DEPARTMENT OF B.Sc.

(HONORS) PHYSICS

GRAPHIC ERA HILL UNIVERSITY

PROJECT REPORT

ON

“STUDY ON EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD BY ELECTRIC

EQUIPMENTS”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of

The requirement for the degree for

Bachelor of Physics (Honors)

(2020-2023)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. VIJAY KUMAR

Head of Department, Physics

SUBMITTED BY

Khushboo Mishra

B.Sc. (Hons) Physics 6th Semester

Student Id - 20412035

1
 DECLARATION

With all my sense and understanding, I hereby state that I am Khushboo Mishra, a student of
B.Sc. (H) Physics at Graphic Era Hill University, and I am submitting this document to the
respected department with all my details as follows:

STUDENT ID : 20412035
ENROLLMENT NO. : PV-D2029018

By signing this, I thus affirm that this project is my own unique creation and the fruit of my own
intellectual effort and it does not violate any other authors' copyrights.

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 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

The undersigned attests that they have reviewed the project report titled "STUDY ON
EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD BY ELECTRIC EQUIPMENTS" submitted by
KHUSHBOO MISHRA as a requirement for the degree of Bachelor in Science and have
recommended its approval to the Department of Physics.

DR. VIJAY KUMAR DR. VIJAY KUMAR

Head Of Department (Physics) Head Of Department (Physics)
Graphic Era Hill University, Graphic Era Hill University,
Dehradun (Uttarakhand) Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

Supervisor Sign. HOD Sign.

Date : Date :

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 CERTIFICATE
This certifies that the project “STUDY ON EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD BY
ELECTRIC EQUIPMENTS” was completed in part to satisfy the requirements for the award
of a B.Sc.(Hons) in Physics at Graphic Era Hill University in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, and was
submitted there under the guidance of DR. VIJAY KUMAR, Head of Department, Physics.

I have not applied for any other degree from this Institute/University or any other
Institute/University using the information contained in this project report.

Date: Khushboo Mishra

Student ID – 20412035

This is to confirm that, we hereby attest that the student's aforementioned assertion is true, to the
best of our knowledge.

DR. VIJAY KUMAR

Head Of Department (Physics) External Examiner
Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to sincerely thank everyone who helped finish my thesis and for their contributions. This
job could not have accomplished without their outstanding assistance, direction, and support.

Firstly, I want to express my gratitude to Dr. Vijay Kumar, the HOD of the Physics department,
for his unwavering leadership and knowledge. He served as my supervisor and provided
unflinching advice. He has greatly influenced this research effort with his astute
recommendations, kind criticism, and persistent encouragement. Without his guidance and
support, I would not have been able to do this. His informative recommendations, kind criticism,
and ongoing encouragement have been crucial in forming the research effort. I sincerely
appreciate the chance to learn with them and their dedication to my educational growth.

I want to express my sincere gratitude to the Physics Department faculty for their commitment to
information dissemination and the provision of a conductive research environment. They have
motivated me throughout my academic career with their enthusiasm for their various disciplines.

I owe a debt of gratitude to my colleagues for their many forms of assistance. Their interactions,
brainstorming sessions, and willingness to exchange materials have all been quite helpful.

A special word of thanks goes out to my family for their unfailing love, support, and
encouragement during my academic career. My inspiration has always come from their
confidence in my abilities.

I want to thank everyone stated above one more time from the core of my heart.

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 ABSTRACT
We use a variety of household gadgets such as refrigerators, microwave ovens, electric irons, etc.
every day, and they all produce extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic field lines. The
voltage source, which is used to cause electric current to flow in a circuit, is the source of the
electric field in household appliances. The electric field grows along with the voltage. Due to the
constant voltage in our homes' mains wiring, every time we use an appliance, an electric field is
created. This electric field lasts until the main switch is turned off or the equipment is removed.
The movement of electricity in the cable wires is the origin of the magnetic field in our house.
The strength of the current flowing through the appliances affects the magnetic field. Therefore,
we can infer that the sources of electric or magnetic fields produced in our household appliances
are the electrical wiring, substations located outside, and power lines.

This manuscript's goal is to investigate the variations in magnetic fields near electric machinery.
These fields will have an impact on anyone who works close to the equipment. The magnetic
fields created by the electric devices will enter the body. Human organs are impacted by the
magnetic fields that have penetrated. The fluctuations of induced magnetic fields and their
impacts on people are briefly reviewed in this manuscript.

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

S. No. Content Title Page

No.

1. Declaration 2

2. Certificate of Compliance 3

3. Certificate 4

4. Acknowledgement 5

5. Abstract 6

6. Introduction 8 – 17
 Fields
 Electric Field
 Magnetic Field
 Static Magnetic Field
 Electromagnetic Wave
 Reason for production of radiation in Domestic Appliances
 Effect of EM Waves
o On Living Beings
o On Plants
o On Birds
o On Sea Animals
 Medical Applications of Magnetic Field

7. Review of Literature 18-25

 Effect of magnetic Field
 Magnetic Field emitted by different appliances

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 o Magnetic Field From TV
o Magnetic Field from Laptop
o Magnetic Field from Refrigerator
o Magnetic Field from Washing Machine
o Magnetic Field from Electric Heater
8. Study on determination of magnetic field around the domestic equipments 26-36
 Experimental Observation Graphs
9. Result and Discussion 37-46
 Experimental Resultant Values
10. Conclusion 47
11. References 48

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 INTRODUCTION
In past researches various scientist has performed different kind of experiment in order to
calculate the health effects from such kind of radiations. These experimental studies completely
focused on various factors like frequency or radiation intensity, time between the contact and
distance between the radiation sources to that with the observer.

The radiation emitted by different appliances differs from one another as it depends on factors
like the design of appliance, current frequency, strength of electric current and so on. Generally,
the amount of radiation is relatively low and not considered as harmful for human health but on
the same side, we have appliances that generate higher level of radiation and a person which uses
them regularly get affected by it.

Symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, nausea, insomnia and headaches are all the signs of health
affected by electrical appliances.

In recent studies some researchers has recommended that prolonged disclosure to electric
blankets may add to the certain type of cancers such as leukemia or brain tumors.

However, scientific evidence of exposure to low level of radiation is still involving. The risk can
be low when people use these devices in accordance with the safety guidelines and instruction
manual provided by the manufacturers.

The basic outcome so obtained is same that the intensity decreases rapidly as we move away
from the source of radiation. This simply means that people which are indulge in work near
power lines or group of people that uses electrical appliances are more affected by this then those
which are apart away from it [4].

The reason for the generation of electromagnetic radiation from the electrical appliances is the
flow of electricity in our mains wire. As whenever a charge particle moves, it produces a EM
waves or electromagnetic radiation.

As the flow of electricity produces, an electromagnetic field, which is a type of energy that
radiates outward from the source this then, produces the magnetic field around the wires. When
the current changes the direction, it produces a magnetic field, which in turn produces changing
electric field. This process continues goes on and creates radiation in form of gamma rays, x-
rays, UV rays, visible light, Infrared radiation, Microwaves, Radio waves depending upon their
intensity and frequency of radiation.

1.1 What are fields?

A field is a physical quantity that occurs at every location in both space and time in physics. A
field can be compared to a mathematical function that gives each point in a specified space a
value. In physics, there are many different kinds of fields, such as magnetic, gravitational,

9
electric, and quantum fields. The behavior of each type of field is governed by a set of
mathematical equations that define its particular characteristics.

A field that surrounds an electric charge and exerts force on other electric charges is an example
of an electric field. Similar to an electric current, a magnetic field surrounds a magnet and acts as
a force field on other magnetic objects or moving charges.

The concept of field is very important for us because they help us comprehend and describe how
objects interact with one another, fields are crucial in the study of physics. They are crucial for
comprehending a variety of phenomena in the natural world, including the behavior of atoms, the
movements of celestial objects, and the operation of electronic equipment. They are employed in
many branches of physics, including electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics.

1.2 What is an electric field ?

An electric field is a specific kind of vector field that surrounds and is created by electric
charges, such as electrons or protons. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and a key
idea in electromagnetism.

Many physical phenomena, including the attraction or repulsion of electric charges, the operation
of electric motors and generators, and the conductivity of charged particles in an electric field,
are caused by electric fields.

Lines of force that show the strength and direction of the field at each location are commonly
used to portray an electric field. The electric field's direction is determined by the direction of the
magnetic field, and its strength is expressed in units of volts per meter (V/m).The strength of an
electric field depends on the charge that generates it as well as the distance from the field source.

