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MUSIC
PELOG AND SLENDRO TUNING SYSTEM
The Pelog and Slendro tuning systems are traditional musical tuning systems used in the gamelan music of
Indonesia. These systems are based on specific pitch relationships and are fundamental to the unique sound and
character of Indonesian gamelan music.

1. Pelog Tuning System:

- The Pelog tuning system is a seven-note scale used in Javanese and Sundanese gamelan ensembles. It consists of
seven pitches, arranged in a specific pattern of intervals.
- The intervals within the Pelog tuning system are not equally spaced like the Western equal-tempered scale.
Instead, they are based on specific ratios and intervals that create distinctive melodic and harmonic characteristics.
- The Pelog tuning system is known for its rich and evocative sounds, and it allows for intricate and expressive
melodic movements within the gamelan ensemble.

2. Slendro Tuning System:

- The Slendro tuning system is a five-note scale used in Javanese and Balinese gamelan ensembles. It consists of
five pitches, also arranged in a specific pattern of intervals.
- Similar to the Pelog system, the intervals in Slendro are not equally spaced. The Slendro tuning is characterized
by its slightly "out-of-tune" quality, with pitches that are close but not precisely aligned with Western equal
temperament.
- The Slendro tuning system creates a unique and vibrant sound, often described as shimmering or ethereal. It
allows for dynamic and syncopated rhythmic patterns in gamelan music.

Purpose and Cultural Significance:

- The Pelog and Slendro tuning systems have been an integral part of Indonesian gamelan music for centuries. They
provide the foundational framework for composing and performing gamelan pieces.
- These tuning systems are deeply rooted in Indonesian culture and aesthetics, reflecting the country's traditional
music and spiritual beliefs.
- The purpose of using Pelog and Slendro tuning is to create a distinctively Indonesian musical identity, with rich
tonal colors and expressive possibilities that are different from Western music.
- Gamelan music, with its unique tuning systems, is often used in traditional ceremonies, rituals, and artistic
performances in Indonesia, serving as a medium for cultural expression and community bonding.

It's worth noting that while Pelog and Slendro are the most widely used tuning systems in Indonesian gamelan
music, there are variations and regional differences in tuning systems across the archipelago, adding further diversity
to the gamelan tradition.
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INSTRUMENTS
1. Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppetry):
Wayang Kulit is a traditional form of shadow puppetry from Indonesia, particularly Java and Bali. The musical
accompaniment in Wayang Kulit is provided by an ensemble called the Gamelan. Some of the instruments used in
the Gamelan ensemble for Wayang Kulit include:

- Gamelan Degung: This is a Sundanese gamelan ensemble that typically includes instruments such as Kendang
(drums), Saron (xylophone-like instrument), Bonang (bronze gongs), and others.

- Gender Wayang: It is a small set of metallophones played with mallets. The Gender Wayang is specifically used
for accompanying Wayang Kulit performances.

- Kendang: These are double-headed drums played by hand. They provide rhythmic accompaniment and cues for
the puppeteer.

- Suling: A bamboo flute used for melodic lines and improvisation in the Gamelan ensemble.

2. Peking Opera:
Peking Opera, also known as Beijing Opera, is a traditional form of Chinese theater that combines music, singing,
acting, and acrobatics. The musical accompaniment in Peking Opera is provided by a small ensemble consisting of
various instruments. Some of the instruments used in Peking Opera include:

- Jinghu: A two-stringed bowed instrument with a high-pitched sound. It is considered the principal instrument in
Peking Opera and is used to lead and accompany the vocalists.

- Erhu: Another two-stringed bowed instrument that has a slightly lower pitch than the Jinghu. It provides melodic
accompaniment and solos in Peking Opera.

- Pipa: A plucked string instrument with a pear-shaped body. The Pipa is used for both rhythmic accompaniment
and melodic interludes in Peking Opera.

- Dizi: A transverse bamboo flute that is often used to imitate natural sounds and provide melodic lines in Peking
Opera.

3. Kabuki:
Kabuki is a traditional form of Japanese theater known for its stylized performances, elaborate costumes, and
dramatic storytelling. The musical accompaniment in Kabuki is provided by an ensemble called the Kabuki Gidayu.
Some of the instruments used in Kabuki performances include:

- Shamisen: A three-stringed plucked instrument that has a distinct, twangy sound. The Shamisen is considered the
principal instrument in Kabuki and provides both rhythmic and melodic accompaniment.

- Taiko: Large drums played with sticks, which provide powerful rhythmic support and dramatic impact in Kabuki
performances.

