Time Management

 Time management is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time
between different activities. Get it right, and you'll end up working smarter, not harder, to
get more done in less time – even when time is tight and pressures are high. The highest
achievers manage their time exceptionally well

Time management is the ability to plan and control how someone spends the hours in a day to
accomplish his or her goals effectively. This involves deal with time between the domains of
life: work, home, social life, and hobbies. It is important to establish clear goals and priorities in
order to set aside non-essential tasks that can waste time, and to monitor where the time
actually goes.

EXAMPLE: I have managed my time by differentiate them/ by grouping them between school,
family & friend, me time, study and of course church by using this method I'm able to do things
as I want. And because of this I'm proud to say that I use my time wisely.

Note Taking Methods

Cornell Method: provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without
laborious recopying. After writing the notes in the main space, use the left-hand space to label
each idea and detail with a key word or “cue.”

 Advantages: Organized and systematic for recording and reviewing notes. The Cornell
Method has an easy format for pulling out major concepts and ideas. It is simple and
efficient. Saves time and effort. “Do it right in the first place system.”

 Disadvantages: None When to use: In any lecture situation.

Outlining Method: Recording the main ideas of the lecture to the left margin of the page in
your exercise book. Indent more specific information underneath and further indent examples.
Dash or indented outlining is usually best except for some science classes such as physics or
math.

The information which is most general begins at the left with each more specific group of facts
indented with spaces to the right. The relationships between the different parts are carried out
through indenting.

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 No numbers, letters, or Roman numerals are needed.

 Advantages: Well organized system if done right. Outlining records content, as well as
relationships. It also reduces editing and is easy to review by tutoring main points into
questions.

*This format helps you to visually track your lecture regardless of the conditions. Little thinking
is needed and relationships can easily be seen.

 Disadvantages: Requires more thought in class for accurate organization. This system
may not show relationships by sequence when needed. It doesn’t lend to diversity for a
review or for maximum learning and question application. This system cannot be used
if the lecture is too fast.

Charting Method: If the format is distinct (such as chronological), you may set up your paper
by drawing columns and labeling appropriate headings in a table.

Charting is a good strategy for courses that require comparisons/contrasts of specific dates,
places, people, events, importance and how the information relates.

Advantages: Helps you track conversation and dialogues where you would normally be
confused and lose out on relevant content. Reduces amount of writing necessary.Provides an
easy review mechanism for both memorization of facts and study of comparisons and
relationships.

EXAMPLE:I use outlining and From my point of view and personal experience I think outlining
Method is the best because it's easy to navigate what you write and study.

Study Skills
*There are 3 types of study skills these are

 Before Class: This strategy provides familiarity with terms, ideas and concepts
discussed in lecture and leads to an active role in your own learning.

 During Class: Depending on the type of class and personal learning style, you will
develop your own method of taking notes.

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  After Class Immediately after class, remain in the classroom or find a quiet space close
by and review notes.

EXAMPLE most of the time I use the after class program because it helps me to understand more and
not to forget what I learn in that particular day. and sometimes I use before class program for some
particular subjects like mathematics and physics.

Test Anxiety
 Test anxiety is a negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical
tension and by apprehension about a test/exam going to take place in the future. It can
be a subjective sense of unease, a set of behaviors (looking worried and anxious or
fidgeting), or a physiological response originating in the brain and reflected in elevated
heart rate and muscle tension due to negative thinking of taking a test.

Test anxiety is actually a type of performance anxiety a feeling someone might have in a
situation where performance really counts or when the pressure's on to do well.

EXAMPLE: I have performance anxiety just before trying out for the singing a solo on stage,,
stepping onto the platform in a diving meet, or going into an important interview.

 And also when I get a serious anxiety and a bit nervous about something my nose starts
to bleed this thing happens because of whenever I get in that situation my heart rate
will be elevated and I do get problems to breath and this results the nose bleed.

Overcoming test anxiety

These are some overcoming test anxiety methods

 Learn how to study efficiently, Study early and in similar places, establish a consistent
pretest routine, Talk to your teacher, Learn relaxation techniques, don’t forget to eat
and drink, Get some exercise, Get plenty of sleep.

EXAMPLE: I overcome my test anxiety by gaining confidence and by studying in similar places.

Test-taking skills
Test-taking skills are cognitive skills that allow students to undertake any test-taking situation
in an appropriate manner, and to know what to do before, during, and after the test.

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 There are some suggestions that can help students in doing tests.

1. Attend all classes

2. Take organized and clear lecture notes

3. Plan your study time and set study goals

4. Practice predicting and answering test questions.

5. Learn test-taking terms and strategies.

EXAMPLE: I use SQ3R(survey, question, read, revise and recite)

Career development skills

 Career development is a lifelong continuous process of planning implementing and
managing one’s learning, work and leisure in order to achieve life objectives.

EXAMPLE: I develop can it by volunteering in a different aspects it doesn’t have be a work related
voluntarism it can be simply helping peoples to cross the street by doing so you can learn patience
and also by attending work related internship.

Goal setting
 Goal-setting is the process of taking active steps to achieve your desired outcome. Each
one of these outcomes involves setting and reaching small (and big!) goals. Each of
these major goals can be broken down into smaller, more attainable goals that will
propel you towards success.

*In the process of goal setting, goals should be straightforward and emphasize what the
individual want to happen in his/her life. The goal should be specific, measurable, action,
realistic and time-bound (SMART).

 Hellriegel, Slocum, Woodman and Martens (1992; 1987) found the following to be the
most important purposes of goal setting:

• Guide and direct behavior

• Provide clarity

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 • Provide challenges and standards

• Reflect on what the goal setters consider important

• Help to improve performance.