Electric fields are important in many fields of science and technology, including electric power
generation and transmission, electronic devices, and medical imaging. They also play a
significant role in the behavior of the Earth's atmosphere. Electric fields are crucial to the
production and transmission of electric power, electronic gadgets, and medical imaging, among
other branches of science and industry. They also have a significant impact on how the Earth's
atmosphere behaves and how charged particles interact with the planet's magnetic field.

1.3 What is a magnetic field?

Similarly, a particular form of vector field called a magnetic field surrounds magnets and other
moving electric charges, such as electric currents. It is one of the four fundamental forces of
nature and a key idea in electromagnetism.

Many physical phenomena, including the attraction or repulsion of magnets, the operation of
electric motors and generators, and the conductivity of charged particles in a magnetic field, are
caused by magnetic fields.

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Lines of force that depict a magnetic field are frequently used to show its direction and intensity
at various points. The tesla (T) or gauss (G) units used to measure magnetic field intensity and
gauss (G) units to determine the direction of the magnetic field respectively.

Electric currents passing through wires, permanent magnets, and electromagnets can all produce
magnetic fields. Its generating current or magnetic moment as well as its distance from the
source influence a magnetic field’s strength.

In many domains of science and technology, such as the production and transmission of electric
power, medical imaging, particle accelerators, and magnetic storage systems, magnetic fields are
crucial. The behaviour of the Earth's magnetic field, which shields the globe from the negative
effects of solar wind and cosmic rays, is also greatly influenced by them.

In many areas of contemporary technology, such as communications, energy generation, medical

imaging, and scientific research, electromagnetic waves are crucial. But excessive quantities of
electromagnetic radiation can also be harmful to your health, so it's critical to comprehend and
control how much you expose yourself to these waves.

1.3.1 Static Magnetic Field

A static magnetic field is one that has a fixed amplitude and direction and does not change over
time. Direct current (DC) flowing through a wire or coil or a permanent magnet can both
produce this kind of magnetic field.

Strong static magnetic fields are used in MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) devices, which
employ them to provide precise images of inside body structures, among other useful
applications. Static magnetic fields are also utilised in magnetic levitation trains, which lift and
move forward thanks to the attraction of a powerful magnetic field and a magnetised track[5].

Although static magnetic fields are typically thought to be safe for people, prolonged exposure
can have certain negative consequences on health. For instance, some studies have revealed that
in certain persons, continuous exposure to powerful static magnetic fields may result in
headaches, dizziness, and other symptoms. Additionally, although the evidence is not yet
conclusive, some studies have speculated that exposure to intense magnetic fields may raise the
risk of developing a few different types of cancer. Therefore, it's critical to limit exposure to high
levels of static magnetic fields, especially in work environments where employees could be
subjected to such fields for long stretches of time.

1.4 What is an Electromagnetic Wave?

When electric and magnetic fields oscillate and move through space at the speed of light, they
form an electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic spectrum, which also includes radio waves,
microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays,
includes these waves as a fundamental component.

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When electrically charged particles like electrons oscillate or accelerate, electromagnetic waves
are created. Since these waves don't need a medium to spread, they can move across a vacuum.
An electromagnetic wave's frequency and wavelength are connected by the speed of light, which
is constant in a vacuum.

An electromagnetic wave's characteristics are influenced by its frequency, and lower frequencies
are characterized by longer wavelengths.

A sort of energy that moves over space as waves is called electromagnetic radiation. It is made
up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are parallel to the wave's propagation path and
to each other.

1.5 Electromagnetic Radiation

The electromagnetic spectrum, which encompasses radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation,
visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays, is a large range of frequencies that
make up electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength and frequency of each form of
electromagnetic radiation differ, and the energy and nature of their interactions with matter
define them.

When electrically charged particles, like electrons, oscillate or accelerate, electromagnetic

radiation is produced. The Sun, stars, radio and television transmitting antennae, cell phones, and
microwaves are only a few examples of the numerous natural and man-made sources that emit it.

Communication, energy production, medical imaging, and scientific research are just a few of
the sectors of science and technology where electromagnetic radiation is significant. But
excessive quantities of electromagnetic radiation can also be harmful to your health, so it's
critical to comprehend and control how much you expose yourself to these waves.

Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy which are produced by electrically charged

particles. This type of radiation can occurs from variety of sources such as power lines or
electrical appliances. Various studies have suggested that the people who are exposed to low
level of radiation are not harmed by this while those which are exposed to high levels of it may
suffer from various kind of health issues.

1.6 Reason for production of radiation in domestic appliances

Because they depend on electricity to function, household appliances can produce

electromagnetic radiation (EMR). An electromagnetic field, which can include both electric and
magnetic components, is created when an electric current travels across a wire or circuit.

The appliance's design and function will determine the strength and frequency of the EMR it
produces. For instance, while some equipment, like refrigerators and Wi-Fi routers, produce

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lower frequency fields, others, like microwave ovens and Wi-Fi routers, operate using high
frequency electromagnetic waves [6].

Increased EMR emissions from household appliances can result from a variety of causes,
including improper wiring or electrical grounding in addition to how the equipment is used.

Despite the fact that the majority of household appliances produce only little amounts of EMR,
some studies have raised questions about the potential health implications of extended exposure
to EMR, particularly for people who may be more vulnerable to their effects, such as young
children and pregnant women. As a result, it's crucial to keep an eye on and regulate EMR
exposure in the house, especially in spaces like bedrooms and living rooms where people spend a
lot of time. As it is necessary to accomplish the exposure to EM radiation so as to ensure that the
potential risks are minimized.

1.7 Effect of EM Waves

Depending on the frequency and intensity of the waves, electromagnetic (EM) waves can have
different effects on biological things. High frequency and energy EM waves, like X-rays and
gamma rays, can ionize atoms and molecules, harming biological tissues and increasing the risk
of radiation illness or cancer.

1.7.1 Effect of EM Waves on Living Beings

While EM waves of lower frequencies, such radio waves and microwaves, lack the energy to
ionize atoms and molecules, they can still be harmful if exposed for an extended period of time
or with a high intensity. Among the possible effects of electromagnetic radiation on living things
are:

1. Thermal Effects: EM waves can produce heat in living tissues, which can lead to tissue
damage and burns. For instance, continuous exposure to strong microwaves can harm the
skin and eyes thermally.
2. Biological Effect: Electromagnetic waves (EM waves) can influence the cellular and
molecular processes in living tissues. For instance, some studies have suggested that
brain activity and cognitive performance may be impacted by exposure to high amounts
of EM radiation from cell phones and other gadgets.
3. Behavioral Effects: EM waves can have an impact on how living things behave. For
instance, migrating birds rely on the Earth's magnetic field for navigation, and being
exposed to man-made EM radiation might impair this ability.

It is crucial to remember that much is still unknown regarding the long-term effects of exposure
to EM radiation and that research into the impact of EM waves on living things is still underway.
For individuals who may be more vulnerable to its effects, such as pregnant women and young
children, it is crucial to take steps to reduce exposure to high amounts of EM radiation.

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1.7.2 Effect of EM Wave on Plants

Depending on the kind, dose, and length of exposure, radiation can have an impact on plants in
either a positive or a negative way.

1. Beneficial Effect : Radiation can stimulate plant growth, boost agricultural productivity,
and improve plant resilience to pathogens and pests at tiny doses. This is due to the fact
that radiation has the ability to activate a number of plant growth regulators and start
metabolic processes that encourage plant growth.
2. Harmful Effects : High radiation exposure can harm plant tissues, interfere with cellular
processes, and result in genetic changes. Stunted growth, lower agricultural yields, and
even plant mortality might result from this. The nutritional value of the plant may be
impacted by changes in the antioxidant, protein, and enzyme levels in plant tissues that
are brought on by radiation.
3. Ecological Effects: Radiation can also have an ecological impact on plants since it can
change plant communities and have an impact on how ecosystems work. For instance,
radiation exposure can change the variety of plant species, change the composition of
plant communities, and influence how plants interact with other organisms in their
ecosystem.
4. Positive effects: In some circumstances, low radiation doses can actually accelerate plant
development and growth, resulting in higher harvests. The activation of cellular repair
mechanisms in response to low-level radiation exposure is thought to be the cause of this
phenomenon, known as radiation hormesis.
5. Negative consequences: However, excessive radiation doses can have negative
consequences on plants, such as DNA damage, photosynthesis inhibition, and growth
inhibition. In addition to increasing vulnerability to disease and other stresses, this can
result in decreased plant development and production.
6. Genetic Mutation: Radiation exposure can also result in genetic mutations in plants,
which can modify the properties and attributes of such plants. While some mutations can
be advantageous and may boost a plant's resilience to disease or pests, others can be
detrimental and may stunt the growth and productivity of the plant.
7. Soil Contamination: Additionally, radiation exposure can result in soil pollution, which
may have long-term consequences on plant development and growth. From the soil,
plants may absorb radioactive substances that may then build up in plant tissues and harm
the health of the plants.