- Nohkan: A transverse bamboo flute used in Kabuki to provide melodic lines and imitate natural sounds.

- Kotsuzumi and Otsuzumi: Hand drums played with the fingers. They are used to provide rhythmic
accompaniment and cues for the performers.
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VOCAL STYLES
1. Peking Opera:
Peking Opera features a distinctive vocal style known as "jingju" or "jingxi" in Mandarin. It is characterized by
highly stylized singing techniques and vocalizations that convey emotions, characters, and the dramatic elements of
the story. The vocal style in Peking Opera includes:

- Xipi and Erhuang: These are two major singing styles in Peking Opera. Xipi is lively and rhythmic, while
Erhuang is more lyrical and melodic. Singers use a combination of these styles to portray different characters and
moods.

- Nasal Singing: Peking Opera singers often employ nasal singing techniques, where they create a resonant sound
by partially closing the nasal cavity. This technique gives the vocals a unique and distinct quality.

- Utterances and Vocalizations: Peking Opera vocalists use a variety of vocal techniques such as high-pitched
cries, falsetto, trills, and other vocalizations to express emotions, actions, and portray different characters.

2. Kabuki:
Kabuki performances feature a vocal style known as "Kabuki Ongaku" or "Kabuki Utai" in Japanese. The vocal
style in Kabuki is highly expressive and dramatic, with singers using specific techniques to convey the characters
and story. Some key features of Kabuki vocal style include:

- Utai: The primary singing style in Kabuki is called Utai. It involves a mixture of speaking, chanting, and singing
to deliver the lines and emotions of the characters. The vocal delivery is often exaggerated and stylized.

- Kakegoe: This refers to vocal interjections, shouts, and exclamations made by performers to heighten the drama
and engage the audience. Kakegoe can be used to express emotions, emphasize certain actions, or create rhythmic
patterns.

- Onnagata: In Kabuki, male actors often portray female characters known as "onnagata." They employ a
specialized vocal technique called "onnagata uta" to create a feminine vocal quality, incorporating a softer tone and
subtle vocal inflections.

3. Wayang Kulit:
Wayang Kulit incorporates vocal styles that are deeply rooted in traditional Javanese and Balinese music and
theater. The vocal style in Wayang Kulit includes:

- Sindhenan: Sindhenan refers to the vocal style of female singers in Wayang Kulit. They provide melodic lines,
improvisations, and vocal ornaments to accompany the puppetry. Sindhenan involves smooth, ornamented singing
and is characterized by fluid melodies and expressive delivery.

- Sinden: Sinden refers to the vocal style of male singers in Wayang Kulit. They sing narratives, dialogues, and
provide vocal support to the characters. Sinden singing can range from spoken word to melodic chants, depending
on the requirements of the performance.

- Vocal Interjections: In Wayang Kulit, vocal interjections, exclamations, and sounds known as "cecekan" are often
used to express emotions, actions, or emphasize certain moments in the story.

These vocal styles are integral to the storytelling and performance traditions of Peking Opera, Kabuki, and Wayang
Kulit, contributing to the unique and captivating experiences of these art forms.
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ARTS
Festivals and theatrical performances hold significant cultural, social, and historical importance in Asia. They serve
as platforms for artistic expression, community bonding, religious devotion, and the preservation of cultural
heritage. Here are some key aspects of their significance:

1. Cultural Preservation: Festivals and theatrical performances play a crucial role in preserving and passing on
cultural traditions, rituals, and artistic practices from one generation to another. They serve as living repositories of
cultural heritage, helping to maintain and promote diverse cultural identities across Asia.

2. Religious and Spiritual Observances: Many festivals and theatrical performances in Asia are closely linked to
religious or spiritual beliefs. They serve as occasions for worship, offering thanks, seeking blessings, and honoring
deities or ancestors. These events provide a sense of shared faith, foster community cohesion, and deepen the
spiritual connection among participants.

3. Community Building: Festivals and theatrical performances act as focal points for community gathering and
celebration. They provide opportunities for people to come together, reconnect with their roots, strengthen social
bonds, and foster a sense of belonging. Communities often collaborate and work collectively to organize and
participate in these events, promoting social cohesion and unity.

4. Entertainment and Recreation: Festivals and theatrical performances offer recreational and entertainment
value. They provide a break from daily routines and offer a space for leisure and enjoyment. The vibrant costumes,
music, dance, and theatrical spectacles provide a form of escapism and delight for both local communities and
visitors.

