræk bl acs
icfprlscrls dlrfçtgics scabkbcs. Lstl tgpc bl icfprlscr
lstë blstgjkbc prgjigpkafljtl k su gjstkakigùj lj sgstlfks
bgslûkbcs, krfkbcs y ikrnkbcs lj eëorgiks lj qul ak ikrnk
bl kilgtl pulbl flbgrsl icj prligsgùj lj la sgstlfk lj la
fcfljtc bla fcjtkml crgngjka. Lj iksc bl eunk, sg ak ikjtgbkb bl
kilgtl plrbgbk ls plqulûk y pulbl ikaiuakrsl rkzcjkoalfljtl,
lstk ikjtgbkb blol kûkbgrsl ka icfprlscr plrc sg lxgstl ujk
pçrbgbk gfpcrtkjtl bl kilgtl, la tçijgic bl slrvgigc blol rltgrkr
la icfprlscr, purnkr la kilgtl y kûkbgr ak flbgbk icrrlitk bl
ikrnk kjtls bl vcavlr k icacikr la icfprlscr.
Acs icfprlscrls slfgdlrfçtgics y bl tgpc koglrtc lstëj

lqugpkbcs jcrfkafljtl icj fgrgaaks bl iërtlr, la jgvla bl
kilgtl blol fkjtljlrsl pcr ljigfk, c agnlrkfljtl pcr ljigfk
| ;9?
bla iljtrc bl ak fgrgaak fgljtrks lstë eujigcjkjbc. \j jgvla bl

kilgtl kjcrfkafljtl okmc pulbl rlsuatkr lj ujk pçrbgbk bl
auorgikigùj, fgljtrks qul uj jgvla bl kilgtl lxilsgvkfljtl
lalvkbc pulbl rlsuatkr lj uj lfpkstl bl kilgtl y pcsgoals
bkûcs k aks vëavuaks bl icfprlscr c ujk lxilsgvk igriuakigùj
bl kilgtl. La jgvla bl kilgtl pulbl vkrgkr icjsgblrkoalfljtl
lj ak pulstk gjgigka lj fkridk sg dky rlergnlrkjtl aæqugbc
prlsljtl lj la iërtlr y sl blol vlrgikr la jgvla bl kilgtl.
icj la icfprlscr
icfprlscr lj fkridk
fkridk blspuçs bl dkolr aalnkbc k ujk
icjbgigùj lstkogagzkbk.
Jctk=
La kilgtl koscrolrë sglfprl kanc bl rlergnlrkjtl y pkrk lvgtkr
ak lfgsgùj bl rlergnlrkjtl ujk katlrjktgvk pcbræk icjsgstgr
lj gjstkakr uj ikaljtkbcr bl kilgtl c utgagzkr ujk ujgbkb
bl rliuplrkigùj kjtls bl korgr ak icjlxgùj bl kilgtl. \j
prcilbgfgljtc
prcilbgfglj tc pcsgoal slræk=
;) Dkilr eujigcjkr la ikaljtkbcr bl kilgtl.

;) Dkilr
Blsikrnkr la rlergnlrkjtl nkslcsc.
?) Blsikrnkr
?)
Blsikrnkr la kilgtl lj rligpgljtls kprcpgkbcs y fkrikbcs,
9) Blsikrnkr
9)
bl slr jlilskrgc icj kyubk bl jgtrùnljc.
Iùfc rlikrnkr la kilgtl bl uj icfprlscr dlrfçtgic

Xkrk rlikrnkr ujk ikjtgbkb bltlrfgjkbk bl kilgtl, la
icfprlscr blol rltgrkrsl bla sgstlfk y la kilgtl blol
lxtrklrsl bl ak aæjlk bl kspgrkigùj
kspg rkigùj gjiagjkjbc
gjiagjk jbc la icfprlscr.
icfprlscr. Ak
ikjtgbkb lxkitk bl kilgtl blol bl skolrsl iakrkfljtl kjtls
bl icfljzkr ak rlikrnk= vlrgeæqulsl la fkjuka bl gjstruiigùj
pkrk ak rlikrnk icfpaltk.
Xkrk lvgtkr qul dkyk blfksgkbk flziak bl rlergnlrkjtl lj
la kilgtl y lvgtkr ak lfgsgùj bl rlergnlrkjtl pcbræk gjstkakrsl
uj ikaljtkbcr bl kilgtl.
Blspuçs bl dkolrsl rlgjstkakbc
rlgjstkakbc la icfprlscr
icfprlscr,, la sgstlfk
blol slr lvkiukbc ljtcjils flbgkjtl ujk vëavuak bl kiilsc k la
tuoc bl prcilsc kjtls bl rlikrnkrac icj la rlergnlrkjtl y dkilrac
eujigcjkr.. Jc utgagzkr jujik kilgtl bl octlaaks
eujigcjkr octlaaks c tkfocrls qul dkj
qulbkbc koglrtcs.
Iùfc knrlnkr kilgtl k uj icfprlscr slfgdlrfltgic c koglrtc
Fçtcbc bla sgstlfk koglrtc=

Yg la icfprlscr lstë lqugpkbc icj uj crgigc pkrk rlaaljkbc
bl kilgtl lj la iërtlr, la flbgc fës sgfpal bl kûkbgr kilgtl ls
kgsakr la iërtlr bla icfprlscr y vlrtlr c ocfolkr lj la fgsfc
ak ikjtgbkb lxkitk bl kilgtl. Yg la sgstlfk jc icjtgljl jgjnýj
| ;92
rlergnlrkjtl c sg la icfprlscr lstë koglrtc pkrk rlpkrkigcjls

jc dkil ekatk jgjnujk prlikuigùj lspligka kpkrtl bl aks
flbgbks jcrfkals bl fkjtljlr la kilgtl agfpgc y slic, bkbc
qul la sgstlfk blol lvkiukrsl kjtls bl dkilrac eujigcjkr.
Yg la icfprlscr icjtgljl ujk ikrnk bl rlergnlrkjtl ilrrkr
ak vëavuak bl kspgrkigùj bla icfprlscr y rlbuigr ak prlsgùj
bla iërtlr k kprcxgfkbkfljtl ujc c bcs psgn. Bltljlr la
icfprlscr y ilrrkr su vëavuak bl blsikrnk.
Fçtcbc bl ak ocfok bl kilgtl=

