Design of Concrete Structures – theory & examples

Prof M T R Jayasinghe, Department of Civil Engineering

University of Moratuwa
 Design Criteria

The strength determines the

maximum loads which can be
Strength applied before acceptable
material stresses are exceeded

The stability is an
inherent property of
the structural form
which ensures that the
building will remain Stability Serviceability
stable

Serviceability refers to
the conditions under
which a building is still
considered fit for its
intended use. 2
Design Philosophy

A design philosophy is a set of assumptions and procedures which are used to meet the
conditions of strength, stability and serviceability of the structure

Fundamental objectives which must be incorporated in any design philosophy to provide a

structure which, throughout its intended lifespan;

• will possess an acceptable margin of safety against collapse whilst in use,

• is serviceable and perform its intended purpose whilst in use,
• is sufficiently robust such that damage to an extent disproportionate to the original
cause will not occur,
• is economic to construct, and
• is economic to maintain.

3
Design Philosophy

Actions due to Material

Loads Strength

Permissible Load Factor Limit State

Stress Design Design Design

4
Permissible Stress Design

The margin of safety is introduced by considering structural behaviour under working/service

load conditions and comparing the stresses under these conditions with permissible values

Stress induced by Failure stress

working loads Factor of Safety

5
Load Factor Design

The margin of safety is introduced by considering structural behaviour at collapse load

conditions. The ultimate capacities of sections based on yield strength (e.g. axial, bending
moment and shear force capacities) are compared with the design effects induced by the
ultimate loads. The ultimate loads are determined by multiplying the working/service loads by
a factor-of-safety.

Ultimate design load effects due to; Ultimate capacity based on the
Working Loads × Factor of safety failure stress of the material

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 Limit State Design
Characteristic values enables the statistical variability of various
Probability parameters such as material strength, different load types etc.
Load effect Strength

Design Resistance (Strength)

Design Load Effects Characteristic Strength
Characteristic Loads × Partial Safety Factor
Partial Safety Factor

𝒇𝒄,𝒌
𝑮𝒌 × 𝜸𝒇,𝒑 + 𝑸𝒌 × 𝜸𝒇,𝒗 ≤
𝜸𝒎
Characteristic Characteristic
Load effect Strength Effect due Effect due
to dead load to live load
Stress
Probability of Failure
Design load effect > Design strength
7
Limit State Design
Considers two ‘types’ of limit states under which a structure may become unfit for its
intended purpose. They are:
1. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) in which the structure, or some part of it, is unsafe for its
intended purpose,
Eg:
• Compressive or tensile failure
• Shear or flexural failure
• Instability leading to partial or total collapse (Overturning, Sliding)

2. Serviceability Limit State (SLS) in which a condition occurs to an extent which is

unacceptable to the owner, occupier, client etc.
Eg:
• Deflection
• Vibration
• Cracking
8
Limit States
ULS SLS

Deflection
Flexural failure

Cracks

Shear failure

9
Limit States

Ultimate Limit State

Serviceability Limit State

10
1. Actions and Combinations of Actions
Permanent actions (G)
• Self-weight
• Tiles or floor covering weights
• Weight of partition walls
• Loads through partition walls
• Weight of finishes, fixtures and plumbing
• Weight of fixed furniture
Variable actions (Q)
• Weight of furniture
• People
• Wind loads
• Snow loads
• Indirect actions (Thermal effects)
• Differential settlements
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Design Values of Actions

Design values of actions depend on several factors,

a) The nature of the load – whether it is permanent, variable or accidental

b) The limit state – Actions considered for Ultimate limit state are higher than those of
serviceability limit state
c) The number of variable loads acting simultaneously – In general all loads do not act of
their full characteristic value at the same time

12
Partial Safety Factors

At ULS

At SLS
All partial safety factors are 1.0. However, reduction factors need to be applied
when multiple variable loads are acting simultaneously.
13
Partial Safety Factors

