ABMUN 2022

Cold War Summit

study guide
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INDEX
Director: Siya Tantia
Assistant Director: Saanvi Mehta

1. Letters from the Executive Board

2. Introduction to the Committee
3. Origins and Causes of the Cold War
4. Berlin Blockade and Airlift
5. Arms Race
6. Korean War
7. The Space Race
8. Vietnam War
9. Cuban Missile Crisis
10. International Involvement and Foreign Aid
11. Past UN Action
12. Timeline
13. Paperwork (communiques, directives, working papers, draft
resolutions, guidelines for position papers)
14. Questions A Resolution Must Answer (QARMA)
15. Concluding Remarks
16. Bibliography

Freeze Date - April 13th 1966

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Letter from the director

Dear Delegates,

It is with great honour that I, Siya Tantia, welcome you to the Cold War
Summit. I am beyond thrilled to serve as your director during the course
of the conference so be prepared for three days of intense yet fruitful
debating, exploring new perspectives, and a once-in-a-lifetime
experience.

I am currently in the 11th grade, in the IB program at Aditya Birla World

Academy and my primary focus is biochemistry. Having attended
numerous MUNs over the past three years, I have served as director and
assistant director at several other conferences. Besides my passion for
MUN, I am an Odissi classical dancer and enjoy travelling.

In this year’s Cold War Summit you will be tasked with resolving one of
the world’s most complex, multifaceted, and deep-rooted crises that
sets the stage for the future of the political situation of the world. The
battle for power between the Soviet Union and the United States is long
standing, and the engagement exponentially increased during the
1900s. Regardless of the two superpowers never directly engaging with
one another, they fought proxy wars, involving countless countries
which resulted in mass death, threats of mutually assured destruction,
and irreparable change to the international social, economic, and
political landscape. How will you tackle the ongoing myriad of issues
and political instability while ensuring the safety and security of the
civilians of your country?

My favourite element of MUN is leaving your comfort zone and exploring

perspectives that you would not have opted to explore had you not
been put in that position. Through conferences, you build connections
with new people while persuading them to understand your point of
view on the issue at hand. It enables you to act diplomatically under
pressure and think on your feet. Communication, paperwork, and public
speaking skills are all honed during MUN so remember to make the

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most out of every opportunity. Your resolutions must not only be
intricately detailed and further your agenda, but also the agenda of the
committee as a whole.

Confidence is the key to delivering an exemplary speech but do not

forget to have sufficient research backing everything you say, for it is
evident to any chair when a delegate is putting up a front and
attempting to bluff the committee. Be creative, decisive, and
compelling. Act fast and efficiently while keeping up with the pace of
the committee and more importantly, remember to always stick to your
country’s stance instead of following the herd. Do not let self-doubt
hold you back, and try to grab every opportunity that you can to speak. I
look forward to seeing constructive debate and implementable
solutions presented by each of you.

Sincerely,
Siya Tantia
Director of the Cold War Summit
Aditya Birla MUN, 2022

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Introduction to THE
committee
While the United States and the Soviet Union had worked together to defeat
the Axis powers, they disagreed about how to rebuild Europe, and their efforts
to increase their own security were often conflicted.

This fierce conflict is called the 'Cold War' as the two superpowers never
directly engaged in combat. Instead, they increased their military capabilities,
tried to expand their global influence, and undermined the other's way of life
in the eyes of the world. While the United States believed in a capitalist system
of free markets and multiple political parties, the Soviet Union was founded on
a communist system controlled by a centralized state and a single political
party.

Communist societies believed in redistributing wealth (taking from the rich

and giving to the poor) resulting in low unemployment rates but sometimes
led to the unequal distribution of consumer goods. They also viewed organised
religion as dangerous. The US capitalist system let free markets determine the
production and distribution of goods, and promoted freedom of religion.

The Cold War is mainly defined by the threat of nuclear war, the competition
over the allegiance of newly independent nations and the military and
economic support of each other's rivals.

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Origins and Causes

for the Cold War
The first major cause of the Cold War was the increased tension
between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World
War II. During the Second World War, the Soviet Union was allied with
Britain, France, and the United States against Nazi Germany, Italy and
Japan. During the final stages of World War II, the partnership
between the Soviet Union and the other Allied nations began to fall
apart as seen in the Allied wartime conferences in Yalta and Potsdam
that took place towards the end of World War II highlighting the
growing mistrust and tensions between Truman of the United States
and Stalin of the Soviet Union. While these conferences were held to
discuss how Europe would be divided post the war and the handling
of world issues including peace treaties, it showed the divide
between leaders.

The next major cause of the Cold War was the emergence of nuclear
weapons towards the end of World War II. The United States had
developed its atomic weaponry during the final years of the war
through its secretive program called the Manhattan Project
beginning the era of nuclear weapons and the nuclear arms race.

The following cause was the ideological conflict existing between the
United States, a modern liberal democracy and the Soviet Union, a
communist nation based on collectivism or socialism. This difference
in ideologies lead to the final cause, the American's fear of the spread
of communism.

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Berlin Blockade and

Airlift
In March 1948 the Allied powers decided to unite their different
occupation zones of Germany into a single economic unit. In protest,
the Soviet representative withdrew from the Allied Control Council.
Coincident with the introduction of a new deutsche mark in West Berlin
(as throughout West Germany), which the Soviets regarded as a
violation of agreements with the Allies. The Soviet occupation forces in
Eastern Germany began a blockade of all rail, road, and water
communications between Berlin and the West.

