Inciong, Nover C.

Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.

Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.
Six Major Periods of the Development of Music (Give a brief description of the following and answer
the questions))

Medieval Period (450-1400): The Medieval Period in music was characterized by plainchant and vocal
music primarily used for religious purposes, with a focus on modal scales, monophonic texture, and an
emphasis on vocal harmony and Gregorian chant.

Renaissance Period (1400-1600): The Renaissance Period marked a shift towards polyphonic texture and
greater expression in music, with a renewed interest in humanism and secular music. Composers such as
Josquin des Prez and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina emerged during this period, creating works with
intricate harmonies, imitative counterpoint, and a growing use of musical notation.

Baroque Period (1600-1750): A musical period characterized by intricate ornamentation, elaborate

harmony, and emotional expression. It saw the emergence of prominent composers such as Johann
Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel, and the development of forms such as the concerto,
oratorio, and fugue, with music often featuring rich textures and grandiose gestures.

Classical Period (1750-1820): The Classical Period in music, epitomized by composers such as Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven, was marked by clear, balanced structures, symmetrical
melodies, and a focus on formal structures such as sonata form. The orchestra also took on a more
prominent role during this period.

Romantic Period (1820-1900): The Romantic Period in music was characterized by emotional expression,
individualism, and a departure from formal structures. Composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz
Schubert, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky created music with rich harmonies, expanded tonality, and
dramatic contrasts, often drawing inspiration from literature, nature, and human emotions. The
orchestra grew in size and complexity, and new forms such as the symphonic poem emerged.

Musical Instruments During the Medieval Period (Define and give examples)

a. Wind Instruments: Wind instruments are musical instruments that produce sound by the vibration of
air in a tube or resonator, such as the flute, clarinet, and trumpet.

b. String Instruments: String instruments are musical instruments that produce sound by vibrating
strings, which are usually bowed, plucked, or struck, such as the violin, guitar, and piano.

c. Percussion Instruments: Percussion instruments are musical instruments that produce sound by being
struck, shaken, or scraped, such as the drums, tambourine, and maracas.

The musical instruments during the Renaissance period include: (Describe each)

a. Recorder: The recorder is a woodwind instrument with a whistle-like mouthpiece and finger holes,
commonly used in Renaissance and Baroque music, known for its sweet and airy tone.
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Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.
Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.
b. Shawm: The shawm is a double-reed woodwind instrument with a conical bore and a piercing, loud
sound, popular in medieval and Renaissance music, often used for outdoor performances or in
ensembles.

c. Sackbut: The sackbut is a brass instrument similar to a trombone, popular during the Renaissance
period, known for its rich and warm tone, and used in both sacred and secular music.

d. Lute: The lute is a string instrument with a rounded body and a fretted neck, popular during the
Renaissance and Baroque periods, often used for solo performances, accompanying singers, or in
ensembles, with a plucked or strummed sound.

e. Organ: The organ is a large keyboard instrument that uses air to produce sound by passing through
pipes, popular in sacred music, known for its majestic and powerful sound, often used in churches and
cathedrals.

f. Harpsichord: The harpsichord is a keyboard instrument that produces sound by plucking strings with
quills, popular during the Baroque period, known for its bright and distinct sound, often used as a solo
instrument or for accompanying singers or ensembles.

Musical Instruments during the Baroque Period (Define the following:

a. Harpsichord: The harpsichord is a keyboard instrument that produces sound by plucking strings with
quills, and it was widely used during the Baroque period for its distinct, bright tone and ability to play
rapid, ornamented passages.

b. Violin: The violin is a string instrument with a four-stringed, fretless neck and a hollow body, played
with a bow, and it is known for its versatile and expressive tone, used extensively in classical music, as
well as various genres of folk, jazz, and popular music.

c. Viola: The viola is a string instrument larger than a violin, with a deeper tone and a lower pitch, often
used as an important member of the string section in classical orchestras, valued for its rich and mellow
sound, and also used in chamber music and solo performances.

d. Cello: The cello, also known as the violoncello, is a large string instrument that is played with a bow or
plucked, with a deep, resonant tone, used as a solo instrument in classical music, as well as an essential
part of the string section in orchestras and ensembles.

e. Double bass: The double bass, also known as the contrabass, is the largest and lowest-pitched string
instrument in the modern orchestra, played with a bow or plucked, providing the foundation of the
ensemble's harmonic and rhythmic structure with its deep, resonant tone, commonly used in classical,
jazz, and popular music genres.