• The design loads are obtained by multiplying the characteristics loads by

the appropriate partial factor 𝛾𝑓 from Table 3.2

• The unfavourable and favourable factors should be used so as to produce the most onerous condition. Generally,
permanent actions from a single load source may be multiplied by either the ‘unfavourable’ or the ‘favourable’ factor. For
example, all actions originating from the self weight of the structure may be considered as coming from one source and
there is no requirement to consider different factors on different spans. Exceptions to this are where overall equilibrium is
being checked and the structure is very sensitive to variations in permanent loads (see EC08).
14
Combinations of Actions

Consider the load case of permanent action (Gk) and one variable action (Qk).
Case 1
For the ultimate limit state, the load combination is;

𝛾𝐺 𝐺𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄 𝑄𝑘 ; where 𝛾 are the partial safety factors

𝛾𝐺 and 𝛾𝑄 represent the differential variabilities of the two loads Gk and Qk. The 𝛾 factors accounts;

• The possibility of unfavourable deviation of the loads from their characteristic value
• Mistakes in analysis
• Unforeseen distribution of stresses
• Minor variations in the geometry of the structure and its elements

15
Combinations of Actions

A structure is subjected to two variable actions Q1 and Q2, which are independent of
Case 2
each other, simultaneously

𝛾𝑄,1 𝑄𝑘,1 + 𝛾𝑄,2 𝑄𝑘,1 unrealistic as the maximum of two loads does not act at the same time

It is more reasonable to consider the probability of occurrence. The following cases are more
reasonable when one load is at its maximum in conjunction with a reduced value for the other load

𝛾𝑄,1 𝑄𝑘,1 + Ψ0,2 𝛾𝑄,2 𝑄𝑘,1

Or Where, Ψ0 -Reduction factor
Ψ0,1 𝛾𝑄,1 𝑄𝑘,1 + 𝛾𝑄,2 𝑄𝑘,1

16
Combinations of Actions
(i) Ultimate limit states involving accidental actions
(ii) Reversible limit states such as the serviceability Quasi-permanent (meaning ‘almost’
limit states of cracking and deflection permanent) actions are those that
may be sustained over a long period
Where more than one variable Ex. Snow loads sustained for months
action is to be considered

17
 Combinations of Actions
• When more than one live load (variable action) is present the secondary live load may be
reduced by the application of a combination factor ψ0 (see Table 3.4).

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 Combinations of Actions

• In Euro-codes, pattern loading is considered to find the worst case possible when checking
the structural adequacy.

• When pattern loads are considered, only the variable load is patterned.

• For permanent load, either 1.0 or 1.35 can be used (one which gives the worst effect can be
used).

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Combinations of Actions

20
Combinations of Actions

21
Combinations at ULS (for the design of structural members)

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Combinations at SLS

Combination
Permanent load and leading variable load unfactored. Secondary
𝐺𝑘 + 𝑄𝑘,1 + ෍ Ψ0,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖
variable loads factored by the appropriate reduction factors.

Frequent

𝐺𝑘 + Ψ1,1 𝑄𝑘,1 + ෍ Ψ2,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 Permanent load unfactored. Leading variable load and
secondary variable loads factored by the reduction factors

Quasi-permanent

𝐺𝑘 + ෍ Ψ2,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 Permanent load unfactored. Variable loads factored by

the reduction factors

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Reinforced Concrete Design
• Cube strength indicated a higher value than the actual strength as steel
platens will constrain it. Cylinder strength gives a value near to the actual
value.