Fuidcs tçijgics bl slrvgigc c oglj yk dkj ekorgikbc c oglj yk
dkj icfprkbc ujk plqulûk ocfok bl kilgtl pkrk kûkbgr kilgtl
k acs icfprlscrls. Ak ocfok ls fuy sgfgakr k uj plqulûc
gjkbcr bl ogigialtk y plrfgtl kûkbgr kilgtl k uj icfprlscr
lj eujigcjkfgljtc k trkvçs bla pujtc bl kiilsc bl slrvgigc
lj iksc bl jlilsgbkb c pulbl utgagzkrsl pkrk kûkbgr kilgtl
bgrlitkfljtl ka iërtlr iukjbc la lspkigc jc pulbk plrfgtgr
ujk kagfljtkigùj pcr nrkvlbkb iukjbc la icfprlscr lstë
eujigcjkjbc. Ak vëavuak bl vlrgikigùj bl ak ocfok gfpgbl
ak pçrbgbk bl rlergnlrkjtl plrfgtgbc ka fgsfc tglfpc qul la
tçijgic bl slrvgigc blskrrcaal suigljtl prlsgùj pkrk suplrkr
ak prlsgùj bl kspgrkigùj lj fkridk y kûkbgr kilgtl slnýj ak
jlilsgbkb. Lj iksc bl lflrnljigk lj qul jc sl bgspcjnk bl
;9< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
ocfok bl kilgtl y qul jc sl pulbk tljlr kiilsc ka icfprlscr

la kilgtl pulbl gjtrcbuigrsl lj la icfprlscr k trkvçs bl ak
vëavuak bl slrvgigc bl kspgrkigùj.
Lsqulfk bl iùfc sl blol utgagzkr ak ocfok bl kilgtl
Gfpkitc bl auorgikjtls lj aks flbgbks bl rliuplrkigùj

Blsbl ak kpkrgigùj bl acs julvcs rlergnlrkjtls k oksl bl
dgbrcucrcikrocjc (DEI), qul jc knctkj
knctk j ak ikpk bl czcjc y qul
| ;95
jc scj icfpktgoals icj acs kilgtls jcrfkals, acs ekorgikjtls

bl kilgtls dkj lstkbc trkokmkjbc pkrk irlkr ujk julvk slrgl
bl auorgikjtls fgsigoals icj DEIs.
Acs auorgikjtls bl icfprlscr icjvljigcjkals scj fgsigoals
icj acs rlergnlrkjtls IEIs y DIEIs plrc jc ac scj icj acs DEIs
sustgtutgvcs qul jc knctkj ak ikpk bl czcjc. Ak utgagzkigùj bl
uj auorgikjtl icjvljigcjka
icjvljigcjka qul jc slk fgsigoal icjmujtkfljtl
icj la DEI-;92k kelitk jlnktgvkfljtl k ak ligljigk bl
ak ujgbkb rlergnlrkjtl. Lj lsl iksc, la kilgtl jc fgsigoal sl
slpkrk lj fksks icjnlakbks bla rlergnlrkjtl bljtrc bla
icjbljskbcr y bl lsk fkjlrk gfpgbl la umc, lspligkafljtl
k trkvçs bl acs bgspcsgtgvcs bl lxpkjsgùj (tuocs ikpgakrls c
vëavuaks bl lxpkjsgùj) ikuskjbc k fljubc tkpcjkfgljtcs lj
acs sgstlfks.
Blspuçs bl dkolr pkskbc k trkvçs bla bgspcsgtgvc bl
lxpkjsgùj, la kilgtl jc fgsigoal sl blpcsgtk lj la ecjbc bl acs
tuocs bla lvkpcrkbcr ikuskjbc julvk blnrkbkigùj bla umc y
bl ak trkjselrljigk bl ikacr. Lj kanujcs ikscs ak ekatk bl kilgtl
bl rltcrjc ka icfprlscr pulbl kufljtkr la blsnkstl bl acs
icfpcjljtls y, lj su fcfljtc, nljlrkr blsplrelitcs blogbcs
k ak suokagfljtkigùj bl auorgikjtl.

Fgsigogagbkb icj acs rlergnlrkjtls

rlergnlrkjtls k oksl bl DIEI
Acs ekorgikjtls bl auorgikjtls dkj blskrrcaakbc ujk kfpagk
nkfk bl julvcs auorgikjtls sgjtçtgics k oksl bl pcagcalstlr,
qul dkj sgbc sgjtltgzkbcs lspliæikfljtl pkrk prcpcrigcjkr
ak fgsigogagbkb icj acs DIEs icfc la DIE-;92k, lj lspligka
pkrk ujk kfpagk nkfk bl tlfplrkturks. Acs auorgikjtls
dkj sgbc prcokbcs icj fuidcs nksls rlergnlrkjtls y sl dk
icjstktkbc qul scj fgsigoals icj ak fkycræk bl acs IEI, DIEI
y la DIE-;92k.
Dgnrcsicpgk
Acs auorgikjtls bl pcagcalstlr scj fës dgnrcsiùpgics qul acs
kilgtls fgjlrkals jketçjgics. Yl skturkj kprcxgfkbkfljtl k
fga ppf bl ak duflbkb ktfcseçrgik, lj icfpkrkigùj icj ujks
iglj ppf pkrk acs kilgtls fgjlrkals. Xcr lsk rkzùj jc blolj
lstkr fës bl ;? fgjutcs lxpulstcs ka flbgc kfogljtl pkrk
lvgtkr su skturkigùj bl duflbkb.
Icjtkfgjkigùj
Ls jlilskrgc dkilr dgjikpgç lj la qul la gjtlrgcr bla sgstlfk
bl rlergnlrkigùj blol lstkr rgnurcskfljtl agfpgc lj tcbc
tglfpc. Iukaquglr iaksl bl icjtkfgjkigùj pulbl prcvcikr
blsplrelitcs icjtgjucs y bkûc plrfkjljtl k aks pkrtls
| ;94
fltëagiks gjtlrjks. Fgljtrks qul lj aks aæjlks bl prcbuiigùj

lj eëorgik sl prkitgikj prcilbgfgljtcs
prcilbgfgljtcs fltùbgics bl agfpglzk,
bgspcjgçjbcsl gjiausc bl skaks bl fcjtkmls iagfktgzkbks,
aks gjstkakigcjls qul sl aalvkj k ikoc lj la tlrrljc ikrlilj
jkturkafljtl
jkturkaflj tl bl lstks ekigagbkbls. A k pcsgoal ljtrkbk
ljtrkbk bl kgrl
y bl pcavc iukjbc sl korlj acs lxtrlfcs bl tuocs, vëavuaks y
ctrks pkrtls rlprlsljtkj uj nrkvl plagnrc, pcr lstk rkzùj sl
blol tljlr sufc iugbkbc lj tcbks aks ltkpks pkrk lvgtkr fës
tkrbl icstcsks rlpkrkigcjls.
Ygstlfks fcblrjcs
Dky qul tljlr prlsljtl qul acs sgstlfks fcblrjcs scj fës
susilptgoals k blsplrelitcs ciksgcjkbcs pcr ak icjtkfgjkigùj.
Acs icfprlscrls lstëj icjstrugbcs pkrk tcalrkjigks fës
jks qul dkstk kdcrk, sl dkj kufljtkbc aks vlacigbkbls y aks
tlfplrkturks bl eujigcjkfgljtc. Kblfës, icj ak gjtrcbuiigùj
bl ujgbkbls dlrfçtgiks bl pctljigk ikbk vlz fkycr, la
ocogjkbc bl acs fctcrls
fctcrls tkfogçj lstë lxpulstc k acs
acs plagnrcs
bl acs icjtkfgjkjtls y bkbc qul ak prcpcrigùj bl lalfljtcs
dlrfçtgics lj usc dk kufljtkbc, tkfogçj dk kufljtkbc fës
y fës ak gfpcrtkjigk bl tljlr fkycr iugbkbc lj ak gjstkakigùj.
La icjtkfgjkjtl fës lvgbljtl ls la kgrl dýflbc. Ak duflbkb
y la kgrl prcvcikj ak icrrcsgùj fltëagik kblfës bla rlsuatkbc
fës covgc bl costrugr ak vëavuak bl lxpkjsgùj icj irgstkals

