International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296

A Literature Review on Anti-Strip Additives in

Asphalt Mixture
Shajib Kumar Guha1, Ashok Kumar2

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur-831014, Jharkhand, India

Abstract: The loss of bond between aggregates and asphalt binder that generally begins at the bottom of the HMA layer and progresses
upward is known to be stripping of pavement. Stripping has been existent since the advent of paving technology. It causes functional
weakening of pavements leading to costly repairs. Adhesion of bitumen onto aggregate is explained based on theories like mechanistic
tenacity, molecular orientation, chemical reaction, and thermodynamic balance of interfacial forces. Stripping is elucidated using
several mechanisms namely, displacement, detachment, spontaneous emulsification, bitumen film rupture, water pore pressure,
hydraulic scouring, chemical disbonding, microbial activity, osmosis; and blistering and pitting. Chemical composition of aggregates is
also an important factor of the occurrence. In this paper we have discussed the mechanism of stripping, causes of stripping and finally
the solution. Different Anti strip additives may minimize the severity of stripping based on their properties and workability. The goal of
this paper is to introduce the readers with different anti strip additives and their workability in a simple way.

Keywords: Stripping, Anti strip additives, Effect, Agent

1. Introduction and is not yet fully understood, mineralogy and chemical

Moisture damage is the loss of strength and stiffness of
asphalt mixtures caused by the existence of moisture. The
propagation of moisture damage generally occurs through
two main mechanisms: the loss of adhesion (stripping) and
loss of cohesion (softening). The loss of adhesion occurs
between the aggregate and surrounding asphalt binder film,
while the loss of cohesion occurs within the asphalt binder
itself. Although moisture damage is not a failure mode, it
leads to and accelerates several pavement distresses such as
rutting, raveling, shoving, and bleeding. The loss of bond
between aggregates and asphalt binder that typically begins
at the bottom of the HMA layer and progresses upward.
When stripping begins at the surface and progresses
downward it is usually called raveling. The aggregate–
asphalt binder bond is enhanced through one of three main
mechanisms: improvement of aggregate surface; reduction
of asphalt binder surface tension, which promotes asphalt
binder spreading through the aggregate; and improvement of
chemical properties of both aggregate and asphalt binder.
composition of theaggregate havebeen established as
important contributing factors (Roberts et al., 1996[1]).
Ingeneral, some aggregates have an affinity for water over
asphalt (hydrophilic). These aggregatestend to be acidic and
suffer from stripping after exposure to water. On the other
hand, some aggregates have an affinity forasphalt over water
(hydrophobic). These aggregates tend to be basicand do not
suffer from stripping problems. Additionally, an aggregate’s
surface charge when incontact with water will affect its
adhesion to asphalt cement and its susceptibility to moisture
damage. In sum, aggregate surface chemistry seems to be an
important factor in stripping. However, specific cause-effect
relationships are still being established.
Key factors determine the severity of stripping potential
in pavement
1. Aggregate mineralogical composition
2. Asphalt chemical characteristics
3. Aggregate cleanliness
4. Mix design
5. Construction quality
6. Pavement drainage condition
7. Climatic condition

2. Mechanism
Stripping in asphalt pavement results from the failure of the
asphalt aggregate adhesion bond dueto the presence of
water. The location of this failure (in the interface region) is
crucial to understandthe mechanism of stripping.Some major
mechanisms that lead to stripping are described below:

Weak Adhesion Bond-Lack of Bonding Sites on Aggregate

Surface:The adhession bond maybe weak due to the lack of
interensic chemical interaction between the aggregate and
asphalt. Theelectron donor-accptor bondung between asphalt
Fatigue: cracking caused by stripping at the bottom HMA and aggregate can be weakened or even reversed by water.
This is a known failure mechanism in other material
Although the displacement of asphalt on the aggregate systems.
particle surface by water (stripping) is acomplex phenomena
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Paper ID: ART201963 DOI: 10.21275/ART201963 438
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296
Naturally Emulsifiable Asphalt Leading to Unstable
Adhesion: Because of the composition orbalance of
constituents some asphalts are unstable in water and tend to
form stable emulsions. This asphalt type is expected to form
unstable interface with aggregates in the presence of water.