30 N/mm2 25 N/mm2

• Cylinder Strength = 0.8 × Cube Strength

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Reinforced Concrete Design

25
2. Design equations for members subjected to flexure
2.1 Stress-Strain Curves

Figure 2.1.1: The idealized stress-strain curve for concrete

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2.1 Stress-Strain Curves
The idealized stress strain curve for concrete represented by a parabolic segment
up to a strain of 𝜀𝑐2 .
From that, the strain increases while the stress remains constant. The ultimate
design stress is given by,
𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘
=
𝛾𝑐 1.5

= 0.567𝒇𝒄𝒌
In this, 0.85 allows for the long-term effects and the difference between the cylinder crushing
strength of concrete and the bending strength. A value of 1.5 is used for the partial safety
factor for the strength of concrete (𝜸𝒄 ). According to Table 3.1 of EC2 Part 1-1, the ultimate
strain, 𝜺𝒄𝒖𝟐 = 0.0035 is used for classes of concrete ≤ C50/60.
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2.1 Stress-Strain Curves

Figure 2.1.2: Idealized short term stress stain curve for reinforcement
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2.1 Stress-Strain Curves
Stress = Elastic Modulus × Strain

= ES × 𝜺𝒔

So that the design yield strain is,

𝒇𝒚𝒌
𝜺𝒚 = / 𝑬𝒔
𝜸𝒔

at the ultimate limit for 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 N/mm2

𝜺𝒚 = 500 / (1.15 × 200 × 103)

= 0.00217
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2.1 Stress-Strain Curves

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2.1 Stress-Strain Curves

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2.2 Members subjected to flexure

At lower strains (service conditions), the stress distribution in concrete can be

triangular and at higher stresses, it can take the shape of a rectangular parabolic.

Figure 2.2.1: Typical stress blocks that could be in a member subjected to flexure
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2.2 Members subjected to flexure
The maximum strain in concrete 𝜺𝒄𝒖𝟐 . It is equal to 0.0035. If the maximum strain of concrete
and the yield of steel occur at the same time, it is possible to have the following:

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟕
= ; this gives x = 0.617 d
𝒙 𝒅 −𝒙

Figure 2.2.1: Singly reinforced section with a rectangular stress block

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2.2 Members subjected to flexure

The ultimate design moment on the section is M. It must be balanced by the

moment of resistance.

It is also necessary to have force equilibrium which means that the force in
concrete shall be equal to the force in steel.

Moment = M
= force x (lever arm between the resultant forces)
= 𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝒛 = 𝑭𝒔𝒕 𝒛

34
2.2 Members subjected to flexure
𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 0.567 𝒇𝒄𝒌 x bs 2.2.1

z = d – s/2; s = 2(d-z); 𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 1.134 𝒇𝒄𝒌 x b x (d-z)

M = 1.134 𝒇𝒄𝒌 b (d-z) x z 2.2.2
𝑴
Substituting 𝐾 = and rearranging:
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝒛 𝟐 𝒛 𝑲
− + =0
𝒅 𝒅 𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟒

𝑲
𝑧 = 𝑑 𝟎. 𝟓 + (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − 2.2.3
𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟒

M = 𝑭𝒔𝒕 𝐳 = 0.87 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔 𝐳 2.2.4

Equation 2.2.4 can be used to find the area of reinforcement.
35
2.2 Members subjected to flexure
The maximum value allowed for the depth to the neutral axis, x = 0.45 d. This is
to ensure that the section subjected to flexure will demonstrate sufficient
ductility by yielding of reinforcement.
𝟎.𝟖 x 𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝒅
Hence, the minimum value for z = d - = 0.82 d.
𝟐

The maximum value for z is set as 0.95 x d.

The maximum value for the moment resistance as singly reinforced is obtained
when the area of compression is maximum. This will result in a minimum value
for z and then x = 0.45 d and also applicable is s = 0.8 × 𝒙

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕 x 𝒇𝒄𝒌 x 0.8 x (0.45 d) x b x 0.82 d = 0.167 x 𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅𝟐 2.2.5
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Example:

Example 2.2.1

Find the reinforcement requirement for a beam of section 500 mm of overall

depth (h) and a width of 250 mm (w). The cover to reinforcement can be
considered as 35 mm. The links will be H10 bars, and the main reinforcement
could be with H20 bars. The bending moment acting at the critical section is
185 kNm. The characteristic material strengths are 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 N/mm2 and
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 N/mm2.

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Solution:

38
2.3 Doubly Reinforced Sections
𝑴
When > 0.167, it is possible to provide compression reinforcement to take
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒌
account of the extra moment in excess of Mmax = 0.167𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅𝟐 .