On the 24th of June the Soviets announced that the four-power

administration of Berlin had ceased and that the Allies no longer had
rights in that area. On the 26th of June the US and Britain began to
supply the city with food and other vital supplies by air. They also
organised a similar “airlift” in the opposite direction of West Berlin’s
prominently reduced industrial exports. By mid-July the Soviet army of
occupation in East Germany had increased to 40 divisions, against 8 in
the Allied sectors. By the end of July three groups of U.S. strategic
bombers had been sent as reinforcements to Britain.

There was a dire shortage of fuel and electricity in Berlin while the airlift
was ongoing for 11 months, until on May 12, 1949, the Soviet Union lifted
the blockade. The airlift continued until September 30th, at a total cost
of $224 million. The end to the blockade was brought about because of
countermeasures imposed by the Allies on East German
communications along with the Western embargo placed on all
strategic exports from the Eastern bloc. As a result of the blockade and
airlift, Berlin became a symbol of the Allies’ willingness to oppose
further Soviet expansion in Europe.

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Arms Race
Arms race is a pattern of competitive acquisition of military capability
between two or more countries. The term is often used quite loosely to refer
to any military buildup or spending increases by a group of countries.

In the years immediately after the Second World War, the United States had a
monopoly on specific knowledge of and raw materials for nuclear weaponry.
American leaders hoped that their exclusive ownership of nuclear weapons
would be enough to draw concessions from the Soviet Union, but this proved
ineffective.

Just six months after the UN General Assembly, specifically July 1st 1946, the
United States conducted its first post-war nuclear tests — Operation
Crossroads. The purpose of this operation was to test the effect of nuclear
explosions on ships.

In secrecy, the Soviet government was working on building its own atomic
weapons. During the war, Soviet efforts had been limited by a lack of uranium,
but new supplies discovered in Eastern Europe provided a steady stock while
the Soviets developed a domestic source. While American experts had
predicted that the Soviet Union would not have nuclear weapons until the
mid-1950s, the first Soviet bomb was detonated on August 29, 1949. The
bomb, named "First Lightning" by the West, was more or less a copy of "Fat
Man", one of the bombs the United States had dropped on Japan in 1945.

Both governments spent massive amounts to increase the quality and

quantity of their nuclear arsenals. Both nations quickly began the
development of thermonuclear weapons, which can achieve vastly greater
explosive yields. The United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb on
November 1, 1952, on Enewetak, an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The Soviets
surprised the world by exploding a deployable thermonuclear device in
August 1953, although it was not a true multi-stage hydrogen bomb. However,
it was small enough to be dropped from an aeroplane, making it ready for
use.

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On March 1, 1954, the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo test, which tested
another hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll.The Soviet Union detonated its
first "true" hydrogen bomb on November 22, 1955, which had a yield of
1.6 megatons. On October 30, 1961, the Soviets detonated a hydrogen
bomb with a yield of approximately 58 megatons.

With both sides in the Cold War having nuclear capability, an arms race
developed, with the Soviet Union attempting first to catch up and then
to surpass the Americans.

The Korean War

The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from
1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded
South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South
Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while
South Korea was supported principally by the United States. The
fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.

In 1910, Imperial Japan annexed Korea, where it ruled for 35 years until
its surrender at the end of World War II on 15 August 1945. The United
States and the Soviet Union divided Korea along the 38th parallel into
two zones of occupation. The Soviets administered the northern zone
and the Americans administered the southern zone. In 1948, as a result
of Cold War tensions, the occupation zones became two sovereign
states. A socialist state, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, was
established in the north under the totalitarian communist leadership of
Kim Il-sung while a capitalist state, the Republic of Korea, was
established in the south under the authoritarian, autocratic leadership
of Syngman Rhee. Both governments of the two new Korean states
claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea, and
neither accepted the border as permanent.

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North Korean military (Korean People's Army, KPA) forces crossed the
border and drove into South Korea on 25 June 1950. Joseph Stalin had final
decision power and several times demanded North Korea postpone the
invasion, until he and Mao Zedong both gave their final approval in spring
1950. The United Nations Security Council denounced the North Korean
move as an invasion and authorised the formation of the United Nations
Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel it. The Soviet Union
was boycotting the UN for recognizing Taiwan (Republic of China) as China,
and China (People's Republic of China) on the mainland was not
recognized by the UN, so neither could support their ally North Korea at the
Security Council meeting. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations
eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing
around 90% of the military personnel.

After the first two months of war, South Korean Army (ROKA) and American
forces hastily dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat, retreating to
a small area behind a defensive line known as the Pusan Perimeter. In
September 1950, a risky amphibious UN counter offensive was launched at
Incheon, cutting off KPA troops and supply lines in South Korea. Those who
escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north. UN forces
invaded North Korea in October 1950 and moved rapidly towards the Yalu
River—the border with China—but on 19 October 1950, Chinese forces of the
People's Volunteer Army (PVA) crossed the Yalu and entered the war. The
UN retreated from North Korea after the First Phase Offensive and the
Second Phase Offensive. Chinese forces were in South Korea by late
December.

In these and subsequent battles, Seoul was captured four times, and
communist forces were pushed back to positions around the 38th parallel,
close to where the war had started. After this, the front stabilised, and the
last two years were a war of attrition. The war in the air, however, was never
a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive US bombing campaign.
Jet-powered fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first
time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defence of their
communist allies.

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The bombing of North Korea: The initial bombing attack on North

Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war, 29 June 1950, by
General Douglas MacArthur immediately upon request by the
commanding general of the Far East Air Forces (FEAF), George E.
Stratemeyer. Major bombing began in late July. U.S. airpower
conducted 7,000 close support and interdiction airstrikes that month,
which helped slow the North Korean rate of advance to 3 km (2 mi) a
day. On 12 August 1950, the USAF dropped 625 tons of bombs on North
Korea; two weeks later, the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons.