This has been found to cause water stripping.
Soluable Cations Forming Displaceabe Soap at Aggregate-
Asphalt Interface: Most aggregates contain a large
concentration of soluable ions that are leachable in water.
These ions are known to form soaps (with asphalt carboxyl)
at asphalt-aggregate interface. These soaps aredisplaceable
and can cause water stripping. Evidence is present to support
better performance of experimental pavements made with
thoroughly washed and dried aggregates.
Aggregate With Weak Boundary Layers: It has been
demonstrated by Podoll that the locationof failure of some
asphalt-aggregate pairs occurs in the aggrgade side of the
bond. The responsible weak boundary layer may be
interinsic to the aggregate or can be developed by surface
complexation as described below.
Dissolution of Aggregate-Asphalt Surface Complexes:The
exterior surface layers of aggregatemay be weakened due to
the formation of complexes between the aggregate surface
sites and asphalt surface groups. These complexes are
known to dissociate and dissolve from the aggregatesurface.
For different asphalt-aggregate pairs a combination of
mechanisms may explain differences in pavement
performance.
Problems due to stripping
 Decreased structural support
 Corrugation and Shoving
 Raveling
 Cracking including fatigue and longitudinal
Corrugation and Shoving:A form of plastic movement
typified by ripples (corrugation) or anabrupt wave (shoving)
across the pavement surface. The distortion is perpendicular
to the traffic direction. Usually occurs at points where traffic
starts and stops (corrugation) or areas where HMA abuts a
rigid object (shoving).
Raveling:The progressive disintegration of an HMA layer
from the surface downward as a resultof the dislodgement of
aggregate particles.
Possible Causes of Stripping
Bottom-up stripping is very difficult to recognize because it
manifests itself on the pavementsurface as other forms of
distress including rutting, shoving/corrugations, raveling, or
cracking.Typically, a core must be taken to positively
identify stripping as a pavement distress.
 Poor aggregate surface chemistry
 Water in the HMA causing moisture damage
 Overlays over an existing open-graded surface course.
Based on experience, these overlays will tend to strip
Anti-Strip Additives:Additives that are used to mitigate the
stripping of pavement in HMA are known as anti-strip
additives or simply anti-strip.Different types of anti-strip are
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Paper ID: ART201963 DOI: 10.21275/ART201963
used in reducing stripping of pavement.But the anti-strip
additives are broadly divided into two categories.They are:
 Liquid Anti-Strip Addtives
 Hydrated Lime
Liquid Anti-Strip Additives:There are many different types
of liquid antistrip additives; mostare surfactants. Sometimes
liquid antistrip additives are added to the asphalt binder at
the terminalprior to delivery to the hot mix plant. Some
plants are equipped to add liquid antistrip to the HMAduring
mixing.
Hydrated Lime:Hydrated lime is quicklime that has been
hydrated with water and pulverized.It should not be
confused with agricultural lime, which is powdered calcium
carbonate and is noteffective as an antistrip agent. There are
various ways of adding hydrated lime to HMA at theplant.
In some cases, a lime solution is sprayed on the aggregate.
Some plants ―marinate‖aggregate stockpiles in a lime slurry.
The hydrated lime can be added to the aggregate on the
coldfeed belt. In general it is considered more effective if the
aggregate is somehow coated with thehydrated lime prior to
mixing with the asphaltbinder.
Different Anti-Strip Additives
1. Liquid Anti-Strip
One of the most popular approaches for mitigating moisture
susceptibility of asphalt mixes isadding Liquid Anti-Strip to
asphalt binder. LAS’s are surface active agents that can be
added to asphalt binder, emulsion, and cutbacks. Generally,
LAS’s reduce the surface tension and increase the
wettability of aggregates. Which produces better adhesion
between the asphalt binder and aggregate surface. The
selection of the most effective LAS product is time
consuming and no selection guidelines are availablewith
respect to asphalt concrete composition.
2. Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)
SBS is a thermoplastic polymer that improves the overall
performance of asphalt pavement byreducing potential
rutting in summer and cracking in winter by increasing
stability, elasticity, and stiffness of asphalt binders (Tarefder
and Zaman 2010). SBS softens under high temperature;
therefore, it can be easily added and mixed with asphalt
binder. The effect of SBS-modified binders on moisture
sensitivity remains undetermined. It has not yet been
confirmed whether SBS modification increases or decreases
the moisture damage potential (Tarefder and Zaman 2010).
In the current study, 1.5% SBS was added to PG 64-22 by
the weightof asphalt binder to bump the grade to PG 70-22.
3. Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA)
PPA is a liquid mineral polymer that has many applications
in industry, including as a modifier toasphalt binder to
reduce or slow the effects of oxidative aging undergone by
bituminous materials.PPA is a modifier that needs more
evaluation, especially in determining its impact on
moisturedamage to asphalt concrete. PPA can be used alone
or with other additives such as hydrated limeor LAS and
also with polymers such as SBS. Another important aspect
of PPA is that it does notreact efficiently withlimestone
aggregates. However, it is efficient with acidic aggregate
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296
such asgranite (Buncher 2010; TFHRC 2010). In this study,
1.25% PPA was added to PG 64-22 by theweight of asphalt
binder to bump the asphalt binder grade to PG 70-22.
4. Hydrated Lime
One of the early approaches to mitigate moisture
susceptibility of asphalt mixes is the use ofhydrated lime
additive. Hydrated lime is thought to improve the stripping
resistance of the asphaltmix by twomethods: first by
increasing the adhesion energy between the aggregate and
asphalt binder and second by decreasing the interfacial
tension between the asphalt binder and water. The hydrated
lime reacts with the carboxylic acids in asphalt binder,
forming insoluble compoundsthat are absorbed onto the
aggregate surface. Hydrated lime dosage usually falls in a
range of 0.5%to 2% by the weight of the aggregate (Expert
Task Group 1990). Four methods for adding hydratedlime to
asphalt mixtures can be used:
Hydrated lime slurry: Slurry is a combination of water and
hydrated lime. The water,As perspecifications, should be
approximately 3% to 4% by weight of dry aggregate.
Hydrated limecontent is measured by weight of dry
aggregate. Slurry is added to the aggregate in its
saturatedsurface dry (SSD) condition. The aggregate with
slurry is immediately placed in an oven at 230 ±9°F (110 ±
5°C) until the sample weight is constant, then the oven
temperature is increased to themixing temperature of 295 ±
5°F (146 ± 3°C) for 2 hr. The normal mixing and
compaction processis then followed.
Hydrated lime slurry with marination: The procedure used
for hydrated lime slurry withmarination is the same as for
hydrated lime slurry except that after adding slurry to the
SSDaggregate, the sample is left for 24 hr to marinate. Then
the sample is placed in an oven at 295 ±5°F (146 ± 3°C) for
2 hr. The normal mixing and compaction process is then
followed.
Dry hydrated lime to dry aggregate: In this method,
hydrated lime is added to aggregatepreheated for 2 hours at a
mixing temperature of 295 ± 5°F (146 ± 3°C). The blend
ofaggregateand hydrated lime is placed back in the oven
until the temperature returns to the mixingtemperature.
Asphalt binder is added to the blend, and the normal mixing
and compactionproces is then followed.
Dry hydrated lime with moist aggregate: The difference
between this method and thedryhydrated lime to dry
aggregate method is that the dry hydrated lime is added
toSSDaggregateas in the case of preparing hydrated lime
slurry. The sample is thenplaced in the oven at 230 ±9°F
(110 ± 5°C) until the sample weight is constant, thenthe
oven temperature is increased to295 ± 5°F (146 ± 3°C) for 2
hr. The normal mixing and compaction process is then
followed.