Define the following Musical Genre

a. Chamber music: Chamber music is a form of classical music composed for a small ensemble of
typically 2-9 players, often featuring one player per part, with an intimate and conversational style of
musical interaction, commonly performed in small, private settings or concert halls.
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Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.
Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.
b. Choral: Choral music refers to music written for a choir or vocal ensemble, typically with multiple parts
sung by different voices, often with religious or ceremonial themes, and performed in a choral or choral-
orchestral setting, ranging from classical to contemporary styles.

c. Classical Crossover: Classical crossover is a genre that blends elements of classical music with popular
or contemporary music styles, often featuring classical instruments, vocal techniques, or compositions
fused with modern elements, such as pop, rock, or electronic music, creating a crossover appeal to a
wider audience.

d. High Classical: High Classical refers to a period in classical music history, typically from the late 18th to
early 19th century, characterized by the works of composers such as Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven,
known for their refined and balanced compositions, emphasizing clarity, symmetry, and structural
integrity.

e. Impressionistic: Impressionistic music is a style that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
characterized by its evocative and atmospheric quality, often featuring rich harmonies, subtle textures,
and impressionistic techniques such as timbral and tonal coloration, associated with composers such as
Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.

f. Minimalism: Minimalism is a contemporary music style that emerged in the mid-20th century,
characterized by its simplicity, repetition, and gradual transformation of musical elements, often with a
focus on rhythm, pulse, and gradual development, associated with composers such as Steve Reich and
Philip Glass.

g. Opera: Opera is a form of theatrical music that combines singing, acting, and orchestral music,
typically featuring a narrative storyline, dramatic performances, and elaborate stage sets, often with
soloists, choruses, and instrumental ensembles, dating back to the late 16th century and continuing to
be a popular form of classical music performance.

Music Terminologies (Define the following)

a. Sonata form: Sonata form is a musical structure commonly used in the Classical period, consisting of
three main sections - exposition, development, and recapitulation - where a theme or themes are
introduced, developed, and then restated, often with contrasting key areas and varied melodic and
harmonic material.

b. Theme and Variations: Theme and Variations is a musical form where a theme is presented and then
altered or varied in subsequent sections, showcasing different treatments of the same melodic material,
often with changes in rhythm, harmony, and ornamentation.

c. Classical Symphony: Classical Symphony is a genre of orchestral music that emerged in the Classical
period, typically characterized by its four-movement structure - fast, slow, minuet, and fast - with clear
and balanced compositions, often featuring sonata form in the first movement and a lively and spirited
style.

d. Classical Concerto: Classical Concerto is a genre of music that features a solo instrument accompanied
by an orchestra, typically consisting of three movements - fast, slow, fast - with virtuosic passages for the
soloist, and a balanced interplay between the solo instrument and the orchestra.
Inciong, Nover C.
Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.
Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.
e. Classical Chamber Music: Classical Chamber Music is a genre of music written for small ensembles,
usually with one player per part, and typically performed in intimate settings or concert halls, often
featuring compositions for string quartets, wind quintets, and piano trios, known for its conversational
and collaborative style of musical interaction.

The Classical period also used the complete set of percussion instruments such as: (describe each)

a. Timpani: Timpani, also known as kettle drums, are large, hemispherical drums played with mallets,
commonly used in orchestras and classical music to provide rhythmic and melodic accents, often tuned
to specific pitches.

b. Glockenspiel: Glockenspiel is a percussion instrument consisting of tuned metal bars that are struck
with mallets to produce bright and crystalline tones, often used in orchestras, marching bands, and
contemporary music genres for its distinctive and percussive sound.

c. Xylophone: Xylophone is a percussion instrument consisting of wooden bars of different sizes that are
struck with mallets to produce sharp and bright tones, often used in various musical styles, from classical
to folk, jazz, and popular music.