From June through October, official US policy was to pursue precision

bombing aimed at communication centers (railroad stations,
marshaling yards, main yards, and railways) and industrial facilities
deemed vital to war-making capacity. The policy was the result of
debates after World War II, in which US policy rejected the mass civilian
bombings that had been conducted in the later stages of World War II
as unproductive and immoral. In early July, General Emmett O'Donnell
Jr. requested permission to firebomb five North Korean cities. He
proposed that MacArthur announce that the UN would employ the
firebombing methods that "brought Japan to its knees". The
announcement would warn the leaders of North Korea "to get women
and children and other noncombatants the hell out".

After MacArthur was removed as UN Supreme Commander in Korea in

April 1951, his successors continued this policy and ultimately extended
it to all of North Korea. The US dropped a total of 635,000 tons of
bombs, including 32,557 tons of napalm, on Korea.

Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a

result. The war's highest-ranking US POW, Major General William F.
Dean reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he
saw were either rubble or snow-covered wasteland. North Korean
factories, schools, hospitals, and government offices were forced to
move underground, and

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air defenses were considered "non-existent". In November 1950, the North

Korean leadership instructed their population to build dugouts and mud
huts and to dig tunnels, in order to solve the acute housing problem. US Air
Force General Curtis LeMay commented: "We went over there and fought
the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway,
some way or another, and some in South Korea, too." US Colonel Dean Rusk
stated the US bombed "everything that moved in North Korea, every brick
standing on top of another." Pyongyang, which saw 75 percent of its area
destroyed, was so devastated that bombing was halted as there were no
longer any worthy targets left. On 28 November, Bomber Command
reported on the campaign's progress: 95 percent of Manpojin was
destroyed, along with 90 percent of Hoeryong, Namsi and Koindong, 85
percent of Chosan, 75 percent of both Sakchu and Huichon and 20 percent
of Uiju. According to USAF damage assessments, "Eighteen of twenty-two
major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated." By the end
of the campaign, US bombers had difficulty in finding targets and were
reduced to bombing footbridges or jettisoning their bombs into the sea.

The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 when the Korean Armistice Agreement
was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarised Zone (DMZ)
to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners.
However, no peace treaty was ever signed, and the two Koreas are
technically still at war, engaged in a frozen conflict.

The Korean War was among the most destructive conflicts of the modern
era, with approximately 3 million war fatalities. It incurred the destruction
of virtually all of Korea's major cities, thousands of massacres by both sides,
including the mass killing of tens of thousands of suspected communists
by the South Korean government, and the torture and starvation of
prisoners of war by the North Koreans. North Korea became among the
most heavily bombed countries in history. Additionally, several million
North Koreans are estimated to have fled North Korea over the course of
the war.

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The Space Race

The space race was a series of competitive technology demonstrations
between the United States and the Soviet Union, aiming to show
superiority in spaceflight. It was an outgrowth of the mid-20th-century
Cold War, a tense global conflict that pitted the ideologies of capitalism
and communism against one another
timeline:
Sputnik 1 (October 4, 1957)
The Soviet Union’s first spacecraft launch changed the world as it was
the first artificial satellite to enter the atmosphere and passed over the
United States multiple times daily. Sputnik is largely considered to be
the “starting point” of the Space Race because of its effect on both
countries’ national agendas.
Sputnik 2 (November 3, 1957 )
Laika, the dog from the USSR, made history by becoming the first live
organism launched into space. The Soviets launched Sputnik II less than
a month after Sputnik to learn about the effects of space on animals
and the conditions under which they could survive.
Explorer 1 (January 31, 1958)
it was The United States’ response to Sputnik 1 which made
international headlines but was not a fair comparison to the Soviet
Union’s two satellites that were already in orbit
Opening of NASA (July 29, 1958)
Concerned with the speed and success of the Soviet space program,
President Dwight Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and
Space Act, creating both a committee and agency that were focused on
American space exploration and dominance. The formation of NASA
was the first concrete step of a national commitment to winning the
Space Race.
Luna 1 (January 2, 1959)
It was a spacecraft sent by The Soviet Union over the surface of the
moon followed by Vostok 1 which sent Yuri Gagarin, the first person in
space and the first person to orbit the earth - a monumental
achievement for the Soviet Union.
President John Kennedy promised to have an American astronaut on
the moon by 1970

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Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States
and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when
the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.
After the failed U.S. attempt to overthrow the Castro regime in Cuba
with the Bay of Pigs invasion, and while the Kennedy administration
planned Operation Mongoose, in July 1962 Soviet premier Nikita
Khrushchev reached a secret agreement with Cuban premier Fidel
Castro to place Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter any future
invasion attempt.

Construction of several missile sites began in the late summer, but U.S.
intelligence discovered evidence of a general Soviet arms build-up on
Cuba, including Soviet bombers, during routine surveillance flights, and
on September 4, 1962, President Kennedy issued a public warning
against the introduction of offensive weapons into Cuba. Despite the
warning, on October 14 a U.S. U–2 aircraft took several pictures clearly
showing sites for medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic
nuclear missiles under construction in Cuba, thus precipitating the
onset of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

President Kennedy a naval quarantine of Cuba. The use of 'quarantine'

legally distinguished this action from a blockade enabling the United
States to receive the support of the Organisation of American States.
Kennedy also sent a letter to Khrushchev declaring that the United
States would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba, and
demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile bases already under
construction or completed, and return all offensive weapons to the
U.S.S.R.