Effect of Antistrip Agents
The bonding between asphalt and aggregate is of special
importance because it is the primarycharacteristic that
influences the integrity of the pavement. This bonding must
be established atthe initial stages of contact between the
asphalt and the aggregate and must endure during thelifetime
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Paper ID: ART201963 DOI: 10.21275/ART201963
of the pavement. Loss of bonding results in lowered
performance. DiVito and Morris(1982) attribute concrete
pavement strength to the "(1) cohesive resistance of the
binder, (2) theadhesive bond between the binder and the
aggregate, (3) the aggregate interlock and the frictional
resistance between aggregate particles." A number of
different methods have been used tostrengthen the adhesion
of asphalt to aggregate and to lower the pavement's
propensity to strip from the intrusion of moisture.Some of
the methods that have been used include addition of drylime
or portland cement to the mix or lime-slurry treatment of the
aggregates, bitumen pre-coatingof the aggregate, careful
selection of aggregate using special mineral fillers or not
allowing hydrophilic aggregates, washing or blending of
aggregates, and addition of chemical anti strippingagents
(Divito and Morris 1982).
A review of the mechanisms of stripping of asphalt
pavements has been performed by Taylor andKhosla (1983).
They list five primary mechanisms that either act
individually or together to cause the debonding of asphalt
from aggregate. These mechanisms are:
1) Detachment which is the separation caused by water of
the asphalt film from the aggregate withoutany visual
break in the asphalt film.
2) Displacement which results from the intrusion of water
to the aggregate surface through a break in the asphalt
film or through the film itself.
3) Spontaneous emulsion which is the formation of a
inverted reversible emulsion at the aggregate.
4) Pore pressure which is the increased pressure caused by
circulation of trapped water through the void structure of
the aggregate.
5) Hydraulic scouring which occurs on surface courses
because of a compression tension cycle caused by the
interaction of tire pressure with surface water.
Of the different ways to minimize the effect of water on the
pavement liquid anti-stripping agentsare frequently used.
The SHRP A-003B study of asphalt-aggregate interactions
at the interfaceincludes a section that evaluates the influence
of anti-stripping agents on the chemistry of theinterface.
Hence the chemistry of the anti-stripping agents and the tests
that have been used toevaluate their performance in asphalt-
aggregate mixes are important background knowledge
toperformance of the research. This review of the literature
focuses upon the chemistry of the liquidamino base anti-
stripping agents and mineral agents and their contribution to
adhesion andresistance of the asphalt aggregate bond from
the intrusion of water. Tests that have beenperformed to
evaluate these agents have also been reviewed. This review
and the "SummaryReport on Water Sensitivity" by Ronald
L.Terrell (1990) of SHRP A-003A are complementarysince
the A-003A report focuses upon the "state of the practice"
ofwater sensitivity in asphaltpaving mixtures.
The effect of Anti-Strip additives can be described under
two broad categories. Namely
 Liquid Anti-Strip Agents
 Lime and other Mineral Agents
Liquid Anti-stripping Agents: Liquid anti-stripping agents
in the form of cationic surface-activeagents, principally
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296
amines, have beenused for many years. In 1964, Mathews
(1964) reviewedtheuse of amines as cationic additives
inbituminous road materials and explained the
problemsassociated with each of the materials. A numberof
researchers have studied the effectiveness ofanti-stripping
agents on the adhesion of asphalt todifferent types of rock
surfaces. Dybalski(1970) determined that the adhesion
water-asphaltdispersions to sand as well as the resistance
toleaching of asphalt from sand was improved by the
following treatment: the addition of amine or quarterarnized
amines of omega-phenylstearic acid to amixture containing
asphalt, Dupont 950 neoprene latex, water and
N,N,N,N/,N/,-pentamethyl-N,N/-trimethylene-N
(phenyloctadecyl) diammonium chloride (I). The addition of
component I to Ottawasand resulted in 95% of theasphalt
remaining after a one hour leaching compared to 40% for a
systemnot containing I.Component I increased the rate of
adhesion.
In a later study, Dybalski (1982) explained the role of
cationic surfactants in asphalt adhesion.Two major types of
surfactants are used as anti-stripping agents:fatty
diamine/fatty acid salt andfatty amido-diamine/fatty acid
salt. To make these materials thermally stable above 100°C
the reactive amino hydrogens arechemically substituted with
alkyl radicals, so that these materials can be stored at hot
mixtemperatures.The author pointed out the importance of
having the correct or needed amount ofantistripping agent to
maximizethe effectiveness of the agent as an adhesion agent.