1.7.3 Magnetic Field Effects on Birds

Birds can be affected by magnetic fields, especially their ability to navigate and maintain their
orientation. Birds are known to have an amazing capacity for long-distance migration navigation,
and they do so by utilizing a range of signals, such as visual landmarks, astronomical cues, and
the Earth's magnetic field.

14
The susceptibility of birds to magnetic fields has been studied through a number of tests. In order
to examine how the magnetic field affects the behavior of the birds, these research modify or
manipulate the magnetic field. For instance, scientists have distorted magnetic fields or created
artificial magnetic fields using magnetic coils and birds.

According to research, birds are able to sense and use the Earth's magnetic field as a compass.
They are able to precisely position themselves by detecting the magnetic field's strength,
direction, and inclination. Birds use magnetic cues to travel across great distances during
migrations, thus it is assumed that this ability is especially crucial during those times. Birds are
thought to possess specialized sensory organs known as magneto receptors that enable them to
discern the inclination, strength, and direction of the Earth's magnetic field. These magneto
receptors are believed to be to be found in the birds' visual system, specifically in the retina or
connected structures.

Birds' ability to effectively navigate can be hampered when they are subjected to changes in the
magnetic field, such as during magnetic storms or experiments that modify the field. According
to studies, adjusting the magnetic field artificially can make birds lose their sense of direction or
fly in strange ways. We still do not fully understand the precise methods by which birds sense
and comprehend the Earth's magnetic field. Numerous hypotheses have been put out, including
the use of magnetite crystals in the inner ears or beaks of birds as well as chemical processes
involving specialized molecules known as crypto chromes, which are light-sensitive and may
also play a part in magneto reception.

1.7.4 Magnetic Field Effects on Sea Animals

Another exciting area of research is the impact of magnetic fields on marine species, such as fish,
invertebrates, and marine mammals. Some water creatures are thought to have magnetoreception,
which allows them to navigate and orient themselves in the ocean, much like birds do.

It has been noted that marine mammals including whales, dolphins, and seals exhibit
navigational skills that reflect sensitivity to the Earth's magnetic field. These animals make
lengthy migrations and frequently return to particular maternity or feeding locations. It is
believed that throughout these voyages, they employ magnetic cues to navigate and stay on
course.

When it comes to fish, some species, like salmon and eels, are known to make lengthy
migrations between freshwater and saltwater habitats. Their capacity to detect and react to the
Earth's magnetic field is suggested to affect these migrations. These fish are able to travel
precisely, find acceptable habitats, and go back to their breeding grounds by recognizing
magnetic cues.

Invertebrates, such as different species of crabs and sea turtles, have also shown magnetic field
sensitivity. For instance, sea turtles have the amazing capacity to rely on magnetic cues to return

15
to their nesting grounds. It is thought that they recognize and understand the Earth's magnetic
field to navigate back to particular coastal regions.

Diverse marine creatures, especially those that engage in long-distance migrations, rely heavily
on the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation. These creatures possess a unique
capacity to sense and make use of the Earth's magnetic field. Here are a few instances of how
magnetic fields impact marine life:

1. Sea turtles: During their protracted journeys between eating and nesting areas, sea turtles rely
on the Earth's magnetic field to guide them. They have a magneto reception system that senses
the magnetic field and aids in locating and orienting them.

2. Salmon: To find their way back to their native spawning grounds, salmon use the Earth's
magnetic field as a compass. They are believed to contain magnetite particles that serve as
magnetic sensors in their body, enabling them to correctly sense changes in the magnetic field
and navigate.

3. Sharks: It is known that some shark species use the Earth's magnetic field to navigate.

Research on the potential effects of magnetic fields produced by people on marine life is
currently few and ambiguous. The magnetic environment may be hampered by anthropogenic
magnetic field sources such as underwater cables, offshore wind farms, or electromagnetic
radiation from power lines. But further research is needed to fully understand the precise effects
on aquatic animals and their behaviors. But scientists still don't fully comprehend how aquatic
animals perceive magnetism. These animals probably have unique cells or structures that allow
them to sense and process magnetic data. The underlying molecular and physiological systems
involved are the subject of continuing research.

In conclusion, it is thought that some marine creatures, such as fish, invertebrates, and marine
mammals, have magneto reception, which enables them to navigate and orient themselves using
the Earth's magnetic field. Research is still being done on the specifics of magneto reception as
well as the possible effects of magnetic fields produced by humans on these creatures. For the
management and conservation of marine animals and their ecosystems, an understanding of these
occurrences is essential.

1.8 Medical Applications of Magnetic Field

There are numerous medical uses for magnetic fields, including:

1. MRI : With the help of radio waves and powerful magnetic fields, the medical imaging
technology known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may produce precise pictures
of inside body components. Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, problems with the
joints and bones, and cancer can all be detected with MRI.

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 2. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): TMS is a non-invasive medical
technique that stimulates brain nerve cells using a magnetic field. Numerous mental
health issues, such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, have
been treated by TMS.
3. Magnetic drug delivery: Drug molecules can be directed to specific parts of the body
using magnetic fields. As it enables for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic
medications to malignant cells while minimising adverse effects to healthy cells, this
method is very helpful in the treatment of cancer.
4. Magnetic Hyperthermia : The cancer therapy method known as "magnetic
hyperthermia" employs magnetic fields to heat and kill cancer cells. When treating
deep-seated tumours that are challenging to access with conventional cancer treatments,
this approach is especially effective.
Magnetic nanoparticles that have been directed to cancer cells can be heated up
using magnetic fields. This method has the potential to be used in the treatment of
cancer since it can selectively heat and kill cancer cells while causing the least amount
of harm to healthy tissues.
5. MRS : The medical imaging technology known as magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(MRS) employs magnetic fields to identify the chemical makeup of bodily tissues.
MRS is used to identify a number of diseases, such as liver and brain illnesses.
6. Medical Navigation : Medical equipment, such as catheters, can be guided through the
body using magnetic fields. Potential uses for this method include minimally invasive
surgeries and other procedures.
7. Magnetic Levitation: It is possible to levitate and manipulate biological cells and
tissues using magnetic fields. This technique has potential applications in tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine.

With numerous potential uses in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of medical
disorders, magnetic fields have generally shown to be a flexible and successful tool in
contemporary medicine.

17
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Research into the effects of magnetic effects on organisms and biological materials has driven by
recent improvements in medical instruments and worries about exposure [1-3].

Since electricity is an essential part of our life. According to the current scenario, we cannot
imagine our life without the electronic equipments. Refrigerator, electric heater, T.V, washing
machine and laptop are the electric equipments, which plays a very important role in our life.
Electric appliances are devices that operate on electrical power and perform a specific function
or task. These appliances are commonly found in households, offices, and industries, and they
include items such as refrigerators, air conditioners, televisions, washing machines, electric
stoves and ovens, electric water heaters, microwaves, fans, lamps, and vacuum cleaners, to name
a few. Electric appliances rely on electrical energy to perform their intended functions, and they
typically convert electrical energy into other forms of energy, such as mechanical energy, light,
or heat.

The electromagnetic field so associated with electricity is a type of low frequency but non-
ionizing radiation that can originate from both natural and artificial sources. For instance,
because lightning during a thunderstorm creates a current between the sky and the earth, because
of which electromagnetic radiation is produced. Also there is an electromagnetic field which is
present around that current. The magnetic field of the Earth is one such kind of illustration. The
magnetic field of the Earth surrounds us constantly and is produced at its core. This magnetic
field, which also helps fish and pigeons navigate, is what allows compasses to work.