The Joint Chief of Staff announced a military readiness status of

DEFCON 3 as U.S. naval forces began implementation of the quarantine
and plans accelerated for a military strike on Cuba.
On October 24, Khrushchev responded to Kennedy’s message with a
statement that the U.S. 'blockade' was an act of aggression and that
Soviet ships bound for Cuba would be ordered to proceed.

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Some ships turned back from the quarantine line while others were
stopped by US naval forces, but they contained no offensive weapons
and so were allowed to proceed.

Khrushchev sent Kennedy a message on the evening of October 26th. It

was a long, emotional message that raised the specter of nuclear
holocaust, and presented a proposed resolution.

On October 27th, Khrushchev sent another message indicating that any

proposed deal must include the removal of U.S. Jupiter missiles from
Turkey. Thereafter, a US reconnaissance jet was shot down over Cuba.
That night, Kennedy set forth in his message to the Soviet leader
proposed steps for the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba under
supervision of the United Nations, and a guarantee that the United
States would not attack Cuba.

The following day, Khrushchev issued a public statement that Soviet

missiles would be dismantled and removed from Cuba.
The crisis was over but the naval quarantine continued until the Soviet
Union agreed to remove their IL–28 bombers from Cuba and, on
November 20, 1962, the United States ended its quarantine. U.S. Jupiter
missiles were later removed from Turkey in April 1963.
The Cuban Missile Crisis strengthened Kennedy’s image domestically
and internationally. It also contributed to mitigate negative world
opinion regarding the failed Bay of Pigs invasion.

Vietnam War
Note: considering the freeze date, this war is still going on
The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from
1 November 1955 to current day. It was the second of the Indochina
Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South
Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China,
and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the
United States and other anti-communist allies. The conflict also
spilled over into neighbouring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil
War and the Cambodian Civil War.

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First IndoChina war- The First Indochina War (generally known as the
Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in
Vietnam) began in French Indochina on December 19, 1946, and lasted
until July 20, 1954. Fighting between French forces and their Việt Minh
opponents in the south dated from September 1945. The conflict pitted
a range of forces, including the French Union's French Far East
Expeditionary Corps, led by the government of France and supported by
the former emperor Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the
People's Army of Vietnam and Việt Minh (part of the Communist Party),
led by Võ Nguyên Giáp and Hồ Chí Minh. Most of the fighting took place
in Tonkin in northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire
country and also extended into the neighbouring French Indochina
protectorates of Laos and Cambodia. At the International Geneva
Conference on July 21, 1954, the new socialist French government and
the Việt Minh made an agreement which effectively gave the Việt Minh
control of North Vietnam above the 17th parallel. The south continued
under Bảo Đại. The agreement was denounced by the State of Vietnam
and by the United States. A year later, Bảo Đại would be deposed by his
prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, creating the Republic of Vietnam
(South Vietnam). Soon an insurgency, backed by the north, developed
against Diệm's government.

Viet Cong- It is officially known as the National Liberation Front of

South Vietnam, and it is an armed coalition of political revolutionary
organisations in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Its military force,
the Liberation Army of South Vietnam (LASV), is fighting under the
direction of North Vietnam, against the South Vietnamese and United
States governments during the Vietnam War. The LASV had both
guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who
organised peasants in the territory the Viet Cong controlled. Communist
fighters and anti-war activists are claiming that the Viet Cong is an
insurgency indigenous to the South, while the U.S. and South
Vietnamese governments are portraying the group as a tool of North
Vietnam.

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Strategic hamlet program(1962)- The Strategic Hamlet Program was a

plan by the government of South Vietnam in conjunction with the US
government and ARPA to combat the communist insurgency by
pacifying the countryside and reducing the influence of the
communists among the rural population. In 1962, the government of
South Vietnam, with advice and financing from the United States,
began the implementation of the Strategic Hamlet Program. The
strategy was to isolate the rural population from contact with and
influence by the National Liberation Front (NLF). The Strategic Hamlet
Program, along with its predecessor, the Rural Community
Development Program, played an important role in shaping events in
South Vietnam during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Both of these
programs attempted to create new communities of "protected hamlets."
The rural peasants would be provided protection, economic support,
and aid by the government, thereby strengthening ties with the South
Vietnamese government (GVN). It was hoped this would lead to
increased loyalty by the peasantry towards the government.

The Strategic Hamlet Program was unsuccessful, failing to stop the

insurgency or gain support for the government from rural Vietnamese, it
alienated many and helped contribute to the growth in influence of the
Viet Cong. After President Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown in a coup in
November 1963, the program was cancelled. Peasants moved back into
their old homes or sought refuge from the war in the cities. The failure
of the Strategic Hamlet and other counter-insurgency and pacification
programs were causes that led the United States to decide to intervene
in South Vietnam with air strikes and ground troops

Bay of Pigs Invasion- The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed landing
operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban exiles
who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, covertly financed and
directed by the U.S. government. The operation took place at the height
of the Cold War, and its failure influenced relations between Cuba, the
United States, and the Soviet Union.