Overly highaddition amounts may oversaturate the aggregate
surface and result in weakening the bond.Dybalski (1982)
suggested using water soluble cationic homologs of the oil
soluble antistrippingagents and applying these directly to the
surface of the aggregates.
Russian workers (Kartashevskii et al. 1971) prepared
additives from polyethylene polyamine andfatty acids
ranging from C12-C20at a 1"1to 15:1 ratio at 160°C. These
materials had a highthermal stability.The degree of adhesion
required was controlled by varying the ratio of
startingmaterials. Deutzmann et al. (1973) found that the
addition of amines and/or amides and acidspromoted good
adhesion of additives for asphalt for formaldehyde
condensation with polyamines.Formaldehyde adducts with
amines, polyamines and amides to yield the additives. These
additivesare typically introduced at a level of 0.2 to 2.0 or
preferably 0.3 to 1.0 parts of additive per 100parts (by
weight) of asphalt. Conditions for the reaction conditions are
given in the patent. Theseadditives performed well resulting
in high levels of adhesion between asphalt and
mineralaggregate that were both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic, or glassfibers or glass fiber mesh. Anincrease
in the tensile strength of the asphalt coated filler was
observed.
The adhesion of nonpolar bitumen to polar aggregates was
improved by adding a compoundcontaining N-
alkylpropylenediamine, 1-aminoethylimidazoline or 2-
alkylimidazoline (Porubszkyand Dobozy, 1973).These
compounds were more effective additives than those
containing amidesor alkylated tertiarypolyalkylpolyamides.
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Paper ID: ART201963 DOI: 10.21275/ART201963
In another study, Kartashevskii and Kashina (1973)
discovered that the addition of 0.5 stearic acidand 3-
octadecylamine to bitumen enhanced adhesion of the
bitumen to marble and sand,respectively. Other additives
also had good adhesion: anionic additives such as stearic
acid andsynthetic fatty acids cationic additives and
anioniccationic additives. Norbornane aminoderivatives
were added to bitumen that was mixed with sand and gravel
(Katanoaka 1975). Theasphalt with the norbornane
derivative additive showed no desorption of the asphalt in
80°C after5 hours in water while asphalt not containing the
derivative showed 50% desorption.
Long chain amine derivatives, hydroxylalkylamines, were
prepared by Smith and Joy (1980) byacondensation reaction
of aliphatic aldehyde with alkanolamines in the presence of
Raney nickel.Theyhydroxyalkylamines showed promise as
adhesive agents for bituminous materials. In a patent,
Dalterand Gilmore (1983) mixed bituminous materials and
an antistripping containing ahydroxyalkylatedpolyamine.
When an amount of 0.07 wt% hydroxyalkylated polyamine
was added, the adherence of theasphalt to the aggregates was
greater in the 10-minute boiling watertest that 0.5 wt% of
the commercial agent N, N-dimethylaminopropylamines and
0.33 wt% forepoxylated polyamines.
In a study in which the binder was composed of 30-60%
blown asphalt, 35-70% diluents and 0.05 - 5% fatty acid
esters, alkylamines, acrylamines, acrylaminoamides,
substituted alkylimidazolinesand N-alkyl-polypropylene
polyamines, Buchta et al. (1982) found that a binder with 0.7
wt% N-alkylpolypropylenepolyamine adhered well to
different wet and dry aggregates. Chang andTreybig (1987)
prepared a blend of bituminous materials and 0.05 -1.0 wt%
of the reaction of _>1 aldehyde with > 1 organic amine, 1
organic polyamine and 1 or > hydrohalides.
Specificsconcerning the preparation of the product are given
in the patent. The addition of the additivesresulted in 100%
retention of the asphalt aggregate surfaces in boiling water
while only 5% wasretained without additive for the same
length of time. Substantial improvement in retention
afterfreeze-thaw, 40 versus 6%, wereobtained.