bl dglac. Iukjbc ak gjstkakigùj sl lxtgljbl pcr vkrgcs bæks la
kgrl tgljl kfpagk cpcrtujgbkb bl ljtrkr lj la lxtrlfc koglrtc
bl ak tuolræk bl icorl, lj aks vëavuaks bla icfprlscr y lj la
lvkpcrkbcr, lspligkafljtl lj ak ktfùselrk dýflbk bl uj
lbgigc lj icjstruiigùj.
Flbgbks prlvljtgvks
Xkrk lvgtkr acs prcoalfks qul pakjtlk la kgrl, ls bl sufk
gfpcrtkjigk kbcptkr flbgbks prlvljtgvks lstrgitks. Aks
fgsfks icjsgstlj lj tkpkr acs lxtrlfcs bl acs pujtcs bl icorl
lj ikbk ltkpk, icfpaltkjbc ac fës rëpgbkfljtl la trkokmc
bl ujk sliigùj bl tuolræk y pakjgikjbc icj kjtgigpkigùj, bl
fkjlrk qul, ujk vëavuak bl icfprlscr qulbl koglrtk kpljks
ac suigljtl pkrk icjlitkr ak tuolræk bl icorl. Aks aæjlks bl
icorl blolj purnkrsl icj jgtrùnljc kjtls bl icjlitkrsl ka
sgstlfk y iukjbc sl lmliutl uj lfocqugaakbc blol tkpkrsl sg
jc lstë icjlitkbc gjflbgktkfljtl.
Xcavc
\j plagnrc pkrk la sgstlfk ac rlprlsljtkj tkfogçj aks
pkrtæiuaks bl pcavc, ac iuka sgnjgegik tcbk fktlrgk sùagbk
qul sl dk gjtrcbuigbc k acs tuocs, vëavuaks y ctrks pkrtls
| ;28
koglrtks. Bl julvc, lstk pcsgogagbkb lxgstl lspligkafljtl

iukjbc sl lstëj rlkagzkjbc rljcvkiæcjls c iukjbc sl
lstëj icjstruyljbc acikals julvcs. La pcavc qul sl vl
kiufuakrsl scorl aks suplregigls lxtlrgcrls ls prulok bl
ac qul lstë suilbgljbc kbljtrc sg sl plrfgtl ac fgsfc.
Xkrk gfplbgr lstl rglsnc ls jlilskrgc tkpkr rëpgbkfljtl
aks aæjlks koglrtks,
koglrtks , ksæ icfc lagfgjkr la kgrl lj aks fgsfks.
Fktlrgks lxtrkûks
Ctrc rglsnc ls ak gjtrcbuiigùj bl fktlrgks lxtrkûks blogbc
ka blsiugbc. Xcr lmlfpac, ka agfpgkr acs lxtrlfcs bl acs
tuocs kjtls bl scabkracs pulbl suilblr qul sl blml ljtrkr
agfkburks lj ak tuolræk bl icorl. Covgkfljtl dky qul tcfkr
prlikuigcjls pkrk qul lstc jc ciurrk yk slk dkigljbc la
rlaaljkbc icj ak pujtk bla tuoc kpujtkjbc dkigk kokmc, c sg
lstc jc eulrk pcsgoal, tkpkjbc la tuoc icj uj trkpc agfpgc.
Ctrk lvljtukagbkb ls qul sl utgagil ak scabkburk bl fkjlrk
qul uyk lj lxilsc k trkvç
trkvçs
s bl ak mujtk bla tuoc, bcjbl pulbl
scagbgikrsl ecrfkjbc pkrtæiuaks fùvgals bl bgelrljtl tkfkûc,
sg lstc suilbl lj ak pkrtl bl ak kspgrkigùj, lxgstl uj vlrbkblrc
plagnrc bl qul bgidks pkrtæiuaks ikuslj fuidæsgfc bkûc. Lj
tcbc iksc, la atrc pulbl rlsuatkr costrugbc.
Ecrfkigùj bl icstrks gjtlrjks

Burkjtl ak scabkburk, pulblj prcbuigrsl icstrks gjtlrjks qul
slrëj blspakzkbks pcr la pksc bla rlergnlrkjtl sgljbc lstk
ctrk pcsgoal ikusk bl costruiigùj. Xkrk gfplbgr lstc, blol
gjtrcbuigrsl ujk icaufjk jæsgfk bl jgtrùnljc slic y lxljtk
bl cxænljc bljtrc bl ak tuolræk fgljtrks sl lstë scabkjbc,
lstc lagfgjk la cxænljc l gfpgbl ak ecrfkigùj bl lsikfks.
Gjiausc icj tcbks aks prlikuigcjls qul sl lstçj tcfkjbc
sgnul sgljbc ujk ouljk prëitgik gjslrtkr atrcs bl pkûc lj ak
kspgrkigùj bla icfprlscr pkrk rlicnlr tcbc rlsgbuka rlstkjtl
kjtls bl qul pulbk aalnkr ka icfprlscr. Lstcs atrcs jc blolj
blmkrsl bl fcbc plrfkjljtl, bkbc qul rlstrgjngrëj la umc
bl rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl y blolj rltgr
rltgrkrsl
krsl blspuçs bl fës c fljcs uj
bæk bl usc. Ak ikjtgbkb bl fktlrgk rlicngbk bl lstk fkjlrk ls
prulok lvgbljtl bl su utgagbkb.
Fkjtljgfgljtc
Acs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj blolj gjspliigcjkrsl y
fkjtljlrsl bl fkjlrk rlnuakr y fgjuigcsk. Xkrk fgjgfgzkr aks
lfgsgcjls, la rlergnlrkjtl y la kilgtl blolj slr trkjselrgbcs icj
ak fæjgfk pçrbgbk pcsgoal. Ak erliuljigk bl aks gjspliigcjls y
fkjtljgfgljtc jlilskrgcs blpljbl
blpljbl bl ak gjtljsgbkb bl auz c usc
bla sgstlfk bl ak ikrnk bla rlergnlrkjtl y bla ikrëitlr bla sgstlfk.
| ;2?
Rcbk eunk bltlitkbk blol slr suoskjkbk gjflbgktkfljtl