Intriguing research is being done on the creation of a sustainable power source for Internet of
Things (IoT) devices that are being incorporated into smart infrastructure, and one such source is
the collection of electrical energy from stray magnetic fields. Buildings are constantly exposed to
stray magnetic fields, which have a fixed frequency (50/60 Hz) and little amplitude. The best
approach to convert these low frequency stray magnetic fields into electricity is through
magnetoelectric (ME) coupled magneto-mechano-electric (MME) energy conversion. However,
the ME coupled MME generators that have been currently reported can only produce high output
power in quite strong magnetic fields (≥500 μT), which are not available in real-world
applications. When operating below magnetic field levels of 100 μT, a unique ME linked MME
generator has been developed that offers 400% more output power than the state-of-the-art.,
when operating below magnetic field levels of 100 μT. The ME connected MME generator that
has been tuned for use under 300 μT of stray magnetic field produces milliwatt power.
Extremely low magnetic fields (≤50 μT) can operate a digital clock and power hundreds of LED
arrays without the need to first charge a capacitor. It is demonstrated how to use electricity that
has been captured close to a home appliance to sustainably power sensors and a wireless
communication system. Fundamental advances from this work will give a roadmap for
integrating ME and MME generator driven self-powered IoT devices in smart infrastructures.

18
Magnetic field measurements can be made using a variety of techniques. Utilising a
magnetometer, a tool that measures the direction and strength of magnetic fields, is one typical
technique. Using an electromagnet, which is a coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when
an electric current is supplied through it, is another method for measuring magnetic fields.
Finally, a compass, which determines the magnetic field's direction, can be used to detect
magnetic fields. The strength and direction of magnetic fields can be determined using any one
of these techniques.

The two parallel conductors of the loop's loop are being used by the current as it travels through
it in opposite directions as it leaves on the left and returns on the right sides. As a result, the
magnetic field directed around each conductor inside the loop is the "SAME".

The opposing lines of force created by the current flowing through the loop where the two
identical poles meet in the area between the two conductors distort the lines of force surrounding
each conductor.

At the middle junction, where the lines of force converge, the magnetic field is intensified due to
the distortion of the magnetic flux between the two conductors. A mechanical force is created
between the two conductors as they attempt to repel one another as a result of the interaction
between the two similar fields. The interaction of these two magnetic fields in an electrical
machine causes motion.

The two magnetic fields nevertheless assist one another by producing a north and a south pole
along this line of interaction since the conductors are immobile. As a result, the centre of the two
conductors have the strongest magnetic field. The conductor's magnetic field's strength is
inversely proportional to its distance from it and to the current that is flowing through it.

Even with a strong current flowing through it, the magnetic field produced around a straight
piece of current-carrying wire is quite minimal. The magnetic field created by a coil of wire,
however, will be even more concentrated and powerful than that of just a single loop if multiple
loops of the wire are twisted together along the same axis. As a result, an electromagnetic coil
known as a solenoid is created.

When an electrical current passes across a length of wire, electromagnetism takes effect all
around the wire. The magnetic field's direction depends on the direction of the current flow. By
coiling the length of wire, we may strengthen the magnetic field produced.

A refrigerator, also known as a fridge, is a household appliance used for storing and preserving
food and beverages at a low temperature. It works by removing heat from the interior of the unit
and transferring it to the surrounding environment, thereby keeping the contents of the
refrigerator cool and fresh. The main components of a refrigerator include a compressor, a
condenser, an evaporator, and a refrigerant. The compressor pumps refrigerant through the
condenser and evaporator, where it undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas and back to

19
liquid again. As the refrigerant undergoes this cycle, it absorbs heat from the interior of the
refrigerator and releases it to the surrounding environment, thereby keeping the inside of the
refrigerator cool.

Refrigerators typically have two compartments - a refrigerated compartment for storing

perishable items such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, and a freezer compartment for
storing frozen foods such as meats, seafood, and ice cream. Some refrigerators also come with
additional features such as icemakers, water dispensers, and temperature control settings.
Refrigerators are an essential appliance in most households as they help to prevent food spoilage,
reduce waste, and provide convenient storage for food and beverages. They come in a variety of
sizes and designs to suit different household needs and decor styles.

A washing machine is a household appliance used for cleaning laundry, such as clothes, towels,
and bed sheets. It is designed to automate the process of washing clothes by using water,
detergent, and mechanical action to remove dirt and stains. A typical washing machine has a
drum that rotates horizontally and agitates the clothes while they are being washed. The drum is
filled with water, and the detergent is added to create a soapy solution. The clothes are then
agitated by the drum and water, which helps to loosen and remove dirt and stains. Once the
washing cycle is complete, the water is drained from the drum, and the clothes are rinsed with
clean water to remove any remaining detergent. Washing machines may come with a range of
features, such as different wash cycles for different types of fabric, temperature control, and spin
speed options. They are available in various sizes and capacities to suit different household needs
and can be either top-loading or front-loading. Some washing machines may also include
additional features such as a dryer, which can dry the clothes once they have been washed.

A laptop, also known as a notebook, is a portable computer that is designed to be used on the go.
It is a type of personal computer that is small and light enough to be carried around, usually with
a screen size ranging from 11 to 17 inches.

Laptops are designed to be convenient and efficient, allowing users to perform many of the same
functions as a desktop computer while on the move. They typically include a built-in keyboard,
touchpad or pointing device, and a battery that allows for several hours of use without needing to
be plugged in. They may also come equipped with various ports for connecting to external
devices such as printers, external monitors, and other peripherals.

Laptops are widely used for a variety of purposes, including work, entertainment, and
communication. They are popular among students, professionals, and casual users alike, and are
available at a wide range of price points to suit different budgets and needs. An electric heater is
a device that converts electrical energy into heat energy to warm up a room or a specific area. It
is an electric appliance that is commonly used in homes, offices, and other indoor spaces to
provide warmth and comfort. Electric heaters come in a variety of sizes and types, including

20
 portable heaters that can be moved from one room to another and fixed heaters that are installed
in walls or floors. They typically work by using a heating element, such as a coil or ceramic
plate, that heats up when electrical current flows through it. The heat generated by the element is
then transferred to the surrounding air, which warms up the room or area. Electric heaters are
commonly used as a primary or supplementary source of heat during cold weather, and they can
be used to heat individual rooms or larger spaces depending on their size and heating capacity.
There are several types of magnetic fields, including:

1. Static Magnetic Field: This fixed magnetic field does not change over time. It can be generated
by permanent magnets or by electrical currents.

2. Alternating Magnetic Field: This is a magnetic field that varies in strength and direction over
time. It is typically generated by an alternating current.

3. Pulsed Magnetic Field: This is a magnetic field that is generated by short bursts of electrical
energy. It can be used in medical applications for pain relief and tissue repair.

4. Gradient Magnetic Field: This is a magnetic field that varies in strength across space. It is used
in medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create detailed
images of internal structures.

5. Residual Magnetic Field: This is a magnetic field that remains after a magnetic source has been
removed. It can occur in materials that have been magnetized or exposed to a magnetic field.

6. Earth's Magnetic Field: This is the magnetic field generated by the Earth's core. It is important
for navigation and plays a role in protecting the Earth from harmful cosmic radiation.

Overall, magnetic fields are present in many aspects of our lives, and understanding the different
types of magnetic fields is important for understanding their potential effects on our health and
environment.

We know that magnetic field produced by the flow of electricity in any conductor. All the
electric equipments work with the help of electricity and when electricity flows in the
equipments, a magnetic field also produced around the equipment. Therefore most of the time we
are surrounded by the magnetic field generated by the electric equipments. The magnetic field
produced from the electric equipments has different range of intensities. If the current is high
then the intensity of generated electric field also will be very strong.

Electromagnetic fields are omnipresent in our environment, and we are frequently exposed to
both the fields from a range of sources. Sources of these fields include high, medium, and low
voltage power lines, electrical wiring within buildings, and electrical appliances such as

21
computer monitors, refrigerators, and power tools. High voltage electricity typically generates
strong electric fields but weak magnetic fields, while strong electric currents, such as those found
in the electric appliances and industrial machinery, generates weak electric fields but strong
magnetic fields. The strength of both electric and magnetic fields decreases with increasing
distance from the source, and magnetic fields weaken more rapidly from point sources such as
appliances than from line sources like wiring and power lines. Magnetic fields from appliances
dissipate to background levels within approximately one meter, while magnetic fields from low
voltage lines disappear within 20 to 60 meters, and those from high voltage lines disappear
within 100 to 300 meters. The total effect of overlapping fields can be either strengthened or
weakened, depending on the distance and location of other nearby sources.
The magnetic field is all around us and is created by the movement of electrically charged
particles. The Earth itself has a magnetic field, and we are exposed to magnetic fields from
various sources such as power lines, electronic devices, and magnets.There is ongoing research
into how magnetic fields affect human beings, but currently, there is no conclusive evidence that
exposure to magnetic fields at typical household levels has a significant impact on human health.
Some studies have suggested a possible link between long-term exposure to high levels of
magnetic fields and certain health conditions such as cancer, but the evidence is not strong
enough to establish a definitive causal relationship.