In 1952, American ally General Fulgencio Batista led a coup against

President Carlos Prío and forced Prío into exile in Miami, Florida. Prío's

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exile inspired the creation of the 26th of July Movement against Batista
by Castro. The movement successfully completed the Cuban Revolution
in December 1958. Castro nationalised American businesses—including
banks, oil refineries, and sugar and coffee plantations—then severed
Cuba's formerly close relations with the United States and reached out
to its Cold War rival, the Soviet Union. In response, U.S. President Dwight
D. Eisenhower allocated $13.1 million to the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) in March 1960, for use against Castro. With the aid of Cuban
counter-revolutionaries, the CIA proceeded to organise an invasion
operation.
After Castro's victory, Cuban exiles who had travelled to the U.S. had
formed the counter-revolutionary military unit Brigade 2506. The
brigade fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front
(DRF), and its purpose was to overthrow Castro's government. The CIA
funded the brigade, which also included some U.S. military personnel,
and trained the unit in Guatemala.
Over 1,400 paramilitaries, divided into five infantry battalions and one
paratrooper battalion, assembled and launched from Guatemala and
Nicaragua by boat on 17 April 1961. Two days earlier, eight CIA-supplied
B-26 bombers had attacked Cuban airfields and then returned to the
U.S. On the night of 17 April, the main invasion force landed on the
beach at Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs, where it overwhelmed a local
revolutionary militia. Initially, José Ramón Fernández led the Cuban
Army counter-offensive; later, Castro took personal control. As the
invaders lost the strategic initiative, the international community found
out about the invasion, and U.S. President John F. Kennedy decided to
withhold further air support. The plan devised during Eisenhower's
presidency had required involvement of both air and naval forces.
Without air support, the invasion was being conducted with fewer
forces than the CIA had deemed necessary. The invading force was
defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
(Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias – FAR) and the invaders
surrendered on 20 April. Most of the invading counter-revolutionary
troops were publicly interrogated and put into Cuban prisons.

The invasion was viewed as a U.S. foreign policy failure however it is up

to speculation. The invasion's defeat solidified Castro's role as a national
hero and widened the political division between the two formerly-allied

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countries. It also pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union, setting the
stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

Battle of AP Bac - The Battle of Ấp Bắc was a major battle fought on 2

January 1963 in South Vietnam. On 28 December 1962, US intelligence
detected the presence of a radio transmitter along with a sizable force
of Viet Cong (VC) soldiers, reported to number around 120, in the hamlet
of Ap Tan Thoi in Dinh Tuong Province, home of the Army of the
Republic of South Vietnam (ARVN). The South Vietnamese and their US
advisers planned to attack Ap Tan Thoi from three directions to destroy
the VC force by using two provincial Civil Guard battalions and elements
of the 11th Infantry Regiment, ARVN 7th Infantry Division. The infantry
units would be supported by artillery, M113 armoured personnel carriers
(APCs), and helicopters.

On the morning of 2 January 1963, unaware that their battle plans had
been leaked to the enemy, the South Vietnamese Civil Guards
spearheaded the attack by marching toward Ap Tan Thoi from the
south. However, when they reached the hamlet of Ap Bac, southeast of
Ap Tan Thoi, they were immediately pinned down by elements of the VC
261st Battalion. Shortly afterward, three companies of the 11th Infantry
Regiment were committed into battle in northern Ap Tan Thoi.
However, they too could not overcome the VC soldiers who had
entrenched themselves in the area. Just before midday, further
reinforcements were flown in from Tan Hiep. The 15 US helicopters
ferrying the troops were riddled by VC gunfire, and five helicopters were
lost as a result.
The ARVN 4th Mechanised Rifle Squadron was then deployed to rescue
the South Vietnamese soldiers and US aircrews trapped at the
southwest end of Ap Bac. However, its commander was highly reluctant
to move heavy M113 APCs across the local terrain. Ultimately, their
presence made little difference as the VC stood its ground and killed
more than a dozen South Vietnamese M113 crew members in the
process. The ARVN 8th Airborne Battalion was dropped late in the
afternoon onto the battlefield. In a scene that characterised much of
the day's fighting, they were pinned down and could not break the VC's
line of defence. Under cover of darkness, the VC withdrew from the
battlefield, winning their first major victory

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1963 South Vietnamese coup- In November 1963, President Ngô Đình
Diệm and the Personalist Labour Revolutionary Party of South Vietnam
were deposed by a group of Army of the Republic of Vietnam officers
who disagreed with his handling of both the Buddhist crisis and the
Viet Cong threat to the regime. In South Vietnam, the coup was referred
to as Cách mạng 1-11-63 ("1 November 1963 Revolution").

The Kennedy administration had been aware of the coup planning, but
Cable 243 from the United States Department of State to U.S.
Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., stated that it was
U.S. policy not to try to stop it. Lucien Conein, the Central Intelligence
Agency's liaison between the U.S. Embassy and the coup planners, told
them that the U.S. would not intervene to stop it. It is speculated that
Conein also provided funds to the coup leaders.

The coup was led by General Dương Văn Minh and started on 1
November. It proceeded smoothly as many loyalist leaders were
captured after being caught off-guard and casualties were light. Diệm
was captured and executed the next day along with his brother and
adviser Ngô Đình Nhu. The generals decided on a two-tier government
structure with a military committee overseen by Minh presiding over a
regular cabinet that would be predominantly civilian with Thơ as prime
minister.

John F Kennedy was assassinated shortly after on 22nd November 1963

and power was transferred to Lyndon B. Johnson .

Gulf of tonkin incident- The Gulf of Tonkin incident was an

international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more
directly in the Vietnam War. It involved both a proven confrontation on
August 2, 1964, carried out by North Vietnamese forces in response to
covert operations in the coastal region of the gulf, and a second,
claimed confrontation on August 4, 1964, between ships of North
Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.
Originally American claims blamed North Vietnam for both attacks.
Later investigation revealed that the second attack never happened; the
American claim that it had was based mostly on erroneously interpreted
communications intercepts.