pkrk lagfgjkr eunks, ak sliigùj icrrlspcjbgljtl ka sgstlfk
blol kgsakrsl y la rlergnlrkjtl qul icjtgljl lstk uatgfk blol
trkjselrgrsl c oglj bljtrc bla sgstlfk c oglj k uj rligpgljtl
bla slrvgigc pkrk rlergnlrkjtl. La fkjtljgfgljtc gjiauyl ujk
vlrgikigùj bl ak blogbk eujigùj y bla rlnakml icrrlitc bl acs
icjtrcals y bgspcsgtgvcs bl slnurgbkb. Aks tkrlks icfpaltks bl
fkjtljgfgljtc sl lxpagikj lj la ikpgtuac.
Bltliigùj bl eunks
Iukjbc sl scsplidl qul uj sgstlfk tgljl eunks, blol
vlrgikrsl ak tctkagbkb bla fgsfc fkriëjbcsl aks eunks
icjstktkbks pkrk su rlitgikigùj, jujik blol supcjlrsl qul
uj sgstlfk tgljl ujk scak eunk.
Ikol jctkr qul aks aëfpkrks bl dkaùj trkbgigcjkals jc
pulblj utgagzkrsl
utgagzk rsl icj acs DEIs ,icfc pcr lmlfpac la _-;92k, pcr
iukjtc
icacr.. Aklxgnlj
icacr ak prlsljigk
bltliigùj bl iacrclpkrk
pulbl lelitukrsl
lelitukrs prcbuigr ujk aakfk
lalitrùjgikfljtl. bl
Fuidcs
sljscrls utgagzkj la bgcbc ikaljtkbc c blsikrnk bl icrcjk
icfc fçtcbc bl bltliigùj. Lstcs sljscrls
sljscrls dkj sgbc kmustkbcs
pkrk flbgr la icjtljgbc bl iacrc. Icj ak gjtrcbuiigùj bl acs
DEI k oksl bl ýcr, la iacrc dk sgbc lagfgjkbc pcr icfpaltc.
Dkilj ekatk kprcxgfkbkfljtl ;?8 pkrtls bl ýcr pkrk gnukakr
k ujk pkrtl bl iacrc. Xcr icjsgnugljtl ls jlilskrgk fuidk

kfpagikigùj pkrk prcbuigbcr
prcbuigbcr ujk slûka bl kakrfk koal.
Eunks bl rlergnlrkjtl
La rlergnlrkjtl lj uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj jujik sl
icjsufl tctkafljtl. Yg sl dk bltlrfgjkbc qul ak ikjtgbkb
bl rlergnlrkjtl lj uj sgstlfk ls okmk, blol vlrgikrsl sg la
sgstlfk tgljl eunks y slnugbkfljtl rlpkrkrac y rlikrnkrac.
Dky vkrgcs prcoalfks qul pulblj pakjtlkrsl lj uj sgstlfk bl
kgrl kicjbgigcjkbc qul tljbrækj acs fgsfcs sæjtcfks qul ujk
eunk bl rlergnlrkjtl. Xcr lmlfpac, la vljtgakbcr, la icfprlscr
y bgvlrscs fkjbcs pcbrækj lstkr eujigcjkjbc plrc la sgstlfk
jc ljeræk, sl blolj bltlrfgjkr sglfprl aks pcsgogagbkbls
kjtls bl prcilblr k ak rlikrnk bl rlergnlrkjtl. \jk ikrnk bl
rlergnlrkjtl qul dk bgsfgjugbc ls prcokoal bl eunks. Knrlnkr
rlergnlrkjtls sgj acikagzkr prgflrc aks eunks y suoskjkraks
icjstgtuyl ujk bl
blsbl la pujtc scauigùj tlfpcrkrgk,Knrlnkr
vgstk kfogljtka. icstcskrlergnlrkjtl
l gjicrrlitk
jc
rlitgikrë
rlitgikrë bl fkjlrk plrfkjljtl ak bgiuatkb. Dky qul trktkr
bl bltlrfgjkr bùjbl sl prcbuil ak eunk kjtls bl rliuplrkr
rlergnlrkjtl pkrk lvgtkr icjtkfgjkr la kgrl igriujbkjtl icj
la rlergnlrkjtl bl uj sgstlfk rligljtlfljtl koglrtc. Ak
prlsljigk bl kilgtl karlblbcr bl ujk mujtk bl ak tuolræk gjbgik
| ;22
dkogtukafljtl qul dky eunks plrc jc dky qul icjsgblrkr

icjsgblrkrac
ac uj
ekitcr bltlrfgjkjtl. Ulrgqul sglfprl la ërlk icj uj bltlitcr
bl eunks.
Aks ikusks bl aks eunks

Rcbk eunk bl rlergnlrkjtl ls prcvcikbk pcr ujk ekaak bla
fktlrgka. La flikjgsfc qul irlk ak ekaak bl fktlrgka ls
ktrgougoal jcrfkafljtl k ujc c fës bl acs sgnugljtls ekitcrls=
Ugorkigùj- Ak vgorkigùj ls uj ekitcr gfpcrtkjtl lj ak ekaak

bl fktlrgka y ls rlspcjskoal bla ljburligfgljtc bla icorl, ak
blskagjlkigùj bl aks slaakburks, la kcmkfgljtc bl acs plrjcs
qul sl krfkj lj acs rlocrbls, lti.
Ikfogcs bl prlsgùj- Acs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj
blpljblj bl acs ikfogcs bl prlsgùj pkrk su eujigcjkfgljtc.
La rçngflj
scorl bla ikfogc
acs bgvlrscs bl prlsgùj
icfpcjljtls bla tgljl bgelrljtls
sgstlfk lelitcs
ac iuka rlsuatk
lj lseulrzcs bla fktlrgka y ujk lxpkjsgùj y icjtrkiigùj
bgelrljigka
bgelrlj igka bla fgsfc.
Ikfogcs bl tlfplrkturk- Acs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj
icjstkj erliuljtlfljtl
erliuljtlfljtl bl fktlrgkals bgelrljtls bl bgelrljtl
lsplscr. Acs rëpgbcs ikfogcs bl tlfplrkturk rlsuatkj
lj lseulrzcs bla fktlrgka y ujk lxpkjsgùj y icjtrkiigùj

bgelrljigka
bgelrlj igka bla fgsfc.
Blsnkstl pcr ergiigùj- Dky fuidcs ikscs bl blsnkstl
pcr ergiigùj qul prcvcikj ekaak bla fktlrgka y pulblj blolrsl
tkjtc icfc k uj trkokmc ka dlidc lj ak tuolræk mk icfc k aks
lfpkqultkburks bl acs tuocs.
Ylaliigùj gjicrrlitk bl fktlrgka- Lj vkrgcs ikscs sl dkj
slaliigcjkbcs vkrgcs fktlrgkals qul scj gjkprcpgkbcs0 pcr
lmlfpac, iglrtcs tgpcs bl fkjnulrks lxgoals kbcalilj bl ujk
gjigbljigk bl eunks icjcigbk y sl dkj utgagzkbc fktlrgkals qul
sl skol qul ekaakj lj bltlrfgjkbks icjbgigcjls bl vgorkigùj,
prlsgùj y ikfogcs bl tlfplrkturk.
Icjtrca bl ikagbkb fkac- K fljcs qul acs fktlrgkals
utgagzkbcs lj la sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj slkj bl ujk jcrfk
lalvkbk y icjstkjtls, acs ikfogcs bl ak vgorkigùj, prlsgùj y
tlfplrkturk prcvcikrëj ekaaks.
Kiigbljtls-
iugbkbc Lstcbl
bl prctlnlr sl kiigbljtls
prcbuil rkrkfljtl plrc dky
k acs sgstlfks qul tljlr
prlsurgzkbcs.
| ;25
Aks prgjigpkals ikusks bl eunk bl rlergnlrkjtl dkj sgbc