However, people with certain medical devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators should take
precautions when exposed to magnetic fields, as these devices may be affected by strong
magnetic fields. Additionally, individuals who work in industries that involve high levels of
exposure to magnetic fields, such as welders and electricians, may be at higher risk for health
effects and should take appropriate safety measures. Overall, while there is ongoing research into
the potential health effects of magnetic fields, the current evidence suggests that typical
household-level exposure to magnetic fields is unlikely to have a significant impact on human
health.

Magnetic fields are known to play an important role in the navigation and orientation of certain
animals. Many species of birds, fish, and mammals are believed to use the Earth's magnetic field
to help them navigate during migration or to locate prey. Research has shown that animals such
as birds and sea turtles use the Earth's magnetic field as a navigation tool during their migrations,
and some species of fish use magnetic fields to locate their prey [7]. It is believed that animals
have specialized cells called magneto receptors that enable them to sense magnetic fields.
However, exposure to strong magnetic fields from human-made sources such as power lines,
electromagnetic radiation, and other electronic devices can disrupt the natural magnetic field and
interfere with the ability of animals to navigate.

For example, studies have shown that exposure to magnetic fields can affect the behavior and
reproduction of birds and other animals. Overall, while the Earth's magnetic field is an important
navigational tool for many animal species, exposure to human-made magnetic fields can have

22
negative effects on their behavior and health. It is important to consider the potential impact of
human activities on the natural magnetic field and take appropriate measures to mitigate any
potential negative effects on animals.

The effects of magnetic fields on plants are still not fully understood, and research in this area is
ongoing. Some studies suggest that exposure to magnetic fields can have both positive and
negative effects on plant growth and development. One study found that exposure to low-level
magnetic fields can enhance the germination of seeds and promote the growth of seedlings.
Other studies have shown that magnetic fields can increase the concentration of certain plant
pigments and improve the yield of certain crops. On the other hand, exposure to high levels of
magnetic fields can also have negative effects on plant growth. For example, one study found
that exposure to high levels of magnetic fields can decrease the growth of tomato plants. Other
studies have shown that exposure to strong magnetic fields can lead to changes in the
morphology and physiology of plants. It is important to note that the effects of magnetic fields
on plants can vary depending on the strength and duration of exposure, as well as the specific
plant species being studied. Overall, the research on the effects of magnetic fields on plants is
still in its early stages, and more studies are needed to fully understand the potential impact of
magnetic fields on plant growth and development.

The strength of magnetic field which is present in our home is nearly around 50 𝜇𝑇. The
appliances used in our home which has motors, transformers or looped heating elements inbuilt
in the devices produces noteworthy magnetic fields [8].

1. MAGNETIC FIELD FROM REFRIGERATOR

For example, refrigerator which we use frequently in our daily life contains fans or motors in it
that produces a weak magnetic field as a result of their performance. Like the majority of home
equipment, refrigerators produce a magnetic field as a result of the operation of their motors and
the passage of electric current through their parts. The magnetic field created by a refrigerator is
typically small and is not thought to be dangerous for people or surrounding objects [8].

Depending on the particular refrigerator model, the type of motor used, and the distance from the
appliance, the magnetic field intensity from the appliance can vary. Normally, when you get
further away from the refrigerator, the magnetic field intensity gradually diminishes.

The magnetic fields generated by refrigerators are typically in the range of a few microteslas (T)
or less, which is comparable to or slightly higher than the Earth's magnetic field. It's crucial to
remember that the magnetic field strength close to the refrigerator will be stronger than the
ambient magnetic field.

23
There is currently no solid scientific data to indicate a connection between exposure to the
magnetic fields produced by domestic equipment, such as refrigerators, and negative health
effects.

2. MAGNETIC FIELD FROM TELEVISION

Modern flat-screen televisions in particular do emit a very little magnetic field. This is mainly
because the television itself has electromagnetic components. The cathode ray tube (CRT) used
in vintage CRT televisions is the primary generator of the magnetic field in a TV. The usage of
CRT technology is no longer widespread in modern flat-screen TVs, which instead employ LCD,
LED, or OLED technology.

In comparison to earlier CRT TVs, the magnetic field produced by modern flat-screen TVs is
typically significantly weaker. The power supply and speakers, if any, are the principal producers
of magnetic fields in these TVs. However, the magnetic field strength emitted by a TV is
normally very weak and is well below the safety standards.

3. MAGNETIC FIELD FROM WASHING MACHINE

Like the majority of home appliances, washing machines normally don't produce much magnetic
field. The engine, pump, and control circuitry of a washing machine do not produce powerful
magnetic fields while they're operating normally.

However, some washing machines could be equipped with solenoids or tiny electric motors that,
when activated, produce a weak magnetic field. The majority of the time, these magnetic fields is
localized and insufficiently powerful to significantly affect the neighboring items or people's
health.

4. MAGNETIC FIELD FROM ELECTRIC HEATER

By running an electric current through a resistive element, which transforms electrical energy
into thermal energy, an electric heater's main purpose is to generate heat.

An electric heater's magnetic field typically only extends to the area immediately surrounding the
heating element. It is not thought to significantly affect the neighbouring objects' or people's
health.

It is crucial to remember that any other parts an electric heater may have, like a fan or motor,
may create a little magnetic field as a result of their operation. These extra parts normally
produce a weak magnetic field that is not very concerning.

5. MAGNETIC FIELD FROM LAPTOP

24
Like most electronic equipment, laptops produce a magnetic field as a result of the flow of
electric current through its parts. Although typically fairly faint, the magnetic field generated by
a laptop is not thought to be dangerous to people or most adjacent items.

The precise laptop model, the components utillised, and the distance from the device are only a
few examples of the variables that might affect the magnetic field strength from a laptop.
Usually, when you get further away from the laptop, the magnetic field intensity rapidly
diminishes.

Laptop magnetic fields are typically a few microteslas (µT) or less, which is substantially smaller
than the Earth's magnetic field, which ranges from about 25 to 65 µT.

Comparatively, some home furnishings, such as refrigerators or hairdryers, can produce larger
magnetic fields.

Although the magnetic fields produced by laptops are typically regarded as harmless, there have
been some worries raised about the long-term consequences on health of exposure to
electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produced by electronic gadgets. However, there is currently no
solid scientific evidence to link the usage of laptops and harmful magnetic field impacts on
human health.

25
 DETERMINATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND THE DOMESTIC
ELECTRIC EQUIPMENTS

1. With a magnetic field meter or gauss meter, the strength and direction of the magnetic field
produced by the appliance are normally measured in order to determine the magnetic field
surrounding home electric equipment.
2. The equipment is put on a level surface for these measurements, and the magnetic field meter
is moved around the object at various angles and distances to get readings on the magnetic
field intensity. The distribution of the magnetic field around the apparatus is then determined
by recording and analysing the measurements.
3. Power transformers, electric motors, and specific types of kitchen appliances, such induction
cook tops, are some examples of domestic electrical machinery that can generate powerful
magnetic fields.
4. For the safety of people who may be exposed to the magnetic field, particularly for those
who may be more vulnerable to the effects of electromagnetic fields, such as pregnant
women and young children, it is crucial to determine the magnetic field around domestic
electric equipment.
5. So here following are the few devices for which I had calculated the experimental results:
 Refrigerator
 Television
 Electric Heater
 Washing Machine
 Laptop

26
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

1. Refrigerator

Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 1 : Variation of Waves in Refrigerator in X axis

27
Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 2 : Variation of Waves in Refrigerator in Y axis

28
2.Television

Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 3 : Variation of Waves in Television in Yaxis

29
Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 4 : Variation of Waves in Television in X axis

30
3. Electric Heater

Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 5: Variation of Waves in Electric Heater in Y axis

31
Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 6 : Variation of Waves in Electric Heater in X axis

32
4. Washing Machine

Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 7: Variation of Waves in Washing Machine in Y axis

33
Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 8: Variation of Waves in Washing Machine in X axis

34
5. Laptop

Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 9: Variation of Waves in Laptop in Y axis

