Check for updates Structural Mechanics of Negative Stiffness Honeycomb Metamaterials The development of mult-stable sructural forms has attracted considerable attention inthe Aesign of architected multimaterials, metamaterials, and morphing structures, as result Of some unusual properties such as negative stifess and. possibly, negative Poisson's ratio. Multe-stabihiy te achieved through a morphological change of shape upor loading, and in doing so multi-stable structures undergo transitions from one equilibrium state t0 ‘another. This paper investigates the structural performance ofthe negative sifness honey’ comb (NSH) metamaterials made of double curved beams which are emerging in various ‘applications euch as sensors, aciuators, and lighweigh! impact protective strctures vith Structural tunability and recoverability. An analytical treatment is pursued using the Euler-Lagrange theorem and the stability of the honeycomb has been studied. Based on 4 static analysis of the nonlinear elastic ystem, the developed tangent stiffness mati ‘and ensuing deformation curve were assessed through multiple phases of deformation. The closed-form solution was in good agreement with the numerical finite element (FE) ‘model at dierent bistability rates twas shown that the Bstablty ratio had a pronounced ‘effect on the overall response of the honeycomb and the desired negativity inthe sofess Navid Mehreganian Crane Ds Ergeng Lab Teparnet ot Nehe secre wd decspate Cpe. Stel green Ue they Urol 3 UC -nal nmap Arash S. Fallah Depart of Mechs, Elec, an Chore Egrerng ‘sbi, Pesta’ 35, Stave Ass, la NO-0130, Nery tema rsh lneosone 0 Pooya Sareh’ Create Ds Ergenng 0 (ie Dips cha Mecesh,se eesate Carer. Shon tga, Unverssy at Leo, Lect 9 26H, Us era: poo sarhavesclacak through buckling Imatris could be achieved with high bistability ratios. (DOL 10.1115/1.4049954) Keywords: mechanical metamaterial, negative stiffness, honeycomb structure, snap ‘curved beam, ‘computational mechanics, elasticity, mechanical Properties of materials, stress analysis, structures 1 Introduction ‘The development of muli-sable structural forms and manufac- turing techniques, alongside a better understanding of fundamental nonlinear theories of continuum mechanics, have allowed the abri- cation of lightweight structures composed of slender structural ele- ‘meats with high load-bearing capacity. These adaptive forms undergo shape change while providing appreciably high stength, thus offering a basis for the design of momhing structures ‘Various methods exist to render mult-stabiity in stvctural ele- ‘meats feasible, such as applying prestess (1), thermal effects 1D}, and curvature [3], ‘With recent advancements in additive manufacturing technolo- ies, there has been a lot of interest inthe structural mechanics of honeycomb structures, owing, not only to their relatively high suill- ness and strength, bur also to thet efficient specific energy absoap- tion during accidental impacts [4,5], These structures feature a large ‘constant plateau in their steess-deformation path between te initial yield and the densification point. Although the relative density is ‘rime factor (5-7) in the mechanical performance of latiee/honey~ ‘comb structure, oer factors rach as cell wall angle, loading con- ditions, cel stuetute, and geometry also play importa roles. For instance, hexagonal honeycomb structures subjected to compres- sive loading exhibit different buckling modes depending on the loading condition. In uniaxial compression, two kinds of cll col lapse appear and altemate in the loading direction as a result of cell wall buckling, while in biaxial compression the buckled ce pattern entails two orthogonal axes of symmetry (S] In previous stdies inthis area, Zheng etal, 9] presented a finite clement (FE) model for the dynamic crushing of the hexagonal Contin by te Applied Mecha Divison of ASME for pableton i he Jocnsis of Aue Markos. Mais served Deemer 2 2020. aa gore ea 2,20, pode ine ey "ase. Journal of Applied Mechanic Copyright © 2021 by ASME honeycomb structures. Hu et al, [10] and Hu snd Yu [11] investi- gated the same problem, experimentally as well as computationally, but withthe influence ofthe cell wall angle and impact velocity on the crushing behavior included. By assuming the beam element ‘behavior fr the members, they shoved that in honeycomb experi- encing high-velocity impacts, a localized crushing band occurs a, the loading band normal tothe impact ditection, which propagates layer by layer to the supporting ends, while the honeycombs with Increased cell wall angles, at impact velocities above 40 mvs, undergo deformation modes similar to. that of high-velocity impacts, regardless of the initial impact velocity ‘range