Buocz and Nemedy (1987) evaluated the adhesion and
elongation of bitumen based fillers forairports and roads by
adding 0.6 - 2.0 wt% of condensation products from linear
polyamine withfatty acids. The product elongation was
improved by 5% at -20°C and by 97% at + 20°C.Mullins
(1988) increased the adhesion between a dolomitic-
limestone aggregate (Utah Staker) andan AC-10 asphalt by
adding a conventional anti-stripping agent and pretreating
the aggregatesurface with anacidic salt such as 0.01%
CaHPO4 and 0.01% H3PO_. The improvement is basedon
an amine-acid salt reaction at the asphalt aggregate interface.
The anti-stripping agent canconsist of any commercial
amine type agent while the salt should be a di- or trivalent
metal of aninorganic acid and may also include its acid. The
preferred metal is a divalent metal calcium andthe preferred
acid is phosphoric.
Aggregates composed of quartzite, granite, chalcedony,
feldspar, limestone, silicates,hornblende,quartz, jasper,
agate, and rhyolite are suitable for use. The method for
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
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producing thedesired effect consists of "coating the
aggregate with a divalent or trivalent metal salt of
aninorganic acid, drying the coated aggregate,admixing said
dried aggregate with the asphaltcontaining an amine anti-
strip to forman insoluble reaction product at the interface
between saidasphalt and said aggregate in an amount
sufficient to bind said asphalt to said aggregate."
Asubstantial improvement was observed in that 15%
stripping was observed with treatment while 90% was
observed without treatment.
Gilmore and Kugele (1988) improved the physical
properties of bitumen aggregate combinationsby either
adding > 0.05 wt% of an anti-stripping agent composed of
one or a combination of thefollowing:imidazoles,
polyamines, alkoxylated polyamines, aminocarboxylic
esters, or amides-amines; or byadding > 0.25 wt% of
portland cement or by blending the antistripping agents with
portlandcement. To theasphalt was added 0.22 wt% bis
(hexamethylene-triamine); to the aggregate wasadded 0.25
wt% Portland cement. When added together with the
additives, the dry and wet tensilestrengths were higher than
without the additives. These improvements are not seen
when fly ash,hydrated limestone or limestone dust are used
as aggregates.
Grossi et al. (1983) found that incorporating a chemically
modified asphalt molecule into a hotmixasphaltincreased the
bond energy between asphalt and aggregate. The chemically
modifiedasphalt compound was obtained by heating a
mixture of organic species with an acrylamide.
Thechemically modified asphalt was between 1 to 10 wt%
of the total weight of asphalt and modifiedasphalt.Odgen
and James (1988) have shown that the adhesion of bitumens
and road oils isimproved by the addition of 0.2 - 0.8% Ca to
C_2carboxylic amides of N-aminoethyl piperazine.When the
same test procedure was used, the aggregate remained 100%
covered by road oil withthe addition of adhesive compound
to < 10% coverage without the amine.
Several Russian researchers (Khudyakova et al. 1987)
evaluated how to predict adhesion of asphaltconcrete mixes.
The various combinations which were tested were oxidized
petroleum tars withsand,marble and granites. The adhesion
of petroleum tars with different grades and degrees of
oxidation wasgood with marble. However, the adhesion of
the asphal t to sand and gravel waspoor. The
authorsrecommended that the adhesion of asphalt-aggregate
mixes be evaluated according the type of aggregate in the
mix.
Treybig and Chang (1988) in a recent patent have prepared
antistripping additives fromhydrocarbyl substituted nitrogen
containing aromatic heterocyclic compounds, aldehydes,
orketones and amines. These additives were synthesized
from monoamine having from 1 to 36carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen or sulfur atoms, with > 1 active H alone, and/or a
polyamine with > 1active H alone, an aromatic heterocyclic
material with > 1 ring N and > 1 active H; and an aldehydeor
ketone. When combined at amole ratio of (0.25-5):1: (0.25-
5) and reacted from 25 to 250"Cand usually at 60 to 200"C
usually in a water medium with hydrochloric acid serving as
a catalyst,these additives when combined with asphalt show
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Paper ID: ART201963 DOI: 10.21275/ART201963
stripping resistance especially with a siliceousaggregate such
as granite. The asphalt composition did not affect the results;
materials such asnatural and air blown petroleum asphalts,
gilsonite, and coal tars can be used.The aggregates usedwere
Gifford-Hill, granite, or Helms or combinations of
thesematerials. For example,when ananti-stripping agent
prepared from a mixture of C10-18 primary amines, 2, 4, 6,-
trimethylpyridineand HCHO, and a Gifford-Hill aggregate
was sieved and heated and thencombined with asphalt
containing1 wt% of the additives, stripping was reduced.