• Increase the motivation to achieve

• Help increase pride and satisfaction in achievements

• Improve self-confidence

• Help to decrease negative attitude

EXAMPLE:I have my goals set long before I joined university there is one thing for sure that
happens whenever I started planning for my goal and future which is time is relevant we have to
update and upgrade our goal that’s why I gave permanent and upgradable goals which everyday
motivates me to study hard and fulfill my goal.

Cultural diversity and diversity management

 The term “culturally diverse” is often used interchangeably with the concept of
“multiculturalism.”

Multiculturalism: is a system of beliefs and behaviors that recognizes and respects the
presence of all diverse groups in an organization or society, acknowledges and values their
socio cultural differences, and encourages and enables their continued contribution within an
inclusive cultural context which empowers all within the organization or society

Diversity management: The key to manage diversity is to capitalize more effectively on our
capacity for multiple social identities. All individuals have multicultural heritage, and all of us
are capable of juggling multiple identities across a lifetime (Seelye & Wasilewski, 1996). Hence,
to manage cultural diversities and live with others in harmony, we need to;

• Increase level of understanding about each other‘s cultures by interacting with people
outside of one‘s own culture

• Avoid imposing values on one other that may conflict or be inconsistent with cultures.

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• When interacting with others who may not be proficient in one‘s language, recognize that
their limitations in the language proficiency in no way reflects their level of intellectual
functioning.

•Recognize and understand that concepts within the helping profession, such as family, gender
roles, spirituality, and emotional well-being, vary significantly among cultures and influence
behavior.

• Within the workplace, educational setting, and/or clinical setting, advocate for the use of
materials that are representative of the various cultural groups within the local community
and the society in general.
• Intervene in an appropriate manner when you observe others engaging in behaviors that
show cultural insensitivity, bias, or prejudice.

•Being proactive in listening, accepting, and welcoming people and ideas that are different
from your own

EXAMPLE:

Gender & social inclusion

 Gender inclusion is a concept that transcends mere equality. It’s the notion that all
services, opportunities, and establishments are open to all people and that male and
female stereotypes do not define societal roles and expectations.

 Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups
take part in society-improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of those
disadvantaged on the basis of their identity

EXAMPLE:I think there is a non-gender inclusion still now in our country and its getting
better and better nowadays but there are more work to do.

Conflict and conflict resolution

 A conflict is a struggle and a clash of interest, opinion, or even principles. Conflict will
always be found in society; as the basis of conflict may vary to be personal, racial, class,
caste, political and international.

•It's simply a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one.

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Conflict resolution: It is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating
the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution. There are many types of conflict resolution
methods

Mediation:The goal of mediation is for a neutral third party to help disputants come to a
consensus on their own

Arbitration: A neutral third party serves as a judge who is responsible for resolving the
dispute.

Litigation: The most familiar type of dispute resolution, civil litigation typically involves a
defendant facing off against a plaintiff before either a judge or a judge and jury.

EXAMPLE: if I have a conflict of interest with the society I may use one of the above conflict
resolution methods because they are easy to solve a problem and navigate it.

Interpersonal communication skill

 It is the process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through
verbal and non-verbal messages. It is face-to-face communication. Interpersonal skills
can be defined broadly as “those skills which one needs in order to communicate
effectively with another person or a group of people.

EXAMPLE: Interpersonal communication skill is growing rapidly as I get older because in every
day to day activity we meet at least one person and we communicate and share information
with them and that improve my Interpersonal communication skill

Reacting to social influence

 By definition, social influence occurs when one person (the source) engages in some
behavior (such as persuading, threatening, promising, or issuing orders) that causes
another person (the target) to behave differently from how he or she would otherwise
behave. Various outcomes can result when social influence is attempted. In some cases,
the influencing source may produce attitude change - a change in the target‘s beliefs
and attitudes about some issue, person, or situation. Attitude change is a fairly common
result of social influence.

EXAMPLE:

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 Handling Peer pressure
Peer pressure is the influence to go along with the beliefs and actions of one‘s peers. Peer
pressure may be positive when it inspires a person to do something worthwhile. The desire to
fit in and feel like you are part of a group is normal, and most people feel this way sometimes,
especially in the teen and young adult years.

EXAMPLE: I used to think handling peer pressure will be hard but it isn’t I just need to be solid in
my decision Assertiveness
Assertiveness is a communication style. It is being able to express your feelings, thoughts, beliefs,
and opinions in an open manner that does not violate the rights of others. Assertiveness is about
having confidence in yourself, a positive attitude about yourself and towards others, and it is
about behaving towards others in a way which is direct and honest.

EXAMPLE:my friend is a very assertive person which is why he has no problem in expressing his
feelings and emotion. Team Work
Teams are groups of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose
and hold themselves mutually accountable for its achievement. Ideally, they develop a distinct
identity and work together in a coordinated and mutually supportive way to fulfill their goal or
purpose.

EXAMPLE: we used to work our assignment and group work as a team which helped us in being

successful . Overcoming Risky Behaviors

Taking risks is fairly common in adolescence. Yet, overcoming risky behaviors can be associated
with serious, long-term, and–in some cases–life-threatening consequences. This is especially the
case when adolescents engage in more than one harmful behavior. A more powerful and cost-
effective approach may be to employ strategies designed to address factors associated with
multiple risky behaviors.

EXAMPLE: in my opinion the only way to overcome risky behavior is to know when to take a risk
and not to.

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