of analytical [8,12], experimental [13,14], and numerical 13,15] investigations were catied out on the mechanical behavior fof honeycomb structures in the past. Ouyang et al. [16] studied the stress concentration in defective cctagonal honeycombs (ith rissing cell walls along a row) subject to uniaxial tension, They found that she stresses in cell walls decrease exponentially wit dis tance from the center ofthe defect. Previous studies [17.18] analyzed the static post-buekling response and dynamic vibration ‘of buckled clamped-clamped. beams subject to harmonic excitations theoretically and experimen tally. Using the mult-mode Galerkin discretization, the period doubling bifurcation, snap-through and quasi-periodic motions were determined. The effective nonlinearity, oF the quotient of the functional of the displacement field over a closed suzTace to the vibrational frequency, remained negative below the critical buck= Ting level (buckled displacement at mid-span). The later work determined exact soluions to the post-buckiing ofthe beams with diferent boundary conditions. Li etal. [19] investigated the vibra tion of thermally buckled beam with geomettic nonlinearity effects considered in post-buckling analyses. From the load-displacement curve viewpoint, the snap-through instability phenomenon is associated witha sudden jump in the dis- placement in the load-control curve. A counterpart phenomenon, called snap-back, however, occurs in the displacement-contgol furve when the foad reduces suddenly even without an increase MAY 2021, Vol. 88 / 051006-1 zt gu mn nan way bp 9015 ln stzanon SOR PouERSUM eur euee EOI EUSin the prescribed displacement (20.21]. Mechanical systems tht do not dissipate energy undergo a loading-unloading cycle, thus achieving hysteresis usually in a displacement controlled. way. References [20,22] examined the instability of a representative volume element (RVE) mechanical system comprising (Wo oF more cosine-shaped, curved beams paired vertically in series, ‘wherein the top beam is thinner than the bottom one. The hysteresis ‘of the structure was examined under displacement-contrl loading and the difference with the load-contol case was elucidated. Upon stetching at the edges, the curvature ofthe top slim beam changed ‘while the bottom beam curvature remained relatively constant Fora lattice made of such an RVE, curvatute reversing Was observed in the middle beams which were shorter than the (op and bottom ‘ones. The slim beams exhibited snap-back buckling while the cur ‘ature ofthe bottom beam remained unchanged for various loading Scenarios, In similar study [23], the snap-back phenomenon ofthe ‘thick hyperelastic columns was observed wire both the force and dlisplacement reduced after the onset of loading ‘Mechanical systems that exbibit bistability are ideal candidates for some applications in areas such as robotics [2426] and product design (27-29), Experimental evidence demonstrated tht, ‘he desired bistability inthe double curved beams provides two di tinct stable configurations, The transition ofthe buckled beam from ‘one slable postion to another is accompanied by the reduction of the force which results in the release of te absorbed energy [30,1] TBistable beam structures could be integrated into mechanical systems that absorb energy elastically to provide impact resistance, enabling them to recover from an inal impact and respond to subsequent impacts, Examples of such systems are negauve sift ness honeycomb (NSH) metamaterials, which when subjected to lateral uniizectional loads, exhibit zero Poisson's ratio and nega- tive stiffness as salient features. The terminology NSH refers to a ‘decrease in load following an increase in displacement in the lon= ‘eycomb structure. While the response of the NSH unt cell invesi- {ated by Ref. [32] was similar to the hexagonal honeycomb structure, the NSH structure (composed of an aay of NSH ce featured considerably higher recoverability (ie, negligible plastic deformation) than the convestional hexagonal honeycomb tue, In the citcumstances of frequent collisions, a structure made ‘of these cells can be a viable choice, Pre-strxin below the point of instability in NSH structures enables the tunability of bulk elastic ‘wave propagation [33]. The authors examined Bloch wave solu- tions in the NSH at prestrain values of 0, 0.0101, 0.0207. and (0.0252, and showed tha the size and magnitude of the band gaps Frequency range decreased with the increase in pre-sain ‘Another srctral system of interest pertains to acoustic metama- tesials, because their sub-wavelength structure permits conteollable ‘wave dispersion. Vangbo [4], Quu [35], and Qiu etal. 6] pro- posed an analytical model for mechanically bistable