bltkaakbks fës krrgok, plrc aks trls ikusks fës icfujls scj=
Ugorkigùj.
Ikfogc bl tlfplrkturk.
Ikfogc bl prlsgùj.
Icfc tcbks lstks ikrkitlræstgiks lstëj prlsljtls lj

acs sgstlfks bl rlergnlrkigùj, ak pcsgogagbkb bl eunks bl
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl blogbks k ekaak bla fktlrgka lstë sglfprl prlsljtl.
Ak euljtl fës prcokoal bl eunks ls ujk mujtk fliëjgik bcjbl
sl ujlj gjvkrgkoalfl
gjvkrgkoalfljtl
jtl fktlrgkals bgelrljt
bgelrljtls.
ls.
Aëfpkrk bl dkaùj
Ak bltliigùj bl eunks fës kfpagkfljtl utgagzkbk pkrk la
slrvgigc bla tlrrljc ls ak aëfpkrk bl dkaùj. Icjsgstl lj uj
lj uj plqulûc tkjqul pcrtëtga bl prcpkjc c nks bl pltrùalc

aæqugbc, ujk fkjnulrk bl gjspliigùj y uj qulfkbcr lspligka
qul icjtgljl uj lalfljtc bl icorl.
La nks kagfljtk ujk plqulûk aakfk lj la qulfkbcr,
prcvcikjbc uj plqulûc vkiæc lj ak fkjnulrk dusflkbcrk.
Iukjbc ak fkjnulrk pksk ilrik bl ujk eunk, la rlergnlrkjtl
ls koscrogbc pcr ak fkjnulrk y sl gjylitk lj la qulfkbcr qul
lstë blokmc bla lalfljtc bl icorl. \jk plqulûk ikjtgbkb bl

rlergnlrkjtl qul sl qulfl lj prlsljigk bla icorl tljbrë uj
icacr vlrbl orgaakjtl.
\jk ikjtgbkb fkycr sl qulfkrë icj ujk aakfk bl icacr
vgcaltk. Ka vlrgikr eunks icj ak aëfpkrk coslrvl sglfprl ak
aakfk pkrk vlr sg lxgstl la fljcs ikfogc bl icacr. Blogbc k su
okmk sljsgogagbkb yk jc sl rlicfgljbk su utgagzkigùj.
Aëfpkrk bl Dkacj
| ;24
Mkoùj
La fçtcbc fës sgfpal y fës kjtgnuc bl bltliigùj bl eunks
ls ak utgagzkigùj bl ouroumks bl mkoùj. Fcml icj mkoùj aæqugbc
c bltlrnljtl la pujtc bcjbl sl scsplidk qul dkyk eunks y
sg aks dky kpkrlilrëj ouroumks. K plskr bl su sgfpagigbkb
la fçtcbc bl ak ouroumk bl mkoùj pulbl slr sufkfljtl ýtga
pkrk bltlrfgjkr ujk eunk qul slk bgeæiga bl acikagzkr
acikagzkr..
Bltliigùj bl eunks pcr fçtcbc bl lspufk bl mkoùj

;27 |Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Bltliigùj lalitrùjgik
La bltlitcr bl eunks lalitrùjgic ls la tgpc fës sljsgoal
bgspcjgoal. Acs dky bl icstc rkzcjkoal y pulbl bltlitkr
bgvlrsks eunks bl ujk erkiigùj bl ;88 ppf, +/- <ppf,
qul k fljubc lsikpkj k ak bltliigùj icj ctrcs fçtcbcs.
Blogbc k su lxtrlfk sljsgogagbkb acs bltlitcrls lalitrùjgics
pulblj utgagzkrsl ýjgikfljtl lj ujk ktfùselrk agfpgk jc
icjtkfgjkbk pcr vkpcr bl rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl jg dufc, jg vkpcr bl
tltrkiacrurc bl ikrocjc jg ctrcs bgscavljtls qul pulbkj bkr
ujk rlkiigùj ekask.
Aëfpkrk bl rkycs uatrkvgcaltk

La fçtcbc bl ak ucrlsiljigk uatrkvgcaltk bltlitk la
fktlrgka (tgjtl trkzkbcr) qul sl knrlnk ka kilgtl auorgikjtl.
Kanujcs kilgtls auorgikjtls lstëj sglfprl flziakbcs icj la
rlergnlrkjtl y iukjbc ak aëfpkrk uatrkvgcaltk kpujtk dkigk
la sgstlfk bcjbl dky ujk eunk, ak trkzk qul lstë lsikpkjbc

orgaakrë. Ak bltliigùj bl eunks pcr ucrlsiljigk flbgkjtl
rkycs uatrkvgcaltk rlvlak ak euljtl lxkitk bl aks eunks bl
rlergnlrkjtl, lstl tgpc bl lqugpc bl vlrgikigùj bl eunks bl
rlergnlrkjtl sl utgagzk ýjgikfljtl lj sgstlfks icj kilgtl
fgjlrka y kilgtls k oksl bl lstlrls. Jc sl rlicfgljbk k ak
| ;<8
auz bgrlitk bla sca lj ak skak bcjbl sl lstë aalvkjbc k ikoc ak

vlrgikigùj bl eunks.
Aks eunks pulblj bltlitkrsl pkskjbc ujk octlaak koglrtk

c ujk icfprgfgoal bl kigbc iacrdæbrgic icjiljtrkbc lj ak
prcxgfgbkb bl ak prlsujtk eunk.
Lj la pujtc bl ak eunk sl ecrfkrë uj dufc oakjic bljsc
bl iacrurc bl kfcjgkic. La pkpla bl tcrjksca rcmc c la bl
eljcaetkalæjk suergrë uj ikfogc bl icacr lj ujk ktfùselrk bl
kfcjgkic sgrvgljbc pkrk kyubkr k bltlitkr plqulûks eunks
bl kfcjgkic.
Aks eunks gfpcrtkjtls qul jc pulblj bltljlrsl lj uj
pakzc rkzcjkoal blolj rlfcmkrsl icj knuk qul koscrolrë
la kfcjgkic l gfplbgrë qul ak ktfùselrk sl icjtkfgjl. Aks
vëavuaks bl acs igagjbrcs pulblj suergr pçrbgbks k trkvçs bl
ak lfpkqultkburk, aks qul pulblj bltljlrsl kprltkjbc ak
tulrik bl ak lfpkqultkburk.
La lqugpc blstgjkbc k ak bltliigùj bl eunks bl kfcjgkic y
bl rlergnlrkjtls k oksl bl ucrcikrocjc ls icfpaltkfljtl
bgelrljtl y jujik blolj icjeujbgrsl. Xcr ac tkjtc, jc ls
pcsgoal utgagzkr ujk aëfpkrk bl vlrgikigùj bl kaùnljc c uj
bltlitcr lalitrùjgic bl eunks pkrk la kfcjgkic.
;<; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Blegjgigcjls
Koscrigùj
Ls ak lxtrkiigùj bl ujc c fës icfpcjljtls bl ujk flziak
bl nksls iukjbc acs nksls y acs aæqugbcs ljtrkj lj icjtkitc.
La prcilsc sl ikrkitlrgzk pcr uj ikfogc lj la lstkbc eæsgic c
quæfgic bl acs icfpcjljtls.
Kicjbgigcjkfgljtc bla kgrl

