Title:

Study of Nyquist bit rate and Shannon capacity using MATLAB.

Abstract:
This experiment is designed to-
• To understand the use of MATLAB for solving communication engineering
problems.
• To develop understanding of Nyquist bit rate and Shannon capacity using
MATLAB.

Introduction:
Nyquist Bit Rate: The Nyquist bit rate formula defines the theoretical maximum
bit rate for a noiseless channel.

𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 2 × 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × log 2 𝐿

In this formula, bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel, L is the number of

signals levels used to represent data, and BitRate is the bit rate in bits per second.
Shannon capacity: Shannon capacity formula was introduced to determine the
theoretical highest data rate for a noisy channel:

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)

In this formula, bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel, SNR is the signal-to-
noise ratio, and capacity is the capacity of the channel in bits per second.
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): To find the theoretical bit rate limit, we need to
know the ratio of the signal power to the noise power. The signal-to-noise ratio is
defined as:
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

A high SNR means the signal is less corrupted by noise; a low SNR means the
signal is more corrupted by noise.
 Fig-1: Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
Because SNR is the ratio of two powers, it is often described in decibel units,
SNRdB, defined as:
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 = 10log10 𝑆𝑁𝑅

Total harmonic distortion (THD): The total harmonic distortion (THD) is a

measurement of the harmonic distortion present in a signal and is defined as the ratio
of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental
frequency. When a signal passes through a non-ideal, non-linear device, additional
content is added at the harmonics of the original frequencies. THD is a measurement
of the extent of that distortion.
Signal to noise and distortion ratio (SINAD): Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio
(SINAD) is a measure of the quality of a signal from a communications device, often
defined as:

𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝑃𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐷 =
𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝑃𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Lab Performance:
Code:
Command:

Result:
Lab Task:
Code:
Command:

Result:
Discussion:
The goal of this experiment was to get familiar with various MATLAB commands
and to use them for problem solving. In this experiment, the signal, the noise and
the SNR (signal and noise ratio) was found out. In the first MATLAB code, the SNR
value was 16.9392 and in decibel scale the SNR value was 16.9897 for the one signal
and one noise code. For multiple signal and noise, the SNR value was 12.1287, in
decibel scale SNR was 10.83 and the signal capacity was 1.8070e+04.