The extra moment resisted by the compression reinforcement is 𝐹SC × (𝑑 − 𝑑′)

where 𝐹SC = 0.87 ∗ 𝐴′S ∗ 𝑓y

𝑴 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝐛𝒅𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 × 𝑨′𝑺 × 𝒇𝒚 × (𝒅 − 𝒅′ ) 2.3.1

𝑴 −𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝑴 −𝒌𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅𝟐

𝑨′𝑺 = = 2.3.2
𝟎.𝟖𝟕×𝒇𝒚 ×(𝒅−𝒅′ ) 𝟎.𝟖𝟕×𝒇𝒚 ×(𝒅−𝒅′ )

Where, 𝒌𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕

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2.3 Doubly Reinforced Sections
When the equilibrium of the section is considered with x = 0.45d:

𝑭𝑺𝑪 + 𝑭𝑪𝑪 = 𝑭𝒔𝒕

𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝑨′𝑺 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃 𝟎. 𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔 2.3.3

𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟒𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅
𝑨𝑺 = 𝑨′𝑺 + 2.3.4
𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚
In equation 2.3.4, it is assumed that the reinforcement in compression has passed the yield
point or a strain of 0.00217.

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟕
= 2.3.5
𝟎𝟒𝟓𝒅 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝒅 −𝒅′

𝒅′
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟏 2.3.6
𝒅
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2.3 Doubly Reinforced Sections

Figure 2.3.1: A doubly reinforced beam with the strains and stresses

If 𝑑′⁄𝑑 > 0.171, reinforcement will not yield and hence will need to look at the actual stress.
However, if the beam depth is more than 500 mm, with a corresponding effective depth of 450
mm, 𝑑′ will be about 77 mm and hence most likely situation is compression reinforcement
passing the yield point. Hence, equation 2.3.4 will be applicable.
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Example:

Example 2.3.1

Repeat example 2.2.1 if the moment acting is 285 kNm.

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Solution:

43
2.4 Design of a flanged beam
There can be two situations. One is when the rectangular stress block lies is within the flange
or 𝑠 ≤ ℎf .

Maximum force in concrete = 𝐹CC = 0.567𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒉𝒇

𝒉𝒇
Corresponding lever arm = 𝑑 −
𝟐

44
2.4 Design of a flanged beam
𝒉𝒇
Corresponding maximum moment = 𝑴𝟏 = 0.567𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒇 𝒉𝒇 (𝒅 − ) 2.4.1
𝟐

If the design moment is less than this, design the beam as for a singly reinforced beam.

If the design moment is greater than this, then the maximum moment that can be carried as
𝒉𝒇
singly reinforced = 𝑴𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 (𝒃𝒇 −𝒃𝒘 )𝒉𝒇 (𝒅 − ) + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒘 𝒅𝟐 2.4.2
𝟐

In equation 2.4.2, the first term represents the moment that can be carried by a flange of width
(𝑏𝑓 −𝑏𝑤 ). The second term represents the maximum moment that can be carried by a
rectangular section of width 𝑏𝑤 .

If the design moment (𝑀𝑑 ) acting on the section is greater than the value given by 2.4.2, it is
necessary to provide compression reinforcement (𝐴′𝑆 ) as well. However, this is not a usual case
since the wide flange will ensure that a significant compression can be carried.
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Example:

Example 2.4.1

The characteristic material strengths are fyk = 500 N/mm2 and fck =25 N/mm2.
The calculation of reinforcement with different values of bending moment is
illustrated.

46
Solution:

47
Example:
Example 2.4.1a

If Md = 150 kNm, find the reinforcement requirement.

Solution:

48
Example:
Example 2.4.1b

If Md = 180 kNm, find the reinforcement requirement.

Solution:

49
Example:

Solution:

50
Example:
Example 2.4.1c

If Md = 210 kNm, find the reinforcement requirement.

Solution:

51
3. Design for Shear
3.1 Design for Direct Shear

Here, the variable struct inclination method is used.