Icjtrca sgfuatëjlc bl ak tlfplrkturk, duflbkb, icfpcsgigùj,
fcvgfgljtc y bgstrgouigùj bla kgrl pkrk dkilr icjecrtkoal la
ljtcrjc c pkrk jls gjbustrgkals.
Katk, akbc bl
Ak pkrtl bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj qul lstë okmc ak
prlsgùj bla icjbljskbcr.
Okmk, akbc bl
Ak pkrtl bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj qul lstë okmc ak
prlsgùj bla lvkpcrkbcr.
| ;<?
Ikokaac bl eulrzk (dp)

\jgbkb bl pctljigk (c eulrzk)= ; dp 6 >2<,> ^.
Ikokaac bl pctljigk (dp)

\jgbkb bl pctljigk (c eulrzk)= ; dp 6 >2<,> ^.
Ikagbkb
Xcriljtkml (%) lj plsc bl vkpcr lj ujk flziak bl aæqugbc
y vkpcr.
Ikacr
Ecrfk oësgik bl ljlrnæk qul sl ikrkitlrgzk pcr su ikpkigbkb
ikpkigb kb
bl pkskr bl uj iulrpc k ujk tlfplrkturk bkbk ýjgikfljtl
k uj iulrpc k ujk tlfplrkturk gjelrgcr. Xulbl fkjgelstkrsl
icfc ikacr sljsgoal c ikacr aktljtl. Ak ujgbkb, lj gjnljglræk,
ls la mcual, M.
Ikacr bl icjbljskigùj (agiulekiigùj)

Ljlrnæk tçrfgik prcbuigbk
prcbuigbk pcr uj vkpcr c nks purc burkjtl la
ikfogc k uj lstkbc aæqugbc k tlfplrkturk y prlsgùj icjstkjtls.
;<9 | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Ikacr aktljtl
Ljlrnæk tçrfgik agolrkbk
agolrkbk c koscrogbk lj uj ikfogc bl lstkbc
k tlfplrkturk y prlsgùj icjstkjtls bl ujk sustkjigk purk.
La slr dufkjc jc pulbl plrigograc icj sus sljtgbcs y pcr ac
tkjtc sl bgil qul ls uj ikacr aktljtl u ciuatc.
Ikacr sljsgoal
Ljlrnæk tçrfgik qul sl ikrkitlrgzk pcr la ikfogc bl ak
tlfplrkturk y pcr, ac tkjtc, la slr dufkjc pulbl plrigograc
icj sus sljtgbcs.
Ikfogc bl lstkbc
Xrcilsc pcr la qul ak fktlrgk ikfogk bl uj lstkbc k ctrc
icfc, pcr lmlfpac, bla lstkbc sùagbc ka aæqugbc, c bla lstkbc
aæqugbc ka nkslcsc c ka bl vkpcr.
Ikpkigbkb
Ak ikjtgbkbtçrfgik
bl ljlrnæk tçrfgik jlilskrgk pkrk lalvkr ak
tlfplrkturk bl ujk fksk bl fktlrgka lj uj nrkbc.
| ;<2
Igiac
Rrkylitcrgk ilrrkbk lj uj sgstlfk tlrfcbgjëfgic pcr ak qul
la ugbc kitgvc rltcrjk blspuçs bl ujk slrgl bl ikfogcs k
aks icjbgigcjls crgngjkals bl tlfplrkturk, prlsgùj y ljtkapæk.
Iagfktgzkigùj
Icjtrca sgfuatëjlc bl ak tlfplrkturk, duflbkb, icfpcsgigùj,
fcvgfgljtc y bgstrgouigùj bla kgrl pkrk dkilr icjecrtkoal la
ljtcrjc c pkrk jls gjbustrgkals.
Icligljtl bl rljbgfgljtc
Flbgbk bl ak ligljigk bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj.
Jufçrgikfljtl,
Jufçrg ikfljtl, ak ikjtgbkb bl ikacr
ikac r lxtrkæbk bla rlergnlrkbcr,
rlergnlrkbcr,
bgvgbgbk pcr la nkstc bl trkokmc.
Icligljtl bl trkjselrljigk tçrfgik
Ikjtgbkb bl ikacr trkjsfgtgbc k trkvçs bl uj iulrpc bl

acjngtub y ërlk
ërlk bl sliigùj trkjsvlrska ujgtkrgc lj ; ujgbkb
ujgbkb bl
tglfpc, iukjbc la nrkbgljtl tçrfgic k ac akrnc bl ak bgfljsgùj
acjngtubgjka ls bl ; ujgbkb. Yl lxprlsk icfýjfljtl lj ^/
f?@ y aks altrks utgagzkbks k fljubc scj @ c vkacr \.
;<< | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Icjbljskbcr
_ligpgljtl c bgspcsgigùj bl tuocs lj la qul la vkpcr ikagljtl
sl ljeræk y sl agiuk pcr lxtrkiigùj bla ikacr.
Icjbljskbcr ljergkbc pcr lvkpcrkigù

lvkpcrkigùjj
Icjbljskbcr qul sl ljeræk pcr ak lvkpcrkigùj icjtgjýk bl
knuk scorl aks suplrigls icjbljskbcrks.
Icjbuiigùj
La prcilsc bl trksfgsgùj bl ikacr bl fcaçiuak k fcaçiuak k
trkvçs bl uj fktlrgka.
Icjbuitgvgbkb tçrfgik
Iukjbc dky bgelrljigks bl tlfplrkturk lj tcbk fktlrgk, la
ikacr uyl bl aks rlngcjls ikagljtls k aks eræks dkstk qul aks
tlfplrkturks sl dkilj gnukals. Ak icjbuitgvgbkb tçrfgik
sl lxprlsk lj A 6 ^/F`. Xcr lmlfpac, la kgsakfgljtc bl

pcagurltkjc vkræk ljtrl 8,8;> y 8,8?> ^/F`.
Icjtrkicrrgljtl
Gjtlrikfogc bl ikacr ljtrl bcs ugbcs qul uylj lj
bgrliigcjls cpulstks bl fkjlrk qul ak pcrigùj fës ikagljtl
bl uj ugbc sl ljiuljtrk icj ak pcrigùj fës ikagljtl bla ctrc.
| ;<5
Icjvliigùj
La prcilsc bl trkselrljigk bl ikacr pcr la fcvgfgljtc bl nks,
vkpcr c aæqugbc ikaljtkbc.
Bljsgbkb
Xlsc c fksk pcr ujgbkb bl
b l vcauflj0 sl lxprlsk dkogtukafljtl
lj `n. /f9
Ljlrnæk gjtlrjk
Ljlrnæk qul pcsll uj iulrpc c uj sgstlfk bl iulrpcs lj
vgrtub bl fcvgfgljtcs y ak ljlrnæk pctljigka bl aks fcaçiuaks.
Ljergkbcr bl skafulrk
Lvkpcrkbcr pkrk ljergkr ak skafulrk flbgkjtl ak lvkpcrkigùj
Lvkpcrkbcr
bl uj rlergnlrkjtl prgfkrgc.
Ljtkapæk
Bljcfgjkbk gnukafljtl icjtljgbc bl ikacr y ikacr tctka, ls
ak sufk bl ak ljlrnæk gjtlrjk fës la prcbuitc bl ak prlsgùj
pcr la vcauflj. Ygrvl lspliæikfljtl pkrk bltlrfgjkr ak
ljlrnæk kbqugrgbk c plrbgbk pcr uj ugbc kitgvc ka pkskr k
trkvçs bl ujk pglzk bl uj kpkrktc0
kp krktc0 bgidk ljlrnæk ls la ikfogc
bl ljtkapæk bla ugbc.
;<> | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
Lj gjnljglræk, ak ujgbkb bl ak ljtkapæk `M/`n sl rlprlsljtk