5. Tourism and Economic Impact: Festivals and theatrical performances attract tourists from around the world,
contributing to the economy and cultural exchange. These events showcase the unique traditions, arts, and cultural
practices of a region, attracting visitors who are interested in experiencing and learning about different cultures.
Tourism generated by these events can boost local economies and create employment opportunities.

6. Artistic Expression and Creativity: Festivals and theatrical performances serve as platforms for artists,
performers, and artisans to showcase their skills, creativity, and artistic expression. They provide opportunities for
the cultivation and transmission of performing arts, traditional crafts, music, dance, and storytelling. These events
often serve as a catalyst for innovation and the evolution of artistic forms.

7. Education and Awareness: Festivals and theatrical performances offer opportunities for education and raising
awareness about cultural diversity, history, and social issues. They provide a means to teach younger generations
about their cultural heritage, traditional values, and societal norms. Through performances and exhibitions, they can
also shed light on contemporary issues and stimulate discussions on social, political, and environmental topics.
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Different Festivals:
Loi Krathong
Loy Krathong, a water lantern festival, occurs on the evening of the full moon during the twelfth month of the Thai
lunar calendar. As a local Thai woman said, "It is a way to say sorry for what you do to the river during the rest of
the year." Materials used in making Krathong: A slice of a banana tree stalk, banana leaves, wooden pins or
toothpicks, a candle and some incense sticks, and decorative flowers.

Yi Peng
It is the event most people recognize for its floating sky lanterns known as khom loi. Often people write a wish on
the outside of the lantern, and it is considered good luck to watch your lantern until it disappears. A khom loi is
made of thin tissue paper with a crossed base, which supports a wax heat source. You have to break up the wax
before lighting it to sustain the flame.

Taiko
A traditional Japanese drum with limitless rhythmic possibilities. From ancient times the taiko was used in Japan for
communicating with allies, frightening pests away from crops, and inspiring morale in battling soldiers. It also
played an important role in festivals, rainmaking rituals, and the lively dancing of the bon odori. A little drummer
girl helps out at a festival.

Noh Theater
It is structured around song and dance. Movement is slow, language is poetic, the tone is monotonous, and costumes
are rich and heavy. Plots are usually drawn from legend, history, literature, and contemporary events. Themes often
relate to dreams, supernatural worlds, ghosts, and spirits. One key element of noh is the masks that the shite (leading
character) wears. They tell the audience what kind of character is being portrayed.
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PHYSICAL EDUCATION
SUA KA SUA

Sua-Ku-Sua, or "My Pomelo Tree," is a dance that likens the Sua's gentle leaves, attractive fruits, fragrance, and
slender body to those of a lady. Sua-Ku-Sua is a Filipino indigenous dance that is influenced by the cultures of
Indonesians, Malaysians, and Chinese.

Sua means small orange plant and is the name of the courtship dance and its accompanying song. Ramon A. Obusan
was the researcher of the said dance.

It originated in Jolo, Sulu, where most of the people living there are fishermen or sea farmers. Which is a dance by
the Muslims (the Tausug).

COSTUME:

COMPONENTS OF THE COSTUMES:

Barawasi (TOP):
A printed or plain Chinese silk or cotton material that serves as the traditional loose blouse used in the dance. It is a
long-sleeve top with a deep keyhole neckline and extra panels attached to the right and left parts of the chest, which
are decorated with tiny brass buttons.

SAWAL OR KANTIU (PANTS):

These are loose Chinese pants with a soft white band attached to a wide waist.

SIYAG (SHOULDER BAND):

A separate wrap-around malong of rich material strung over the right shoulder crossing the chest and hanging on the
left side.

BAJO:
Short-waist collarless shirt; open front with the right panel overlapping the left; studded with many tiny brass
buttons; not intended to close the front but used as an additional shirt decoration. The shirt is allowed to drop on the
right side.

Time Signature: 2/4 and 4/4; composed of three parts: A, B, and C.

Musical Instrument: Gabbang bamboo xylophones are shaped like a small boat. Bamboo slats are thinned and cut
to graduated sizes to produce three octaves of pentatonic scale.
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HEALTH
HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN CIGARETTES AND ALCOHOL
Cigarettes and alcohol both contain harmful substances that can negatively impact health. Here are some of the main
harmful substances found in these products:

Cigarettes:
1. Nicotine: Nicotine is the addictive substance in cigarettes. It can lead to dependence and make it difficult for
individuals to quit smoking.