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On August 2, 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox, while performing a
signals intelligence patrol as part of DESOTO operations, was
approached by three Vietnam People's Navy torpedo boats of the 135th
Torpedo Squadron. The Maddox fired warning shots and the North
Vietnamese boats attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. In the
ensuing engagement, one U.S. aircraft (which had been launched from
aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga) was damaged, three North Vietnamese
torpedo boats were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were
killed, with six more wounded. There were no U.S. casualties. Maddox
was "unscathed except for a single bullet hole from a Vietnamese
machine gun round".

On August 4, 1964, destroyer USS Turner Joy joined Maddox on another

DESOTO mission. That evening, the ships opened fire on radar and sonar
returns that had been preceded by communications intercepts which
US forces claimed meant an attack was imminent. The commander of
the Maddox task force, Captain John Herrick, reported that the ships
were being attacked by North Vietnamese boats when in fact, there
were no North Vietnamese boats present. While Herrick soon reported
doubts regarding the task force’s initial perceptions of the attack, the
Johnson administration relied on wrongly interpreted National Security
Agency communications intercepts to conclude that the attack was
real.

While doubts regarding the perceived second attack have been

expressed since 1964, it was not until years later that it was shown
conclusively never to have happened. In the 2003 documentary The Fog
of War, the former United States Secretary of Defence Robert S.
McNamara admitted that an attack on the USS Maddox happened on
August 2, but the August 4 attack, for which Washington authorised
retaliation, never happened. In 1995, McNamara met with former
People's Army of Vietnam General Võ Nguyên Giáp to ask what
happened on August 4, 1964. "Absolutely nothing", Giáp replied. Giáp
claimed that the attack had been imaginary. In 2005, an internal
National Security Agency historical study was declassified; it concluded
that Maddox had engaged the North Vietnamese Navy on August 2, but
that the incident of August 4 was based on bad Naval intelligence and
misrepresentations of North Vietnamese communications.

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The outcome of these two confrontations was the passage by the U.S.
Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted U.S. President
Lyndon B. Johnson had the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country
whose government was considered to be jeopardised by "communist
aggression". The resolution served as Johnson's legal justification for
deploying U.S. conventional forces and the commencement of open warfare
against North Vietnam.

1965 - In 1965, the United States rapidly increased its military forces in
South Vietnam, prompted by the realisation that the South Vietnamese
government was losing the Vietnam War as the communist-dominated Viet
Cong (VC) gained influence over much of the population in rural areas of
the country. North Vietnam also rapidly increased its infiltration of men and
supplies to combat South Vietnam and the U.S. The objective of the U.S.
and South Vietnam was to prevent a communist take-over. North Vietnam
and the VC sought to unite the two sections of the country.

Political instability and internal dissent continued to plague the

government of South Vietnam, although in June General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
and Air Marshall Nguyễn Cao Kỳ took control of the country and remained
in power for the remainder of the year. In the United States, a majority of
Congress and the people supported U.S. participation in the war, although
protests against the war became larger and more frequent, especially
among college students.

The U.S. began bombing North Vietnam in March, in Operation Rolling

Thunder. The U.S. Army and Marines began ground operations to ferret out
and defeat the communist forces. U.S. Military Assistance Command
Vietnam (MACV), commanded by General William Westmoreland adopted a
strategy of attrition, employing U.S. firepower, technology, and mobility. The
usual military tactic of the United States was search and destroy operations
in which large U.S. and South Vietnamese units, supported by air and
artillery, swept through an area to attempt to engage the communists in
battle. The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the VC, by contrast, relied
on hit-and-run operations and ambushes, avoiding set-piece battles except
at their own initiative.

In November, the U.S. and PAVN met head-on for the first time in the Battle
of Ia Drang. Both sides claimed victory. The U.S. inflicted heavy casualties
on the PAVN, but the battle vindicated the conviction by North Vietnam
that its military could slowly grind down the U.S.'s commitment to the war.

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South Korea contributed an army division to South Vietnam, while
Australia, New Zealand and other countries provided smaller numbers of
soldiers. North Vietnam received military aid from the Soviet Union and
China.
At year's end, President Lyndon Johnson declared a temporary halt to the
bombing of North Vietnam and undertook a diplomatic initiative to seek
negotiations with North Vietnam. North Vietnam, on its part, aimed to
achieve a decisive military victory, but prepared also for an expanded war
if the U.S. continued to escalate its involvement.

12th April 1966- For the first time, North Vietnam was bombed by
American B-52 Stratofortress bombers when 29 B-52s dropped 585 tons of
bombs on the Mụ Giạ Pass through the Annamese Mountain Range, in an
attempt to break the supply line that was nicknamed the "Ho Chi Minh
trail". Although the objective was to create landslides that would close off
the pass completely, a reconnaissance mission the next day found that the
North Vietnamese had cleared the area, filled the craters in the road, and
were driving their trucks through the pass once more. After a second wave
of intensive bombings and an equally intensive clearing of the pass, a
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) appraisal would later note that the
"Communists will spare no effort to keep it open".

Timeline of events
August 1945 - The US uses two atomic bombs on Japan to end World War
II. The use of the atomic weapons demonstrated the United States of
America’s technological superiority, but also increased existing tensions
with the Soviet Union, setting the stage for the Cold War.

February 9th 1946 - Soviet leader Joseph Stalin delivered a speech

claiming that war was inevitable in any system where capitalism is
dominant, and that communism and capitalism were incompatible.

March 5th 1946 - Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister warns of
the descent of an Iron Curtain across Europe. The aim of it was to create a
divide between the developing countries in Europe and the ones still
under political influence and dictatorship (Soviet Union).