d. Bass drum: Bass drum is a large, low-pitched drum that produces deep and booming sounds when
struck with a pedal or mallet, commonly used in orchestras, marching bands, and rock or jazz ensembles
to provide a rhythmic foundation and accentuate powerful musical moments.

e. Snare drum: Snare drum is a small, shallow drum with snares (metal wires) stretched across the
bottom head, producing a sharp and crackling sound when struck with drumsticks, brushes, or hands,
commonly used in various music genres for its versatile and dynamic rhythmic capabilities.

f. Cymbals: Cymbals are metallic percussion instruments that consist of two circular plates that are struck
together to produce shimmering and crashing sounds, often used in orchestras, rock bands, and jazz
ensembles for their dramatic and expressive qualities.

g. Chimes: Chimes, also known as tubular bells or orchestral bells, are a set of tuned metal tubes that are
struck with mallets to produce resonant and bell-like tones, often used in orchestras, wind ensembles,
and contemporary music for their melodic and atmospheric qualities.

h. Tambourine: Tambourine is a small, handheld percussion instrument with a circular frame and jingling
metal discs or jingles, producing a bright and rattling sound when shaken, struck, or rubbed, commonly
used in folk, rock, and world music to provide rhythmic accents and add texture to the music.

i. Triangle: Triangle is a small, triangular metal percussion instrument that is struck with a metal beater,
producing a clear and high-pitched ringing sound, often used in orchestras, bands, and contemporary
music genres for its distinctive and piercing tone.

j. Piano: Piano, also known as a pianoforte, is a large keyboard instrument with strings that are struck by
hammers when keys are pressed, allowing for dynamic control over volume and tone, widely used in
classical, jazz, and popular music for its expressive and versatile range of musical possibilities.
Inciong, Nover C.
Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.
Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.

Terminologies (Discuss the following:))

Jazz: Jazz is a genre of music that originated in African American communities in the late 19th to early
20th centuries, characterized by improvisation, syncopation, and unique rhythms, often featuring brass
and woodwind instruments, and encompassing various sub-genres such as swing, bebop, and fusion.

Rhythm and blues (R&B): Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B, is a genre of popular music that
combines elements of jazz, gospel, and blues, known for its soulful vocal performances, groovy rhythms,
and often featuring brass, guitar, and piano instrumentation, and has influenced many other genres,
including rock and hip-hop.

Musical: A musical is a form of theatrical performance that combines spoken dialogue, songs, and dance
to tell a story or convey emotions, often accompanied by instrumental music, and commonly associated
with Broadway productions and popularized through film adaptations.

Rock Music: Rock music is a genre of popular music that emerged in the 1950s and is characterized by
amplified instruments, strong rhythms, and often energetic vocal performances, encompassing various
sub-genres such as classic rock, punk rock, and alternative rock, and known for its rebellious and
expressive nature.

Reggae: Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s, characterized by off-beat
rhythms, laid-back grooves, and social or political lyrics, often featuring guitar, bass, drums, and
distinctive vocal styles, such as the iconic "riddim" guitar and the smooth melodic lines of the bass guitar.

Love Song: A love song is a type of song that expresses emotions of romantic love, often featuring
heartfelt lyrics, soulful melodies, and sentimental themes, and found in various genres, including pop,
rock, R&B, and ballads, capturing the joys and challenges of human relationships.

Electric Music: Electric music is a term that broadly refers to music that relies on electronic instruments
or technology for its creation, production, or performance, encompassing genres such as electronic
dance music (EDM), techno, and ambient music, and known for its innovative use of synthesizers, drum
machines, and other electronic devices.

Digital Music: Digital music refers to music that is recorded, produced, distributed, or consumed in digital
format, using computer technology and digital audio tools, often downloaded or streamed through
online platforms, and encompassing various genres and styles, from mainstream pop to experimental
electronic music.

Musical Instruments (Define the following:)

Saxophone: The saxophone is a woodwind instrument invented by Adolphe Sax in the 1840s, known for
its distinct tone and versatility in various music genres, such as jazz, rock, and classical.
Inciong, Nover C.
Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.
Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.
Electric guitar: The electric guitar is a stringed musical instrument that uses pickups and an amplifier to
produce sound, known for its amplified and often distorted tones, and widely used in rock, blues, and
other popular music genres.