For the verification of the shear resistance, the following symbols are defined:

𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 : is the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement.

𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒔 : is the design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear
reinforcement

𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 : is the design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by the
member, limited by crushing of the compression struts.

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3.1 Design for Direct Shear

Where shear forces are small, the concrete section on its own may have sufficient shear
capacity (𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 ) to resist the ultimate shear force (𝑽𝑬𝒅 ) resulting from the worst combination
of actions on the structure, although is most cases a nominal or minimum amount of shear
reinforcement will usually be provided.

In those sections where 𝑽𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 then no calculated shear reinforcement is required.

The shear capacity of the concrete, 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 , in such situations is given by an empirical expression:

𝟏
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝆𝟏 𝒇𝒄𝒌 ) 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟑

With a minimum value of:

𝟑 𝟏
𝟐
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝒌 𝒇 𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟐

53
3.1 Design for Direct Shear

Where:

𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = the design shear resistance of the section without shear reinforcement

𝟐𝟎𝟎
k= 𝟏+ ≤ 𝟐. 𝟎 with d expressed in mm
𝒅

𝑨𝒔𝟏
𝝆𝟏 = ≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
𝒃𝒘 𝒅

𝑨𝒔𝟏 = the area of tensile reinforcement that extends beyond the section being considered by
at least a full anchorage length plus one effective depth (d).

𝒃𝒘 = the smallest width of the section in the tensile area (mm)

54
3.1 Design for Direct Shear

In this analogy, the tension is carried by the reinforcement and the compression is carried by
concrete. The maximum shear force 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 is limited by the ultimate crushing strength of the
diagonal strut and its vertical component

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3.1 Design for Direct Shear

The vertical component of the ultimate strength of strut:

𝑓𝑐𝑘
= × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1.5

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = −0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

The strength reduction factor to allow for concrete cracked in shear:

𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑣1 = 0.6 × 1 − , 𝑧 = 0.9𝑑
250

𝑓
0.9𝑑×𝑏𝑤 ×0.6 1− 𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
250
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
1.5×(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)

56
3.1 Design for Direct Shear
𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.36𝑏𝑤 𝑑 × 1 − 𝑓
250 𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≥ 𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)

In a beam, the maximum value of shear occurs at the face of the beam’s supports. Hence, 𝑉𝐸𝑑
should be the value of shear force at the face of the support. EC2 limits the ϴ to a value
between 22 and 45 degrees.

𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶𝒄𝒘 𝒃𝒘 𝒛𝒗𝟏 𝒇𝒄𝒅 /(𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽) (6.9)

When 𝜃 = 22°, which is the usual case with uniformly distributed loads:

𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = 0.124𝑏𝑤 1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘
250
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(45) = 0.18𝑏𝑤 1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘
250
57
3.1 Design for Direct Shear
If 𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max 22 , the angle 𝜃 is considered as 22°.

If 𝑉𝐸𝑑 > 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max 22 , a larger value of the angle 𝜃 has to be used so that the diagonal concrete
strut has a larger vertical component to balance 𝑉𝐸𝑑 . If 𝑉𝐸𝑑 > 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max 45 , the section is
insufficient.

If 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max 22 < 𝑉𝐸𝑑 < 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max 45 , the angle to be used should be determined.

𝑓
0.36𝑏𝑤 𝑑× 1− 𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
250
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = = 0.36𝑏𝑤 𝑑 × 1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 250

𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑽𝑬𝒅
𝜃= 0.5 sin−1 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝐦𝐚𝐱(𝟒𝟓)
0.18𝑏𝑤 𝑑 × 1 − 𝑓
250 𝑐𝑘
58
3.1 Design for Direct Shear

When shear reinforcement is designed, it is considered that all the shear will be taken by the
reinforcement. Cl 6.2.3 indicates that with the reinforcement, the shear resistance 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 will be
given by the following:

𝑨𝒔𝒘 𝑨𝒔𝒘
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒔 = 𝒛𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 = × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝒅𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽
𝒔 𝒔

For members with vertical shear reinforcement, the shear resistance, 𝑉𝑅𝑑 is the smaller value
of:

𝑨𝒔𝒘
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒔 = 𝒛𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 (6.8)
𝒔

59
3.1 Design for Direct Shear

Additional Longitudinal Force

When using this method, it is necessary to consider the additional longitudinal force needed to
balance the longitudinal force in the compression strut.