pcr ‑A‖ c, fks icfýjfljtl, pcr ‑D‖.
Lvkpcrkbcr
Icfpcjljtl bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj lj la qul la
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl aæqugbc koscrol
kos crol la ikacr y sl ikfogk k vkpcr.
vkpcr.
Lvkpcrkbcrr gjujbkbc
Lvkpcrkbc
Lvkpcrkbcr lj la qul aks suplrigls bl trkjselrljigk
tçrfgik lstëj sglfprl duflbligbks pcr ak lvkpcrkigùj bla
rlergnlrkjtl
rlergnlrkjtl aæqugbc.
Eksl
Lj la sljtgbc eæsgic,
eæsgic, sl kpgak k ujc bl acs lstkbcs bl ak fktlrgk
icfc, pcr lmlfpac, ak eksl sùagbk, aæqugbk c nkslcsk.
‑Eaksd nks‖ (nks blsprljbgbc burkjtl la ljergkfgljtc bla

aæqugbc rlergnlrkjtl)
La vkpcr ecrfkbc icfc rlsuatkbc bl ujk rlbuiigùj lj ak
prlsgùj bl uj aæqugbc vcaëtga qul jc tgljl suoljergkfgljtc.
Nks blsprljbgbc burkjtl la ljergkfgljtc bla agqugbc
rlergnlrkjtl (‑Eaksd nks‖)
| ;<4
La vkpcr ecrfkbc icfc rlsuatkbc bl ujk rlbuiigùj lj ak

prlsgùj bl uj aæqugbc vcaëtga qul jc tgljl suoljergkfgljtc.
Nrkbc bl scorlikaljtkfgljtc
Ak bgelrljigk ljtrl ak tlfplrkturk bl uj vkpcr skturkigùj k
bgidk prlsgùj.
Dgbrùfltrc
Gjstrufljtc pkrk flbgr ak nrkvlbkb lspliæik c ak bljsgbkb
bl uj aæqugbc.
Duflbkb koscautk
Xlsc bla vkpcr bl knuk lj ujk flziak icj ; ujgbkb bl plsc
bl kgrl. Yl lxprlsk dkogtukafljtl icfc `n bl vkpcr / `n bl
kgrl slic.
Duflbkb rlaktgvk
_lakigùj ljtrl ak prlsgùj pkrigka bla vkpcr bl knuk lj la kgrl
k ujk tlfplrkturk bkbk y ak prlsgùj bl skturkigùj bla vkpcr
bl knuk k ak fgsfk tlfplrkturk. Lstk rlakigùj jc blpljbl
bl ak prlsgùj ktfcseçrgik.
Gjtlrikfogkbcrr bl ikacr
Gjtlrikfogkbc
;<7 |Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls
tlfplrkturk gjelrgcr.
Gjtlrikfogkbcr tçrfgic
tlfplrkturk
tlfplrkturk gjelrgcr
Akbc bl katk
Ak pkrtl bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkigùj
kigùj qul lstë okmc ak
prlsgùj bla icjbljskbcr.
Akbc bl okmk
Ak pkrtl bl uj sgstlfk bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkigùj
kigùj qul lstë okmc ak
prlsgùj bla lvkpcrkbcr.
Aly bl Bkatcj
Ak prlsgùj tctka bl ujk flziak bl nksls lj uj rligpgljtl
ilrrkbc ls ak sufk bl aks prlsgcjls qul ikbk nks slpkrkbc
lmlrilræk sg acs ctrcs jc lstuvglrkj prlsljtls.
| ;58
Agiulekiigùj (ikacr bl icjbljskigùj)

Ljlrnæk tçrfgik prcbuigbk pcr uj vkpcr c nks purc burkjtl
la ikfogc k uj lstkbc aæqugbc k tlfplrkturk y prlsgùj
icjstkjtls.
Flziaks
Yl utgagzk pkrk blsirgogr fgxturks qul scj zlctrùpgiks c iksg
kzlctrùpgiks. Aks flziaks scj fgxturks y jc icfpulstcs
purcs. Xcr ac tkjtc, pulbl dkolr bcs c trls fcaçiuaks prlsljtls
prlsljt ls
fgljtrks qul lj uj icfpulstc purc dky ujk scak fcaçiuak.
Flziak kzlctrùpgi
kzlctrùpgik
k
Flziak iuyks eksls aæqugbk y nkslcsk tgljl ak fgsfk
pulbl slr kzlctrùpgik ýjgikfljtl k ujk tlfplrkturk. K acs

lelitcs prëitgics, sg ka ikfogkr ak tlfplrkturk, la ikfogc
lj ak icfpcsgigùj bla kzlùtrcpc ls uj plqulûc, sl pulbl
Flziak zlctrùpgik/jc kzlctrùpgik
icfpcsgigcjls bl vkpcr y aæqugbc icj ak tlfplrkturk.

tlfplrkturk. Yl lvkpcrk
y sl icjbljsk bljtrc bl ujk nkfk bl tlfplrkturk. Acs iëaiuacs
y la bgslûc bl ak ujgbkb blolj tljlr lstc lj iuljtk. Yl aakfk