cucved ‘hears witha prefabricated geometric profile smilarto that of acon- ventional beam deformed into the first Euler's buckling mode when subjected to an extemal concentrated force (actuation) at ils mid-span. Analytical investigations were validated by microscale experimental models using an actuator. Cazottes et al. (10) studied the same problem for a single curved beam with the force applied at diferent locations. Camescasse etal [51] investigated the static actuation of an azch with initial constant curvature. Despite the interesting studies mentioned above, research on [NSH metamaterials is stl in its infancy, given most studies have focused on negative stiffness honeycomibs as lace stuctures in rectangular pattems. This work proposes an analytical model to deseibe the structural mechanics of NSH metamaterials with poten tial application to the design of recoverable protective systems "This paper is organized into five sections. Following ths intro- duction, a mathematical model for the quasi-static loading of the bistable curved beam is developed. In Sec, 3, an analytical soktion is sought for 2 wansversely loaded honeycomb structure, which i, designed from the modular pater of the clamped double curved ‘beams, while local and global deformations are investigated accord ingly. Section examines the validity of the analytical model using 051006-2 / Vol. 88, MAY 2021 ‘numerical nite element models. Finally, Sec. S presents the conclu sions of the study. 2 Governing Equations ‘The honeycomb model assessed herein, depicted in Fig. l(a. is similar to the design proposed and examined by Corea etal. [32] and Goldsberry and Haberman [33]. The structure is architected ‘with four pais of double curved beams along the direction of the Toad and an arbitrary number of cells normal to this diection. I. is stipulated thatthe model is restrained a either side with axisym= tric boundary conditions, while a case with unrestrained bound ries is discussed ltr in the context of the problem, The beans are ‘onnected with a series of horizontal and vertical stiffeners of iden- tical thickness. ‘The structure i subject to a stati, uniformly distributed compres- sive load go [forcelength, whichis exered laterally, replicating a unidirectional compression. However, asthe upper row of double curved beams temains undeformed before the ull axial squashing and snap-through of the double curved beams on the lower rows the equivalent point load exerted at the mid-spans of the double curved beams may be considered in the study. It is further assumed that the structure remains putely elastic Uaroughout the loading process ‘The deformation ofthe NSH model, following the experimental and numerical evidence, occurs in four stages, namely (i) the down ‘ward motion cesuling in the axial compression of the structure struts, (i) the snap-through in the inverted beams of the top r0W, (id) futher axial compression, and finally Gv) the snap-thraugh of the roof-shaped curved beams in the lower row. Throughout the (@) () @ (6) Fig.1_ (a) NSH model for analytical study, (b) buckling modes of, the single curved beam with axisymmetric boundary conditions, (¢) bucking modes ofthe double curved beams with axlsymmet- ti boundary coneitions, and (d) deformation ofthe curved beam, Subject to a concentrated transverse load ‘Transactions of the ASME. vo i su en ean ey he one ela Lnsason SORES AEN‘motion, the kinematic admissibility of the displacement Geld and the stess sate are cnsured s0 that there are no “jumps” in the deformation “The curved beams, a fabricated, havea sinusoidal profile, which ‘mimics a monolithic beam buckled into its fist Buler buckling mode (see Fig. 1(b)). Upon the application of loads, the double cured beams exhibit bistability [36], ie. the system jumps bruply from mode 1 to 3 without going through made 2 (see Fig. 1c). Thus, the defermation of the double curved beams may ‘be assumed to be homogencous with no relative displacements of the top beam to that of the bottom. Hence, the pairing of the ‘beams ensures that mode 2 is constrained, and the influence of this mode can be ignored 21 Buckling of the Curved Beam. Consider an initially at ‘beam with a rectangular cross section of thickness +, width 6, and length, which is made of an isotropic, ductile material, with (25) Mooney 1 and akon, BN 201, "A Cols Resin ig Robe TP Rah 3p 250308 (2s) Aloneo-Macs Js Neel, Segwa R, ad Bere, P2015, "alias ‘Avoidance for Atal Veils ta MakcAget Senator Aston Robo Sty torah 27 Ux, C Rss. Konjsod Ge, Hand Tan. H, 201, “Oia Based Meche! Means” Sr Rep) po [24 Sach, Pe 2018, "The Lae Syme Cyealaphie Dee 9 te Developable Double Comrapaon Stine Computation! 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