𝑽𝑬𝒅
The longitudinal force is the following: × 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

It is considered that half of this force is carried by the reinforcement in the tension zone of the
beam.

∆𝑭𝒕𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝑽𝑬𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽

60
Example:
Example of a Continuous Beam

A beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 600 mm. There are three equal spans,
and each span is loaded with an ultimate design load of 190 kN/m. In the transverse direction,
the beam spacings are 4.0 m centers and the thickness of the slab is 150 mm. The characteristic
strengths of concrete and steel are 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 N/mm2 and 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 N/mm2.

61
Solution:
Total ultimate load on each span F = 190 x 5 = 950 kN
Design for Bending:

a. Mid span of 1st and 3rd end spans – design as a T-section

The design moment is 42 kNm in sagging.

62
Solution:

63
Solution:

64
Solution:
b. Interior Supports – Design as a Rectangular Section

65
Solution:

66
Solution:
Design for Shear:
Shear force at the face of the support
a. Check the possibility of crushing of concrete strut at the maximum shear force

Maximum shear at the face of the support

𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 570 − 𝑤𝑢 × 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ/2 = 570 − 190 × 0.15 = 541.5 𝑘𝑁

When 𝜃 = 22°, which is the usual case with uniformly distributed loads:

𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = 0.124𝑏𝑤 1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘
250

25
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = 0.124 × 300 1 − × 25 = 𝟖𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑵 > 𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵
250
Hence, 𝜃 = 22° for all the shear calculations
67
Solution:
Design of Shear Links:

Shear links at support A:

Shear force at distance d from the face of the support,

𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 427 − 190 × 0.15 + 0.545 = 294 𝑘𝑁.

This shear is resisted by the reinforcement.

68
Solution:
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = × 0.78𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠 𝑠

𝐴𝑠𝑤 294 × 103 294 × 103

= = = 0.553
𝑠 0.78 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 0.78𝑑 × 545 × 500 × 2.5

Area of H8 link is 100 mm2 and hence s = 100/0.553 = 180 mm (Provide H8 at 175 mm centers).

Additional longitudinal force:

∆𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5 × 𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 0.5 × 294 × 2.5 = 367 𝑘𝑁

Force carried by an H25 bar is 0.87 × 500 × 490 × 10−6 = 213 𝑘𝑁. Hence, 2 Nos of H25
should be available at the support with proper anchoring to resist this additional force.
69
Solution:
Shear links at support B:
Shear force at distance d from the face of the support,
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 570 − 190 × 0.15 + 0.545 = 438 𝑘𝑁. This shear is resisted by the reinforcement.
𝐴 𝐴
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 𝑠𝑤 𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑠𝑤 × 0.78𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠 𝑠

𝐴𝑠𝑤 438 × 103 438 × 103

= = = 0.824
𝑠 0.78 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 0.78𝑑 × 545 × 500 × 2.5
Area of H10 link is 157mm2 and hence s=157/0.824 = 190mm (Provide H10 at 175 mm centers).

Additional longitudinal force:

∆𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5 × 𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 0.5 × 438 × 2.5 = 547 𝑘𝑁

Force carried by an H25 bar is 0.87 × 500 × 490 × 10−6 = 213 𝑘𝑁. Hence, 3 Nos of H25
should be available at the support.
70
Solution:

71
Solution:
Calculate the minimum links required by EC2 from:

𝑨𝒔𝒘,𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝒇𝟎.𝟓 𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒘
=
𝒔 𝒇𝒚𝒌
And the shear resistance for the links actually specified:

𝑨𝒔𝒘
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 = × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝒅𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽
𝒔
Check the minimum link requirement:

0.5
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.08𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 0.08 × 250.5 × 300
= = = 0.24
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
𝐴𝑠𝑤
Provide H8 at 300mm centers. This gives = 0.333. The corresponding shear force carrying
𝑠
capacity.
72
Solution:
The corresponding shear force carrying capacity,

𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 0.78𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 0.333 × 0.78 × 545 × 500 × 2.5 = 177 𝑘𝑁
𝑠

In the regions where the shear is less than 177 kN, it is possible to provide H8 at 300 c/c.