The additiveresultingfrom the reaction of a hydroearby
substituted nitrogen-containing aromatic hydrocarbon and an
aminewith an aldehyde was effective for asphalt-aggregate
mixtures containing any of thethree aggregatesused. A boil
test showed that 100% of the asphalt was retained on the
aggregatecompared to 40%without the additive. A freeze-
thaw test showed that the material with additivesurvived >30
cyclescompared to 6 cycles without the additive. The
addition of anti-strippingagents affected properties
ofasphalts. In a study by Anderson et al. (1982),ten anti-
stripping agentswere added to three asphalts andthe effect of
the anti-stripping agent was measured before andafter the
thin film oven. The asphaltsselected varied in their
asphaltene content from 4.1 to 25.7%and in their paraffin
content from 26.4 to6.4%. The anti-stripping agents ranged
in titrable nitrogenfrom 2.5 to 14.1%. They found the effect
ofthe anti-stripping agents was to change the
molecularinteractions among the polar constituents of
theasphalt, usually causing the asphalt to soften.
Aging seemed to improve while temperature
susceptibilitydecreased. The interaction of aparticular
asphalt with an anti-stripping agent appeared to be
specificand may change thecharacteristics of the asphalt
sufficiently to cause the asphalt not to remain
withspecifications. Theidea of an additive threshold for a
particular asphalt was presented on the basis thatdoubling
theamount of anti-stripping agent more than doubled its
effectiveness.
Lime and other Mineral Agents
Rao and coworkers (1968) examined the effect of adding
lime to aggregates on the stripping ofbitumen from the
aggregate. By coating wet aggregates with lime, the
adhesion and strippingresistance of the bitumen is improved.
This method allows for coating wet aggregates, resulting
inshorter setting times and quicker utilization of new road
surfaces.
The improvement of adhesion between waste glass
aggregate and bituminous materials whenexposed to water
was examined by Day et al. (1970). A comparison was made
between theeffectiveness of three commercial anti-stripping
agents and Ca(OH) 2 by using the immersion-compression
test on graded glass samples containing 5.5 wt% asphalt
cement. Immersions in140"F water for 24 hours seriously
damaged the specimens containing 1 wt% commercial ant-
stripping agents. When the amount of the two most effective
agents was increased to 4%, theretained strength of the
immersed specimens was 70% of the dry control samples.
When 5%Ca(OH)2 was substituted for the fine glass
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aggregate, the strength retained after the immersion-
compression test was greater than for the dry samples.
Commercial anti-stripping agents reduced stripping while
Ca(OH)2 eliminated it. Therelationshipbetween the
immersion-compression test and field performance is
unknown. Abituminous mix containing 4% anti-stripping
agent and waste glass showed no significant strippingafter
six months ofservice in Toledo,Ohio. The traffic load was
several hundred cars and trucksdaily.
Dusdorf and coworkers (1970) sprayed glassy aggregates
with saturated Ca(OH)2 solutions andheated the treated
aggregates for 10 minutes in a CO2 atmosphere to promote
adhesion. Theprocess formed a layer of CaCO3 on the
surface of the aggregate and yielded better adhesion.
AI-Jarallah and Lee (1987) examined the addition of
hydrated lime to relieve stripping problemsin asphalt mixes.
Their study used Saudi asphalt cements and local
aggregates. The lime slurrywas directly added to the
aggregate when it appeared to react chemically immediately.