35
Placed At : 1 cm 2 cm 3cm 4 cm 5 cm

Placed At : 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm

Figure 10: Variation of Waves in Laptop in X axis

36
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. For Refrigerator

When we place the mobile phone on the y-axis of the refrigerator, we can observe the peak at -
173.55 𝜇T on the x-axis, 46.11 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -638.65 𝜇T on the z-axis when placed 1 cm
away from 4 sec. When placed 2 cm apart from the refrigerator, peaks of values of -193.91 𝜇T
on the x-axis, 124.31 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -262.65 are obtained on the z axis . When placed at 3
cm for 4 sec, we can observe -52.84 𝜇T on the x-axis, -44.59 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -474.74 𝜇T
on the z-axis. When placed 4 cm away, the peaks are at -33.72T on the x-axis, 126.59 𝜇T on the
y-axis, and -237.694 𝜇T on the z-axis. Similarly, when placed 5 cm away from the refrigerator
on the y-axis, the peak values on the x-axis will be -77.89 T, -99.23 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -
250.63𝜇T on the z-axis. When we place the mobile phone at 6cm in the y-axis from the
refrigerator, we can observe a peak of -102.45 𝜇T on the x-axis, 146.31 𝜇T on the y-axis, and
43.37 𝜇T on the z-axis. Similarly, placing the mobile at 7 cm, we get peaks at -80.81 𝜇T, 15.96
𝜇T, and 93.24𝜇T in the x, y, and z axes, respectively. Placing the mobile phone at 8 cm, we get
peak values of -25.8 𝜇T on the x-axis, -18.02 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -14.59 𝜇T on the z-axis. At 9
cm, we get the peak values of -8.68 𝜇T on the x-axis, 43.43𝜇T on the y-axis, and -82.78 𝜇T on
the z-axis. Similarly, placing the mobile phone 10 cm away on the y-axis from the washing
machine gives us a peak value of -27.86 𝜇T on the x-axis, 98.7 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -95.4𝜇T on
the z-axis.
When placing the mobile phone in which phyphox is running at the x-axis from the refrigerator,
we can observe the peak values of 119.06 𝜇T on the x-axis, -160.37 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -253.5
𝜇T on the z-axis at 1 cm away for 4 seconds. While placing the mobile phone 2 cm away, we get
peak values of -403.97 𝜇𝑇 in the x-axis, 42.58 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and 72..58 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis. At 3
cm away from the refrigerator, the peak value is 123.13𝜇T in the x axis, -16.67 𝜇𝑇in the y axis,
and -173.46𝜇T in the z axis. Similarly, at 4 cm, peak values of -162.88𝜇T, 153.68 𝜇T, and -
244.24 𝜇T in the x, y, and z-axes, respectively, At 5 cm away, peak values of 33.6 𝜇T in the x-
axis, 96 𝜇T in the y-axis, and -247.45 𝜇T in the z-axis are obtained. Similarly, placing the
mobile phone 6 cm away from the refrigerator, we can observe a peak value of 85.09 𝜇T on the
x-axis, 98.44 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -17.33 𝜇T on the z-axis, respectively. At 6 cm peak values of
85.09 𝜇T, 98.44 𝜇T, and -17.33 𝜇T in the x, y, and z axes, respectively. At 8 cm away from the
refrigerator in the x-axis, peak values of 178.45 𝜇T in the x axis , -21.6 𝜇T in the y axis, and -
102.75𝜇T in the z axis, respectively, Similarly, at 9 cm, peak values of 72.79 𝜇T, 81.68 𝜇T, and -
51.13 𝜇T in the x, y, and z axes are obtained. At 10 cm away from the refrigerator, peak values
of -31.7 𝜇T in the x-axis, 41.85 𝜇T in the y-axis, and 13.54 𝜇T in the z-axis are obtained,
respectively.

2. For Television

37
The experimental graph obtained when the mobile phone is placed (in which the phyphox
application is running) at y axis from the television. The time duration is same i.e. initial 4
seconds for all readings. It is clearly visible from the graph that although the phone was placed
at x axis, but its components are still present on the other two axes which are y and z
respectively.

At 1 cm the curve shows a sudden increment from -400 𝜇T then becomes constant above 0 𝜇T
after 1 sec in x axis while there is a drop in y and z from 100 𝜇T and 0 𝜇Trespectively.At 2 cm
there is a drop of magnetic field from 0 𝜇T and becomes constant after 1 sec to 4 sec from -
400 𝜇T in x axis while there is a sudden increase in z axis from below -100 𝜇Tand becomes
constant after 1 sec above 0 𝜇T and in y axis peaks are observed with variation of magnitude from
0 𝜇T to 100 𝜇T for 1 sec and then it drops and become constant at 50 𝜇T for 2-4 sec . At 3 cm
again there is increase in curve from -50 𝜇T and becomes constant after 1 sec from near about
100𝜇T on x axis and peak variation of curves are obtained in y axis from -50 𝜇T and become
constant at above -20 𝜇T from 0.5 sec to 4 sec while on z axis one can notice the increase in curve
from -500 𝜇T to -200 𝜇T and there after it becomes constant from 1 to 4 sec.At 4 cm again there
is a rapid decrease in field in x axis from 0 𝜇T to -150 𝜇T for 1 sec and after a second there are
ups and down in the curve at -150 𝜇T . On the y axis first there is a increase in field from 100 𝜇T
to nearly 160 𝜇T for first sec and thereby there is a little decrease in its peak value with
continuous variation in curve for the rest of its time and now a completely different pattern is
obtained on its z component when placed from x axis initially there is a rapid increase from near
about -250 𝜇T to -245 𝜇T then a sudden drop in curve from -245 𝜇T to -255 𝜇T within 0.5 sec
from the beginning After which there is a continuous variation in peaks with increase in curve
from -255 𝜇T to -245 𝜇T .At 5 cm there is a drop in field intensity from 80 𝜇T to 40 𝜇T in
between 0.5 sec to 1 sec and afterwards there is a nearly constant curve is obtained from 40 𝜇T
after 1 sec to 4 sec while in its y component a completely different pattern is obtained with
continuous variation from 98 𝜇T to 94 𝜇T and in its z component there is a decrease in curve from
above -100 𝜇T to -200 𝜇T in initial 0.5 sec and afterwards it tends to become constant from -
200 𝜇T .Now placing the mobile at 6cm away we observe decrease from 140 𝜇T in x axis and
become constant after 0.5 sec to upto 4 sec. While in its y component there is a increase from
0 𝜇T to 100 𝜇T and becomes constant beyond that point ,and in the x and z axis there is a
decrease with variation from 20 𝜇T At 7 cm there obtained a decreasing curve from 180 𝜇T in x
axis and a increasing curve from -20 𝜇T in y axis and from -100 𝜇T in z axis. When placed at 8
cm cm increasing curve with a slight peak variation from 174 𝜇T in x axis and -26 𝜇T in y axis
and decrease from 0 𝜇T in z axis. From 9 cm there obtained a curve from 0 𝜇T and from 50 𝜇T
onwards it becomes constant in x axis and peak variation of curve is obtained in y axis from 40
𝜇T and decrease from 0 𝜇T in z axis. From 10 cm decrease of field from 100 𝜇T in x axis and
50𝜇T in z axis and decrease from 0 𝜇T in y axis.

38
The conclusion drawn from the experimental curve is that the curve field increases with
decreasing the distance between the devices.

3. FOR ELECTRIC HEATER

When we place the mobile phone on the y-axis of the electric heater, we can observe the peak at
46.46 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 20.53 𝜇T on the y-axis, and -2.01 𝜇𝑇on the z-axis when placed 1 cm
away from 4 sec. When placed 2 cm apart from the electric heater, peaks of values of 43.91 𝜇T
on the x-axis, 0.64 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -1.22 𝜇𝑇are obtained , respectively. When placed at 3
cm for 4 sec, we can observe 23.98 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -18.06 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -2.08 𝜇T on
the z-axis. When placed 4 cm away, the peaks are at -0.39 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -20.93 𝜇T on the y-
axis, and -7.24 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. Similarly, when placed 5 cm away from the electric heater on
the y-axis, the peak values on the x-axis will be -31.61 𝜇𝑇, -16.58 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -14.48
𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. When we place the mobile phone at 6cm in the y-axis from the electric heater,
we can observe a peak of -38.19 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 2.72 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -16.99 𝜇𝑇 on the z-
axis. Similarly, placing the mobile at 7 cm, we get peaks at -34.84 𝜇𝑇, 7.89 𝜇𝑇, and -17.03 𝜇𝑇 in
the x, y, and z axes, respectively. Placing the mobile phone at 8 cm, we get peak values of
31.67 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 26.08 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -17.18 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. At 9 cm, we get the
peak values of -13.89 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 34.35 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -7.29 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis.
Similarly, placing the mobile phone 10 cm away on the y-axis from the electric heater gives us a
peak value of 3.43 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 27.62 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and 2.25 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis.
When placing the mobile phone in which phyphox is running at the x-axis from the electric
heater, we can observe the peak values of 30.08 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -32.01 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and
12.36 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis at 1 cm away for 4 seconds. While placing the mobile phone 2 cm away,
we get peak values of 25.48 𝜇𝑇 in the x-axis, -49.39 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and 15.58 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis.
At 3 cm away from the electric heater, the peak value is -1.05 𝜇𝑇 in the x axis, -62.64 𝜇𝑇in the y
axis, and 4.56 𝜇𝑇 in the z axis. Similarly, at 4 cm, peak values of -41.16 𝜇𝑇, -60.98 𝜇𝑇, and -
8.12 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z-axes, respectively, At 5 cm away, peak values of -66.69 𝜇𝑇 in the x-
axis, -55.65 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and -25.76 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis are obtained. Similarly, placing the
mobile phone 6 cm away from the electric heater, we can observe a peak value of -71.98 𝜇𝑇 on
the x-axis, -17.76 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -25.84 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis, respectively. At 7 cm peak
values of -70.74 𝜇𝑇, 2.16 𝜇𝑇, and -22.91 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z axes, respectively. At 8 cm away
from the electric heater in the x-axis, peak values of -72.51 𝜇𝑇 in the x axis, -15.92 𝜇𝑇 in the y
axis, and -26.64 𝜇𝑇 in the z axis, respectively, Similarly, at 9 cm, peak values of -39.13 𝜇𝑇,
21.56 𝜇𝑇, and -11.44 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z axes are obtained. At 10 cm away from the electric
heater , peak values of -6.09 𝜇𝑇in the x-axis, -0.81 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and 2.01 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis are
obtained, respectively.