At A, the distance x1 can be calculated.

𝑉𝐸𝑑 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 427 − 177

𝑥1 = − 0.15 = − 0.15 = 1.16 𝑚
𝑤𝑢 190
At B, the distance x2 can be calculated.

𝑉𝐸𝑑 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 570 − 177

𝑥2 = − 0.15 = − 0.15 = 1.91 𝑚
𝑤𝑢 190
73
Shear between web and flanges of T-section

74
Shear between web and flanges of T-section

75
Shear between web and flanges of T-section

76
Design of bending and transverse reinforcement for a T-section

77
Design of bending and transverse reinforcement for a T-section

78
Design of bending and transverse reinforcement for a T-section

79
Design of bending and transverse reinforcement for a T-section

80
Design of bending and transverse reinforcement for a T-section

81
Design of bending and transverse reinforcement for a T-section

82
Beams

83
Minimum areas of reinforcement

84
Sectional areas per metre width for various bar spacings (mm2)

85
3.2 Punching shear resistance of slabs

86
3.2 Punching shear resistance of slabs

87
3.2 Punching shear resistance of slabs

88
Punching Shear - Example:

89
Punching Shear - Example:

90
Punching Shear - Example:

91
Punching Shear - Example:

92
Punching Shear - Example:

93
3.3 Slabs with punching shear reinforcement
If reinforcement is needed at the basic control perimeter, it is possible to consider two
perimeters. One is the perimeter around the loaded area and the other is the control
perimeter. Punching shear reinforcement should be provided between not more than 0.5d
from the loaded area and a distance 1.5d inside the control perimeter where shear
reinforcement is no longer required.

The length of the outer control perimeter is given by the following:

𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑈𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑒𝑓 =
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑑

Vertical links shall be provided around at least two perimeters not more than 0.75d apart. Link
spacing around the perimeter within 2d of the face of the loaded area should not be greater
than 1.5d, increasing to a limit of 2.0d at greater perimeters.
94
3.3 Slabs with punching shear reinforcement
If the slab thickness is greater than 200 mm of overall thickness, the reinforcement
requirement is given by the following which effectively allows for a 75% contribution from
unreinforced concrete slab:
𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄
𝑨𝒔𝒘 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 ≥
𝒅 × 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅,𝒆𝒇
𝟏. 𝟓
𝒔𝒓 × 𝒖𝟏 𝒅
Where,

𝑨𝒔𝒘 : is the area of one perimeter of shear reinforcement around the column [mm2]
𝒔𝒓 : is the radial spacing of perimeters of shear reinforcement [mm]
𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅,𝒆𝒇 : is the effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement, according to
𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅,𝒆𝒇 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒅 ≤ 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 [MPa]
d : is the mean of the effective depths in the orthogonal directions [mm]
𝜶 : is the angle between the shear reinforcement and the plane of the slab
95
3.3 Slabs with punching shear reinforcement
When the links are vertical, the total area of shear reinforcement per perimeter is given by:

𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄
𝑨𝒔𝒘 ≥
𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅,𝒆𝒇
𝟏. 𝟓
𝒔𝒓 × 𝒖𝟏

Equation 9.11 of Cl 9.4.3, (2) gives the minimum area of shear reinforcement.

96
3.3 Slabs with punching shear reinforcement

97
Design of punching shear reinforcement – Example:

98
Design of punching shear reinforcement – Example:

99
Design of punching shear reinforcement – Example:

100
Design of punching shear reinforcement – Example:

101
Design of punching shear reinforcement – Example:

102