Theeffectiveness of different types of additives was
examined using the Texas Boil Test. For all of theaggregates
tested, the lime slurry treatment was most effective except
for two kinds of sand.
Four variables that are important to lime performing well as
an adhesion agent in asphalt-aggregateinteractions were
examined by Stroup-Gardiner and Epps (1987). The four
variableswere method of addition, type of lime product,
aggregate type and source, and air voids. The effectof these
variables on sensitivity to moisture was evaluated by
determining the resilient modulusand tensile strength of
samples before and after a one cycle Lottman test with
accelerated aging.
The effect of these variables on temperature susceptibility
was evaluated by determining theresilient modulus at four
temperatures. They found that (1) quicklime added to the
asphalt was detrimental to the asphalt aggregate mix; (2)
dolomitic lime and hydrated lime were equivalent intheir
effectiveness; (3) hydrated lime enhanced mixture properties
regardless of the moisture susceptibility of the mix; (4) the
presence of more lime can improve mixture properties; and
(5)air voids affected the mixture properties substantially
regardless of the amount or effectiveness ofthe lime.
A Japanese patent (1985) presented the treatment of granular
slag by sulfate salt to form aCaSO4coating on the slag
particles. The coating keeps the Ca containing components
in the slagfrom dissolving in the asphalt. This helped to
adhere the slag to the asphalt. Improved adhesionwas
determined by comparing Marshall stability with untreated
slag.
A method for improving strength, stability and water
resistance of asphalt concrete pavementswasdeveloped by
Hopkins (1988). The additives which he used were (1) a
metallic organic compound comprised either of Mn, Co, Cu,
V, Mo, Ce, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zr, Ba, Ca or Zn and the organic part
derived from >1 carboxylic acids, phenols and ketones,
either separately or in combinationwith other metallic
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Paper ID: ART201963 DOI: 10.21275/ART201963
organic compounds to increase strength, and (2) > 10 wt%
antistripping agentsynthesized from tall oil acid and amines
or polyamines. The asphalt cements contained > 90
wt%asphalt cement, and _> 0.5 wt% of the metallic organic
compound and _> 0.1 wt% of the amineantistripping agent.
As measured byMarshall stability, the strength, stability, and
water resistancewas improved by the addition of these
additive compounds.
DiVito and Morris (1982) compared the effectiveness of a
silane coupling agent, Dow Coming Z-6020, an aminoalkyl
functional silane (CH30)_SiCH2NHCH2 CH2NH2, with a
commercial liquidamine antistripping agent, Pavebond
Special. The tests used were immersion-compression which
followed a AASHTO T165 and double-punch debonding
tests developed by Jimenez. Silane wasadded to two Arizona
aggregates using two different methods. First, when the
aggregate was in a noven-dried state, a 3 percent treatment
of silane of four different concentrations was used. Second,
when the aggregate was in a surface saturated dried state, the
aggregate was heated with one weightpercent of silane at the
same four concentration levels as used with the other
method. Theaggregates used were Salt Lake and AguaFria
and the asphalt was AR 2000, whose source was Edgington
Asphalt in California. The anti-stripping agent, however,
was added to the asphalt. Thesilane performed better on
Agua Fria than on Salt River aggregate and improved the
bonding of asphalt. The treatment of the aggregate
influenced the efficacy of the silane treatment. Other
researchers (Marzocchi et al. 1977) found that treatment of
glass flakes used in road paving improved surface adhesion
to the organic phase.
Russian researchers (Khudyakova et al. 11987) examined
the promotion of adhesion by modifyingthe aggregate
surface. They found that the best adhesion was observed
with FeC13; lesser results were obtained by an amine-type
water-polyethylene emulsion, shale tar (with 30% phenols),
CaC1z, and A1Cla. Acid tar did not promote adhesion.
Stefanczyk (1968) found that both goodcohesion and high
adhesion were obtained by adding 0.8 to 2.0% Fe
naphthenate to the aggregateand mixing with asphalt.
Adhesion was also promoted by the addition of 0.1 to 8.0%
Fe oxides toa bitumen foam which was then mixed with
aggregate (Navratil et al. 1982).
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