July 1st 1946 - Operation Crossroads was a pair of nuclear weapon tests
conducted by the United States, the purpose being to investigate the
effect of nuclear weapons on warships.
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The Crossroads tests were the first of many nuclear tests held in the Marshall
Islands, and the first to be publicly announced beforehand and observed by
an invited audience, including a large press corps.

January 1st 1947 - The American and British zones of control in Germany are
united to form the Bizone also known as Bizonia.

March 12th 1947 - The Truman Doctrine was introduced and promised help
to any country fighting a Communist takeover. The policy became known as
Containment of Communism.
May 22nd 1947 - US extends $400 million of military aid to Greece and
Turkey, signalling its intent to contain communism in the Mediterranean.

June 5th 1947 - Marshall Plan was announced, setting a precedent for
helping countries combat poverty, disease and malnutrition; and recover
from war

November 14th 1947 - The United Nations passes a resolution calling for the
withdrawal of foreign soldiers from Korea, free elections in each of the two
administrations, and the creation of a UN commission dedicated to the
unification of the peninsula.

January 1948 - September 1949 - Berlin blockade and airlift. After WWII,
control of Germany was divided between the Western Allies and the Soviet
Union. Berlin was located in the Eastern Soviet sector, but since it was the
country’s capital city, its control was also divided between the Western
powers and the USSR. In June of 1948, the USSR attempted to gain control of
the entire city by cutting off all surface traffic to West Berlin. The United
States responded with a daily airlift of food and supplies into the besieged
city until land access was restored.

February 25th 1948 - The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with Soviet

backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of
Czechoslovakia

November 20th 1948 - The American consul and his staff in Mukden, China,
are made virtual hostages by communist forces in China. The crisis did not
end until a year later, by which time U.S. relations with the new communist
government in China had been seriously damaged.

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November 1, 1952 - United States tested its first thermonuclear device
(hydrogen bomb) on the island of Elugelab and the explosion was 700 times
larger than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
February 9th 1950 - Senator Joseph McCarthy first claims without evidence
that Communists have infiltrated the U.S. State Department, leading to a
controversial series of anti-Communist investigations in the United States.

February 12th 1950 - The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China
sign a pact of mutual defence.

1950 – 1953 - The Korean War: The United States and the USSR agreed to
split Korea into two occupation zones. The zone north was occupied by the
USSR, under communist rule. The US occupied the south and it oversaw
elections that resulted in a democratic government. When the two major
powers withdrew, friction between the north and south finally erupted into
war in 1950 when North Koreans invaded the south. The south was
unprepared for the aggression and was immediately overrun. Eventually, the
US stepped in to help the South Korean military, essentially creating a proxy
war between the Soviet Union and the United States. No final peace treaty
was ever signed to end the Korean War. Instead, the two sides signed an
armistice in 1953 that ceased hostilities and formed the Korean Demilitarised
Zone, a no-man’s land between the two countries which constituted the new
border.

March 5th 1953 - Stalin dies, setting off a power struggle to succeed him.
NATO debates possibility of a fresh start

March 1954 - KGB was established

June 29th 1956 - USSR sent tanks into Poznan, Poland, to suppress
demonstrations by workers

September 4th 1956 - USSR sent military aid to Afghanistan

October 1957 - The Soviets launched Sputnik, the world’s first artificial
satellite, embarrassing the US and proving that the USSR had the missile
technology to attack the United States with nuclear weapons.

1959 – freeze date - Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam, was considered an

important sphere of influence by both US and Soviet leaders. When
nationalist
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forces created North Vietnam in 1956, the USSR and China recognized and
backed the new communist country while the US became committed to
stopping the spread of communism in the region and backed South Vietnam.
As in Korea, the US and the USSR avoided direct warfare by backing the
opposing governments and forces.
October 1962 - Cuban missile crisis

July 1963 - Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ratified

August 1964 - The Gulf of Tonkin incident was an international confrontation

that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War.
North Vietnamese warships purportedly attacked United States warships on
two occasions.

April 1965 - The US Marines were sent to the Dominican Republic to fight
Communism.

April 12th 1966 - Strategic Air Command B-52 bombers attack targets in
North Vietnam for the first time. They strike the Mu Gia Pass, a crucial enemy
supply route adjacent to Laos near an entrance to the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

Past UN Action
The United Nations quickly became a Cold War battleground between
communist and non-communist countries. Since both the United States and
Soviet Union held vetoes, the Security Council could not act without their joint
permission. This limited U.N. peacekeeping efforts to situations where the
national interests of the superpowers were not in conflict. Once, however, the
Security Council did act against Soviet interests. After communist North Korea
attacked South Korea in June 1950, the Security Council granted President
Truman authority to send American troops to defend South Korea. This
happened due to a fluke of history. The Soviet Union was boycotting the
Security Council because the permanent seat held by China was then
occupied by the anti-communist government on Taiwan rather than the
communist mainland government. As a result, the Soviet Union failed to
exercise its veto.

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​U nited Nations Security Council Resolution 120, adopted on November 4,

1956, considering the grave situation created by the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics in the suppression of the Hungarian people in asserting their
rights, and the lack of unanimity of its permanent members, the Council felt
it had been prevented from exercising its responsibility for the maintenance
of international peace and security. As a solution the Council decided to call
an emergency special session of the General Assembly in order to make
appropriate recommendations. The resolution was adopted with 10 votes in
favour to one against, from the Soviet Union.