Synthesizer: A synthesizer is an electronic instrument that generates and manipulates sound using
oscillators, filters, and other electronic components, allowing for the creation of a wide range of
electronic and experimental sounds, commonly used in electronic, ambient, and experimental music.

Digital Generated Sounds: Digital generated sounds refer to sounds that are created, manipulated, or
synthesized using digital technology, such as computer software, virtual instruments, or digital samplers,
allowing for precise control and manipulation of sound elements, and commonly used in various music
genres, including electronic, experimental, and contemporary music.

Philippine Traditional Indigenous Music:

Ideophones:

The kolitong is a bamboo polychordal tube zither from Bontok, Kalinga, Philippines with six strings that
run parallel to its tube body. The strings are numbered from one to six, from lowest to highest pitch. The
body acts as the instrument's resonator. The body may be a whole tube or a half Bamboo violin A
bamboo violin is a violin that is made out of. bamboo it is a three-stringed violin of the Aeta people. The
bamboo violin is. commonly called gaet-gaet among the Kalingas.

The kutiyapi, or kudyapi, is a Philippine two-stringed, fretted boat-lute. It is four to six feet long with nine
frets made of hardened beeswax. The instrument is carved out of solid soft wood such as that from the
jackfruit tree.

The Buktot Having its origin from the Visayas area, and it means hunchbacked which perfectly describes
the instrument's arched back. It is a small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a
coconut husk. It is generally used for personal entertainment.

Bamboo Violin is violin that is made out of bamboo, it is a 3-stringed violin of the Aeta people. The
bamboo violin is commonly called “gaet-gaet” among the Kalingas.

Aerophones:

BANSIK is a kind of flute used by the Negritos of Zambales . Made from baito (a variety made of
bamboo), it is about forty centimeters long and two and a half centimeters in diameter. The mouth hole
is some-what triangular in shape and the three finger holes are circular.

The palendag, also called ', Palandag, Pulala and Lumundeg is a type of Philippine bamboo flute, the
largest one used by the Maguindanaon, a smaller type of this instrument is called the Hulakteb.

The tongali is a nose flute used by the Kalinga in Northern Luzon. Sounds are produced by blowing
through a hole with one nostril and covering a combination of finger holes. This split-reed bamboo flute
has three holes for the fingers on top and one at the bottom.
Inciong, Nover C.
Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.
Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.
The suling or seruling is a musical instrument of the Sundanese people in western Java, Indonesia. It is
used in the Degung ensemble. Bamboo ring flute can also be found in Southeast Asian, especially in
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore.

Tambuli”, which was an indigenous tool made out of Carabao horn, was used as an instrument for the
natives to come and attend meetings called-for by their elders

Sahunay - is a bamboo flute, leaving six holes for the fingers and trumpet made of coconut leaf. It is
about 50 cm long and 3 cm in diameter.

Tulali is a bamboo flute with 3 holes and a mouth opening (pagoma) that is similar to that of a panpipe.

MEMBRANOPHONES:

The dabakan is a single-headed Philippine drum, primarily used as a supportive instrument in the
kulintang ensemble. Among the five main kulintang instruments, it is the only non-gong element of the
Maguindanao ensemble.

Gangsa is a single hand-held smooth-surfaced gong with a narrow rim. A set of gangsa, which is played
one gong per musician, consists of gangsa tuned to different notes, depending on regional or local
cultural preferences.

A bungkaka, also known as the bamboo buzzer is a percussion instrument made out of bamboo common
in numerous indigenous tribes around the Philippines such as the Ifugao, Kalinga, and Ibaloi.

Kulintang is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small,
horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums.

The kubing is a type of Philippine jaw harp from bamboo found among the Maguindanaon and other
Muslim and non-Muslim tribes in the Philippines and Indonesia

The agong or agung is a bossed, wide-rimmed gong, part of the kulintang ensemble. It is the largest of
gongs used in Mindanao. There are two holes on each side where the gong is tied by cords for
suspension.