4. FOR WASHING MACHINE

39
When we place the mobile phone on the y-axis of the washing machine, we can observe the peak
at -22.26 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 1.39 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -13.69 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis when placed 1 cm
away from 4 sec. When placed 2 cm apart from the washing machine, peaks of values of -22.26
𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 1.39 T on the y-axis, and -13.69 𝜇𝑇 are obtained, respectively. When placed at
3 cm for 4 sec, we can observe -346.07 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 33.54 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and
114.36 𝜇𝑇on the z-axis. When placed 4 cm away, the peaks are at -321.92T on the x-axis, 11.16
𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and 137.66 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. Similarly, when placed 5 cm away from the
washing machine on the y-axis, the peak values on the x-axis will be -106.56 T, -20.04 𝜇𝑇 on the
y-axis, and 35.03 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. When we place the mobile phone at 6cm in the y-axis from
the washing machine, we can observe a peak of 7.84 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 40.97 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis,
and -237.17 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. Similarly, placing the mobile at 7 cm, we get peaks at 91.41 𝜇𝑇,
20.96 𝜇𝑇, and -28.86 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z axes, respectively. Placing the mobile phone at 8 cm,
we get peak values of 110.64 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -10.76 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -162.26 𝜇𝑇 on the z-
axis. At 9 cm, we get the peak values of 69.39 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 121.54 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -
208.82 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. Similarly, placing the mobile phone 10 cm away on the y-axis from the
washing machine gives us a peak value of 120.17 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 56.14 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -
107.14 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis.
When placing the mobile phone in which phyphox is running at the x-axis from the washing
machine, we can observe the peak values of -163.39 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -26.38 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis,
and -179.06 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis at 1 cm away for 4 seconds. While placing the mobile phone 2 cm
away, we get peak values of -338.49 𝜇𝑇 in the x-axis, 248.54 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and -179.06 𝜇𝑇 in
the z-axis. At 3 cm away from the washing machine, the peak value is -196.80 T in the x axis, -
38.23 𝜇𝑇 in the y axis, and -493.59 𝜇𝑇 in the z axis. Similarly, at 4 cm, peak values of -350.74
𝜇𝑇, 104.03 𝜇𝑇, and -66.53 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z-axes, respectively, At 5 cm away, peak values of
-147.83 𝜇𝑇 in the x-axis, 104.03 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and -66.53 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis are obtained.
Similarly, placing the mobile phone 6 cm away from the washing machine, we can observe a
peak value of 7.22 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 158.74 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -59.03 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis,
respectively. At 6 cm peak values of -98.72 𝜇𝑇, 95.10 𝜇𝑇, and 75.58 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z axes,
respectively. At 8 cm away from the washing machine in the x-axis, peak values of -43.14 𝜇𝑇 in
the x axis, 17.48 𝜇𝑇 in the y axis, and 4.18 𝜇𝑇 in the z axis, respectively, Similarly, at 9 cm, peak
values of -15.08 𝜇𝑇, 81.56 𝜇𝑇, and -42.56 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z axes are obtained. At 10 cm away
from the washing machine, peak values of -25.20 𝜇𝑇 in the x-axis, 115. 33 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and -
42.36 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis are obtained, respectively.

3. FOR LAPTOP

When we place the mobile phone on the y-axis of the laptop, we can observe the peak at
46.46 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 20.53 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -2.01 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis when placed 1 cm
away from 4 sec. When placed 2 cm apart from the laptop, peaks of values of 43.91 𝜇𝑇 on the x-
axis, 0.64 𝜇𝑇on the y-axis, and -1.22 𝜇𝑇 are obtained, respectively. When placed at 3 cm for 4

40
sec, we can observe 23.98 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -18.06 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -2.08 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis.
When placed 4 cm away, the peaks are at -0.39 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -20.93 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -
7.24 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. Similarly, when placed 5 cm away from the laptop on the y-axis, the peak
values on the x-axis will be -31.61 𝜇𝑇, -16.58 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -14.48 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis.
When we place the mobile phone at 6cm in the y-axis from the laptop, we can observe a peak of
-38.19 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 2.72 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -16.99 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. Similarly, placing
the mobile at 7 cm, we get peaks at -34.84 𝜇𝑇, 7.89 𝜇𝑇, and -17.03 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z axes,
respectively. Placing the mobile phone at 8 cm, we get peak values of 31.67 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis,
26.08 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -17.18 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. At 9 cm, we get the peak values of -
13.89 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, 34.35 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and -7.29 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis. Similarly, placing the
mobile phone 10 cm away on the y-axis from the laptop gives us a peak value of 3.43 𝜇𝑇 on the
x-axis, 27.62 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and 2.25 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis.
When placing the mobile phone in which phyphox is running at the x-axis from the laptop, we
can observe the peak values of 30.08 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -32.01 𝜇𝑇 on the y-axis, and 12.36 𝜇𝑇 on
the z-axis at 1 cm away for 4 seconds. While placing the mobile phone 2 cm away, we get peak
values of 25.48 𝜇𝑇 in the x-axis, -49.39 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and 15.58 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis. At 3 cm
away from the laptop, the peak value is -1.05 𝜇𝑇 in the x axis, -62.64 𝜇𝑇 in the y axis, and 4.56
𝜇𝑇 in the z axis. Similarly, at 4 cm, peak values of -41.16 𝜇𝑇, -60.98 𝜇𝑇, and -8.12 𝜇𝑇 in the x,
y, and z-axes, respectively, At 5 cm away, peak values of -66.69 𝜇𝑇 in the x-axis, -55.65 𝜇𝑇 in
the y-axis, and -25.76 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis are obtained. Similarly, placing the mobile phone 6 cm
away from the laptop, we can observe a peak value of -71.98 𝜇𝑇 on the x-axis, -17.76 𝜇𝑇 on the
y-axis, and -25.84 𝜇𝑇 on the z-axis, respectively. At 7 cm peak values of -70.74 𝜇𝑇, 2.16 𝜇𝑇, and
-22.91 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y, and z axes, respectively. At 8 cm away from the laptop in the x-axis, peak
values of -72.51 𝜇𝑇 in the x axis, -15.92 𝜇𝑇 in the y axis, and -26.64 𝜇𝑇 in the z axis,
respectively, Similarly, at 9 cm, peak values of -39.13 𝜇𝑇, 21.56 𝜇𝑇T, and -11.44 𝜇𝑇 in the x, y,
and z axes are obtained. At 10 cm away from the laptop, peak values of -6.09 𝜇𝑇in the x-axis, -
0.81 𝜇𝑇 in the y-axis, and 2.01 𝜇𝑇 in the z-axis are observed, respectively.