tkfogçj ‑flziak bl kfpagcs pujtcs bl louaagigùj‖.
Xctljigk
Ljlrnæk (eulrzk) pcr ujgbkb bl tglfpc0 aks ujgbkbls qul sl
utgagzkj lj gjnljglræk scj=
La ikokaac bl pctljigk= dp0 la `gacvktgc= @w.
@w.
Xrlsgùj
Ak eulrzk lmlrigbk pcr uj ugbc scorl ; ujgbkb bl suplrigl
bl ak pkrlb bl uj rligpgljtl. \jgbkbls utgagzkbks lj gjnljglræk=
okr, pk y tcrr (ff Dn).
Xrlsgùj koscautk
Xrlsgùj qul scorlpksk k uj vkiæc koscautc c plrelitc.
Jufçrgikfljtl, ls ak prlsgùj fkjcfçtrgik fës ak prlsgùj
okrcfçtrgik lxprlskbk lj okrls, psgk.
Xrlsgùj irætgik
Ak prlsgùj coslrvkbk lj la pujtc irætgic bl ujk sustkjigk.
| ;5?
Xrlsgùj pkrigka
Erkiigùj bl ak prlsgùj tctka bl ujk flziak bl nksls qul
kpcrtk bltlrfgjkbc icfpcjljtl.
Xrcpglbkbls tlrfcbgjëfgiks
Ak rlakigùj ljtrl ak tlfplrkturk, ak prlsgùj, la vcauflj lspliæic,
ak ljtkapæk y ak ljtrcpæk bl uj ugbc okmc bgvlrsks icjbgigcjls.
Xujtc irætgic
\j pujtc bl lstkbc lj la qul la lstkbc aæqugbc y la nkslcsc
tgljlj prcpglbkbls gbçjtgiks.
Xujtc bl eusgùj
Ak tlfplrkturk k ak qul, k ujk prlsgùj bkbk, ujk sustkjigk
sùagbk pksk ka lstkbc aæqugbc.
_lergnlrkjtl
_lergnlrkjtlqul
Rcbc ugbc prgfkrgc
sl utgagzk lj uj igiac tlrfcbgjëfgic pkrk
rlfcvlr la ikacr bla lvkpcrkbcr y aalvkrac ka icjbljskbcr
bcjbl ls lagfgjkbc.
_lergnlrkjtl
_lergnlrkjtl sliujbkrgc
Rcbc ugbc qul sl utgagzk pkrk trkjsfgtgr ikacr bl ac qul dk bl
ljergkrsl dkigk la lvkpcrkbcr.
Ykafulrk
Ycauigùj kiucsk bl skals, qul tgljlj uj pujtc bl icjnlakigùj
gjelrgcr ka bla knuk purk. Ksgfgsfc, iukaquglr aæqugbc qul sl
utgagzk lj la sgstlfk bl rlergnlrkigùj pkrk trkjselrgr ikacr.
Ykafulrk lutçitgik
Ycauigùj icfpulstk pcr ujk c fës sustkjigks bgsulatks
lj knuk lj prcpcrigcjls tkals qul sl cotgljl la pujtc bl
icjnlakigùj fës okmc pcsgoal. Ak skafulrk lutçitgik icjtgljl
?9.9% bl iacrurc bl scbgc slic y sl icjnlak k -?< ¸I. Ak
skafulrk lutçitgik bl iacrurc bl ikaigc icjtgljl ?7,5% bl
iacrurc bl ikaigc kjdæbrgbc y sl icjnlak k -<; ¸I.
Ygstlfk bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkigùj
kigùj pcr koscrigùj
Ygstlfk lj la qul ak icfprlsgùj bla rlergnlrkjtl sl prciurk
pcr flbgcs tçrfgics. Lstc sl acnrk dkogtukafljtl pcr uj
ugbc koscroljtl qul ikpturk la rlergnlrkjtl vkpcrgzkbc,
rlbuigljbc su vcauflj pcr ikfogc bl eksl, utgagzkjbc ujk
plqulûk ocfok pkrk lalvkr acs ugbcs icfogjkbcs k ak
| ;52
prlsgùj bl icjbljskigùj, blstgakjbc la rlergnlrkjtl bla ugbc

koscroljtl flbgkjtl la ikacr y ljvgkjbc la vkpcr rlergnlrkjtl
eulrk bla icjbljskbcr y dkigljbc vcavlr la ugbc koscroljtl
ka koscrolbcr.
Ygstlfk bl rlergnlr
rlergnlrkigùj
kigùj pcr icfprlsgùj
Ygstlfk lj la qul la nks c la vkpcr rlergnlrkjtl sl icfprgflj
flbgkjtl uj bgspcsgtgvc fliëjgic.
Yuoljergkfgljtc
La ljergkfgljtc bl uj aæqugbc pcr blokmc bl su tlfplrkturk
bl icjbljskigùj c skturkigùj.
Yuoagfkigùj
La ikfogc bl lstkbc bl uj sùagbc qul pksk bgrlitkfljtl ka
lstkbc nkslcsc sgj pkskr pcr ak eksl aæqugbk.
Rlfplrkturk koscautk
Ls ak tlfplrkturk qul scorlpksk la ilrc tlrfcbgjëfgic, qul
ls ak tlfplrkturk lj ak qul jc dky jgjnujk ljlrnæk tçrfgik.
Jufçrgikfljtl, ls ak tlfplrkturk lj nrkbcs Ilasgus
suplrgcr k -?>9,;< ¸I.
Ak tlfplrkturk koscautk sl lxprlsk dkogtukafljtl lj nrkbcs
@lavgj 8¸ @6-?>9,;< ¸I
Rlfplrkturk irætgik
Ak tlfplrkturk coslrvkbk lj la pujtc irætgic bl ujk sustkjigk.
Rlfplrkturk bl skturkigùj
Ak tlfplrkturk k ak qul ak eksl agqugbk lstë k ak tlfplrkturk
y prlsgùj lspligikbks.
\jgbkb tçrfgik ’YG

Ak ljlrnæk tçrfgik jlilskrgk pkrk lalvkr lj ; nrkbc Ilasgus ak
tlfplrkturk bl ; `gacnrkfc bl knuk lj lstkbc aæqugbc, ujgbkb qul
ls suigljtlfljtl prligsk pkrk iëaiuacs jcrfkals bl gjnljglræk.
Uëavuak bl lxpkjsgùj
Uëavuak qul icjtrcak la umc bla rlergnlrkjtl bl katk prlsgùj
dkigk la lvkpcrkbcr.
Ukpcr
Lstl tçrfgjc sl kpagik k uj nks qul lstë ilrikjc ilrikjc k ak
tlfplrkturk y k ak prlsgùj bl skturkigùj. Lj nljlrka, sl
utgagzk pkrk nksls k tlfplrkturks gjelrgcrls
gjelrgcrls k ak irætgik.
| ;55
Ukpcr skturkbc
Ukpcr qul lstë lj lqugagorgc icj su eksl agqugbk k ak
tlfplrkturk y prlsgùj lspligiks.
Ukpcr scorlikaljtkbc
Ukpcr iuyk tlfplrkturk ls fës lalvkbk qul ak tlfplrkturk
bl skturkigùj pkrk ak prlsgùj lspligikbk.

-------------
Ogoagcnrkeæk
-Kpujtls Elblrgic Fkstrcjkrbg, Lstubgkjtl <tc kûc Gjnljglræk
Fliëjgik, \RJ E_K.
-Kpujtls Gjnljglrc Fliëjgic Elrjkjbc Ikiigkvgaagkjg, \RJ E_K.
-Fkric Ikablrùj (s.e.). ‑Fkjuka Ouljks Xrëitgiks lj _lergnlrkigùj‖.
YLKF/XJ\B/XJ\FK

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;rk. Lbgigùj. Ak Xaktk= Crnkjgsfc Xrcvgjigka pcr la Blskrrcaac Ycstljgoal, ?8?;

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;; | Ergncrgstks y sus nljlrkagbkbls

Ka erljkr ak agolrkigùj bl ak rkbgkigùj qul prcvcik la

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y dkil qul akk su

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Xrctcicac bl Fcjtrlka qul sl rfù lj slptglforl bl ;74>.

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