Because of the enormous destructive power realized with the development

and use of the atomic bomb during World War II, the General Assembly in
1946 created the Atomic Energy Commission to assist in the urgent
consideration of the control of atomic energy and in the reduction of atomic
weapons. The United States promoted the Baruch Plan, which proposed the
elimination of existing stockpiles of atomic bombs only after a system of
international control was established and prohibited veto power in the
Security Council on the commission’s decisions. The Soviet Union, proposing
the Gromyko Plan, wanted to ensure the destruction of stockpiles before
agreeing to an international supervisory scheme and wanted to retain
Security Council veto power over the commission. The conflicting positions
of the two superpowers prevented agreement on the international control of
atomic weapons and energy. In 1957 the International Atomic Energy Agency
was established.
In 1961 the General Assembly adopted a resolution declaring the use of
nuclear or thermonuclear weapons to be contrary to international law, to
the UN Charter, and to the laws of humanity. Two years later, on August 5,
1963, the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty was signed by the Soviet Union, the United
Kingdom, and the United States. The treaty—to which more than 150 states
later adhered—prohibited nuclear tests or explosions in the atmosphere, in
outer space, and underwater.

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International
Involvement and
Foreign Aid
United States of America
The United States currently maintains its stance that the only way to halt the
expansion of communism was through development of increasingly advanced
weapons systems. The United States currently has over 200,000 troops in
North and South Vietnam. The nuclear arsenal of the country is at an all time
high, consisting of 32,000 warheads. As of yesterday, the USA has just bombed
North Vietnam.

South Vietnam
South Vietnam is a member of the Western Bloc during the current Cold War.
It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within
the French Union. South Vietnam is bordered by North Vietnam to the north,
Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the
Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the
United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the
United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957 therefore while they will
have a seat in this committee, they have no voting rights. South Vietnam is
currently at war with North Vietnam with the support of the United States and
other members of the western bloc.

North Vietnam
North Vietnam is a socialist state in Southeast Asia. During the August
Revolution following World War II, Vietnamese communist revolutionary Hồ
Chí Minh, leader of the Việt Minh Front, declared independence on 2
September 1945, announcing the creation of the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam. The Việt Minh ("League for the Independence of Vietnam"), led by
communists, was created in 1941 and designed to appeal to a wider population
than the Indochinese Communist Party could command. The North
Vietnamese Army (NVA) is the main military force of the country, with the
support of Viet Cong, is fighting the cold war. The country is backed by pro-
communist forces such as but not limited to the USSR and China.

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USSR
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a communist state that currently
spans most of Eurasia. The Soviet Union by 1948 had promoted the installment
communist-leaning governments in Eastern European countries that the USSR
had liberated from Nazi control during the war.

Laos
Laos is currently in a civil war, being bombed by the US, heavily due to its
strategic positioning. It is a landlocked country bordered by Myanmar and
China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and
Thailand to the west and southwest.

North Korea
North Korea is a communist nation in East Asia which aimed for the liberation
of the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. It is supported heavily by the
Soviet Union and China however it is currently in the aftermath of the Korean
War, focused on rebuilding.

South Korea
South Korea is a democratic nation which shares a border with North Korea.
The nation aims to achieve overall economic and social development. It is
supported by the United States primarily due to its views against communism.

PAPERWORK
Guidelines for a Position Paper
Position papers are vital to any and all committees as they reflect the level and
depth of research that a delegate has done and therefore, it is of utmost
importance that it is submitted in order to receive an award.
The position paper must cover a brief history of the crisis, the nation’s or
organisation’s stance on the issue; feasible, comprehensive, and rational
solutions, as well as possible communique ideas that a delegate wishes to
submit during committee.
The position paper must be in the font Times New Roman, size 11. All articles
used for research must be cited in MLA8 style and any plagiarism will result in
direct disqualification.

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Communiques
A communiqué is an executive order from a delegate asking an organisation, a
group of people, an agency or even an unauthorised power to perform some
kind of action or to take some kind of a policy decision, which will affect the
proceedings in committee. These communiques must at all times be realistic,
detailed, and specific. Used wisely, communiques can facilitate debate and
lobbying to allow for more intellectually stimulating committee sessions which
can produce better quality paperwork and diplomacy. These communiques
can be open or closed. Since the Cold War Summit will be a constant crisis
committee, it is essential that delegates regularly send in communiques that
are radical, yet pragmatic.

Directives
The aim of directives is to resolve the crises that the committee dealt with in
the form of comprehensive solutions. Directives must be formatted in the
same way that resolutions are, with the exception of preambulatory clauses.

Working Papers and Draft Resolutions

Working papers are drafts for draft resolutions which when passed, form the
base of all draft resolutions. Regardless of multiple draft resolutions being
presented to the committee, only one draft resolution can be passed, after
which the remaining resolutions will not be voted upon. For further reference
of writing a draft resolution, delegates may refer to the ABMUN Procedure
Guide.

Questions A Resolution
Must Answer (QARMA)
1. How can an end be put to the Vietnam War?
2. How can the cold war be resolved?
3. Which parties are responsible for the wars and what sanctions will be
placed on them?
4. Should there be any restrictions on the size and amount of nuclear
weaponry?
5. How must the US be held accountable for the bombings in North Korea?
6. How can the threat of biological warfare be curtailed?
7. What regulations must be placed on proxy wars to prevent them?

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Closing remarks
Delegates, it is of utmost importance that you use this guide as the starting
point of your research, and obtain a deeper understanding of not only the
topics you would like to explore, but also the matter which you expect will be
discussed in committee. Be prepared to display exceptional paperwork,
lobbying, and public speaking skills for that is what is necessary to succeed. I
hope to see comprehensive yet extensive debate discussed in October, good
luck delegates.

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