41
 OBTAINED RESULTS
1. Refrigerator

Position X-axis Y-axis Z –axis Absolute

Value
1 cm -173.55 46.11 -638.65 663.41
2 cm -193.91 124.31 -262.65 349.34
3 cm -52.84 -44.59 -474.73 479.74
4 cm 3.72 126.59 -237.694 269.32
5 cm -77.89 99.23 -250.63 280.59
6 cm -102.45 146.31 43.37 183.80
7 cm -80.81 15.96 93.24 124.42
8 cm -25.8 -18.02 -14.59 34.69
9 cm -8.68 43.43 -82.78 93.882
10 cm -27.86 98.7 -95.4 140.07

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in Y- axis from Refrigerator (in 𝜇𝑇)

X-axis Y-axis Z –axis Absolute

Value
1 cm 119.06 -160.37 -253.5 322.73
2 cm -403.97 42.58 72.58 412.64
3 cm 123.13 -16.67 -173.46 213.37
4 cm -162.88 153.68 -244.24 331.36
5 cm 33.6 96 -247.45 267.53
6 cm 85.09 98.44 -17.33 131.27
7 cm 138.02 -9.89 20.06 139.82
8 cm 178.45 -21.6 -102.75 207.04
9 cm 72.79 81.68 -51.13 120.76
10 cm -31.71 41.85 13.54 54.22

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in X- axis from Refrigerator (in 𝜇𝑇)

42
2. Television

Position X-axis Y-axis Z –axis Absolute

Value
1 cm -156.24 1.99 -669.45 687.44
2 cm -356.20 44.94 -63.075 373.32
3 cm -297.12 -42.43 -470.906 558.45
4 cm -149.48 106.44 -284.63 338.66
5 cm -297.17 -42.43 -470.906 558.45
6 cm -8.64 26.7 -121.67 124.87
7 cm 129.96 -46.35 -155.006 207.52
8 cm 134.53 -16.24 -221.606 259.76
9 cm 122.27 109.39 -198.15 257.26
10 cm 130.14 17.76 -0.4125 131.35

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in Y- axis from Television (in 𝜇𝑇)

Position X-axis Y-axis Z –axis Absolute

Value
1 cm 146.46 -289.47 -237.84 402.26
2 cm 95.12 -99.92 -167.72 217.17
3 cm 108.29 -124.35 -127.78 208.61
4 cm 78.36 -69.41 -109.45 151.45
5 cm 51.02 -46.2 -64.67 94.44
6 cm -13.43 -36.3938 -15.36 41.72
7 cm -37.79 -70.275 0 79.7821
8 cm -11.4 -102.694 -3 103.37
9 cm -4.725 -70.0688 -16.893 72.23
10 cm -7.03 -46.88 -16.74 50.27

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in X- axis from Television (in 𝜇𝑇)

43
3. ELECTRIC HEATER

Placed At X-axis Y-axis Z -axis Absolute

Value
1 cm 46.46 20.53 -2.01 50.84
2 cm 43.91 0.64 -1.22 43.93
3 cm 23.98 -18.06 -2.08 30.09
4 cm -0.39 -20.93 -7.24 22.14
5 cm -31.61 -16.58 -14.48 38.52
6 cm -38.19 2.72 -16.99 41.89
7 cm -34.84 7.89 -17.03 39.57
8 cm -31.67 26.08 -17.18 44.48
9 cm -13.89 34.35 -7.29 37.76
10 cm 3.43 27.62 2.25 27.92

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in Y- axis from Electric Heater (in 𝜇𝑇)

Placed At X-axis Y-axis Z -axis Absolute

Value
1 cm 30.08 -32.01 12.36 45.62
2 cm 25.48 -49.39 15.58 57.72
3 cm -1.05 -62.64 4.56 62.82
4 cm -41.16 -60.98 -8.12 74.01
5 cm -66.69 -55.65 -25.76 90.60
6 cm -71.98 -17.76 -25.84 78.51
7 cm -70.74 2.16 -22.91 74.39
8 cm -72.51 -15.92 -26.64 78.87
9 cm -39.13 21.56 -11.44 46.12
10 cm -6.09 -0.81 2.01 6.47

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in Y- axis from Electric Heater (in 𝜇𝑇)

44
4. Washing Machine

Position X-axis Y-axis Z -axis Absolute

Value
1 cm -14.14 29.61 -19.61 38.22
2 cm -22.26 1.39 -13.69 26.17
3 cm -346.07 33.54 114.36 366.01
4 cm -321.92 11.16 137.66 350.30
5 cm -106.56 -20.04 35.03 113.94
6 cm 7.84 40.97 -237.17 240.81
7 cm 91.41 20.96 -28.86 98.12
8 cm 110.64 -10.76 -162.26 196.69
9 cm 69.39 121.54 -208.82 251.38
10 cm 120.17 56.14 -107.14 170.50

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in Y axis from Washing Machine (in 𝜇𝑇)

Position X-axis Y-axis Z -axis Absolute

Value
1 cm -163.39 -26.38 -569.63 593.18
2 cm -338.49 248.64 -179.06 456.58
3 cm -196.80 -38.23 -493.59 532.75
4 cm -350.74 164.36 -128.12 407.98
5 cm -147.83 104.03 -66.53 192.61
6 cm 7.22 158.74 -59.03 169.51
7 cm -98.72 95.10 75.58 156.53
8 cm -43.14 17.48 4.18 46.74
9 cm -15.08 81.56 -42.56 93.23
10 cm -25.20 115.33 -42.36 125.42

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in X- axis from Washing Machine (in 𝜇𝑇)

45
 5. Laptop

Position X-axis Y-axis Z -axis Absolute

Value
1 cm -156.24 1.99 -669.45 687.44
2 cm -356.20 44.94 -63.075 373.32
3 cm -297.12 -42.43 -470.906 558.45
4 cm -149.48 106.44 -284.63 338.66
5 cm -297.17 -42.43 -470.906 558.45
6 cm -8.64 26.7 -121.67 124.87
7 cm 129.96 -46.35 -155.006 207.52
8 cm 134.53 -16.24 -221.606 259.76
9 cm 122.27 109.39 -198.15 257.26
10 cm 130.14 17.76 -0.4125 131.35
¶
Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in Y axis from Laptop (in 𝜇𝑇)

Position X-axis Y-axis Z -axis Absolute

Value
1 cm 146.46 -289.47 -237.84 402.26
2 cm 95.12 -99.92 -167.72 217.17
3 cm 108.29 -124.35 -127.78 208.61
4 cm 78.36 -69.41 -109.45 151.45
5 cm 51.02 -46.2 -64.67 94.44
6 cm -13.43 -36.3938 -15.36 41.72
7 cm -37.79 -70.275 0 79.7821
8 cm -11.4 -102.694 -3 103.37
9 cm -4.725 -70.0688 -16.893 72.23
10 cm -7.03 -46.88 -16.74 50.27

Fig. Variation of Magnetic Field in X- axis from Laptop (in 𝜇𝑇)

46
 CONCLUSION

The potential negative consequences of static and ELF magnetic fields on human health
are up for debate [32]. It is challenging to establish beyond a reasonable doubt whether
detrimental hazards exist.
Despite the size of the people that could be exposed, the risks, if any, seem to be minimal
and restricted to particular circumstances. However, it is always preferable to keep public
exposure considerably below the limit values. The development of new technology could
be a significant help in finding solutions that are environmentally friendly. There are
already cases in other industries showing how high-tech businesses can quickly come up
with alternatives to comply with new rules.[9]
While ELF fields connected to high voltage transmission lines currently receive the
majority of public attention, investigations on the impacts of static fields are also growing
as a result of the widespread usage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices that
use static magnetic fields of up to 2 T. When high magnetic field technologies like
thermonuclear fusion reactors, magnetically levitated trains, and superconducting
magnetic energy storage plants (SMES), which are primarily based on superconductors,
start to proliferate, static fields are anticipated to garner much greater attention.

47
 REFERENCES

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[3] Simon, N. J., Biological Effects of Static Magnetic Fields. International Cryogenic
Materials Committee, Boulder, CO. 1992.
[4] Zenon Sienkiewicz 1998 published under license by IOP Publishing Journal of
Radiological Protection, Volume 18, Number 3.
Prot. 18 185DOI 10.1088/0952-4746/18/3/005
[5] Savitz DA. Wachtel H,Barnes FA,John EM and Tvrdik J G, Case-control study
ofchildhoodcancer and exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields Am. 3. Epidemiol. 128 (I) 21-
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[6] Exposures to power-frequency magnetic fields in the home
[7] Mader DL, Peralta SB,Residential exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields from appliances
Published in Bioelectromagnetics 1992:13(4): 287-301
doi:10.1002/bem.2250130404
[8] R. Conti, P. Nicolini, et al, Alta Frequenza, Focus on Biological Effects of
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[9],Barnes, 1988 Case-control study of childhood cancer

48