Idiophones Aerophones Membranophones

1. Buktot 1. Bansik 1. Dabakan
2. Kudyapi 2. Ulali 2. Gansa
3. Bamboo Biolin 3. Palensag 3. Bunkaka
4. Kolitong 4. Tongali 4. Kulintang
5. Suling 5. Agong
6. Tambuli 6. Kubing
7. Sahunay

Kinds (Define the following)

1. Band
Inciong, Nover C.
Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.
Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.
A band is a group of musicians who play instruments such as guitars, drums, bass, keyboards,
and other instruments while performing as a group. Bands can range in size from a few to dozens of
musicians, and they can perform a variety of musical styles, such as jazz, blues, country, rock, and pop.
Vocalists who sing the lyrics to a band's songs are another possibility. Sometimes bands record their
music in studios and release albums or singles for sale to the general public, but most bands perform in
front of live audiences most of the time.

2. Chamber Music

A type of classical music known as chamber music is written for small ensembles, typically with
two to 10 musicians. Unlike orchestral music, which is played by a large group of musicians
simultaneously, chamber music is usually performed without a conductor and is meant for more private
situations.

3. Chorale

A chorale is a hymn or song that is frequently sung during religious services at Lutheran churches
or other places of worship. Chorales are a type of congregational singing that first appeared in Germany
in the 16th century. They were crucial to the Protestant Reformation.Chorales are frequently written
using a melody line and three supporting harmonies in a four-part harmony. They are frequently
performed by a choir or congregation, with the sopranos singing the melody and the altos, tenors, and
basses singing the harmonies.

4. Jazz

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, African American communities in the United States
gave birth to the jazz musical genre. Jazz is distinguished by its improvisational technique, which enables
performers to come up with and play melodies and rhythms on the spot. Jazz draws on a variety of
musical traditions, including African, European, and American forms, and frequently uses intricate
harmonies and rhythms. Swing rhythm, syncopation, and the use of improvisation to produce original
musical expressions are some of the fundamental components of jazz.

5. Quartet

A quartet is a musical group made up of four musicians, typically singers or instrumentalists. The word
"quartet" can be used to designate any quartet of four players, but it is most frequently used to refer to
ensembles that perform jazz, vocal music, or chamber music. A quartet in chamber music normally
consists of two violins, a viola, and a cello, though other instruments may be used as well. One of the
most well-known and well-liked categories of chamber music ensembles is the string quartet. Contrarily,
vocal quartets often feature four singers, frequently divided into soprano, alto, tenor, and bass parts.

6. Quintet
Inciong, Nover C.
Laplana, Kenneth Allen S.
Ligat, Nathaniel Shem L.
Ramel, Jan Andrie O.
Five musicians, typically instrumentalists or singers, make up a quintet, which is a musical
ensemble. The term "quintet" can refer to any ensemble of five performers, but it is most frequently
used to denote ensembles that perform jazz or chamber music. A quintet is a group of five musicians
who perform a range of instruments, such as brass, wind, and string instruments, in chamber music. One
violin, two violas, and two cellos, for instance, can make up a string quintet, as can two violins, two
violas, and a cello. Contrarily, a wind quintet often consists of a French horn, an oboe, a clarinet, a
bassoon, and a flute.

7. Orchestra

A big group of musicians known as an orchestra often consists of string, woodwind, brass, and
percussion instruments. An orchestra can be any size, although the majority of them have at least 50
players, and some of the biggest ones have over 100.A conductor is often in charge of orchestras. This
person gives instructions to the players and interprets the music being played. Orchestras perform a
wide range of musical styles, such as popular, classical, opera, ballet, and operetta.

In classical music, symphonies, concertos, and other substantial works are frequently performed by the
orchestra. Classical orchestras may also include extra instruments like harps, celestas, or keyboards in
addition to the usual instrumentation of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion.

8. Symphony

A symphony is a lengthy orchestral work that normally consists of four sections. The orchestra
that performs such a work is also referred to as a "symphony" in some contexts. As new musical genres
and fads emerged over time, symphonies continued to change and adapt as composers incorporated
new instruments, methods, and concepts into their compositions. Many of the best pieces in the
classical repertoire are symphonies, which continue to be a staple of classical music today.