2. Tar: Tar is a sticky residue that is produced when tobacco is burned. It contains numerous harmful chemicals,
including carcinogens, which can increase the risk of developing various types of cancer.

3. Carbon Monoxide: Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas that binds to red blood cells and
reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen. This can lead to decreased oxygen supply to vital organs and tissues.

4. Chemicals and Carcinogens: Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals, including formaldehyde, benzene,
arsenic, and ammonia. Many of these chemicals are toxic and carcinogenic, meaning they can cause cancer and
damage to organs and tissues.

Alcohol:
1. Ethanol: Ethanol is the main psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages. It is a central nervous system
depressant that affects brain function and can lead to impairment of motor skills, judgment, and coordination.

2. Acetaldehyde: Acetaldehyde is a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism that can cause damage to the liver and
other organs. Prolonged exposure to acetaldehyde can increase the risk of liver diseases, including cirrhosis and liver
cancer.

3. Congeners: Congeners are chemical substances that are produced during the fermentation and aging process of
alcoholic beverages. They contribute to the flavor, aroma, and color of alcoholic drinks but can also cause
headaches, nausea, and other negative side effects.

4. Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance: Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it increases urine production and can
lead to dehydration. Excessive alcohol consumption can also disrupt the balance of electrolytes in the body, which
are essential for proper cellular function.

5. Increased Risky Behaviors: Alcohol can impair judgment and decision-making abilities, leading to an increased
likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors such as drunk driving, unprotected sex, and violence, which can have
serious consequences for both individuals and society.

It is important to note that the harmful effects of cigarettes and alcohol can vary depending on the amount and
frequency of use, individual susceptibility, and overall health status. Long-term and excessive use of these
substances can significantly increase the risk of developing a range of health problems, including addiction,
cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, respiratory diseases, and certain types of cancer. It is always advisable to
seek professional guidance and make informed choices regarding smoking and alcohol consumption to prioritize
one's health and well-being.
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ILLNESSES CONNECTED TO SMOKING AND DRINKING

Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking are associated with a range of health issues and can increase the risk of
developing various illnesses. Here are some common illnesses related to cigarette smoking and alcohol
consumption:

Cigarette Smoking:
1. Lung Cancer: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. It damages the cells in the lungs and increases the risk
of developing cancerous tumors.

2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD, a group of lung
diseases that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD causes difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing,
and irreversible lung damage.

3. Cardiovascular Diseases: Smoking contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary
artery disease, heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease. Smoking damages blood vessels, raises blood
pressure, and increases the risk of blood clots.

4. Respiratory Infections: Smokers are more prone to respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and
influenza, due to the weakened immune system and damage to the respiratory tract.

5. Cancer: Besides lung cancer, smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing various other types of
cancer, including cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, bladder, and cervix.

Alcohol Drinking:
1. Liver Diseases: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver diseases such as fatty liver disease, alcoholic
hepatitis, and cirrhosis. These conditions involve inflammation, scarring, and damage to the liver, which can impair
its functioning.

2. Alcohol Use Disorder: Prolonged and excessive drinking can lead to alcohol use disorder (AUD), commonly
known as alcoholism. It is a chronic condition characterized by a compulsive need to consume alcohol, loss of
control over drinking, and withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit.

3. Cardiovascular Diseases: Heavy drinking can increase the risk of high blood pressure, irregular heartbeats, and
weakened heart muscles, which can lead to conditions like heart attacks, strokes, and cardiomyopathy.

4. Cancer: Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of various types of cancer, including mouth,
throat, esophagus, liver, breast, and colorectal cancer. The risk increases with higher levels of alcohol intake.

5. Mental Health Disorders: Alcohol abuse can contribute to the development of mental health disorders such as
depression, anxiety, and increased risk of suicide. It can also worsen existing mental health conditions.

It's important to note that the risks and health impacts can vary depending on factors such as the amount, frequency,
and duration of smoking or drinking, overall health, and individual susceptibility. Quitting smoking and moderating
alcohol consumption can significantly reduce the risk of these illnesses and improve overall health. Seeking
professional help and support is recommended for individuals struggling with addiction or related health issues.
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TYPES OF SMOKE:
When discussing the different types of smoke, we commonly refer to mainstream smoke, secondhand smoke, and
thirdhand smoke. Here's a brief explanation of each:

1. Mainstream Smoke: Mainstream smoke refers to the smoke that is directly inhaled by a smoker and then exhaled
into the surrounding air. It is the smoke that is typically seen coming from the lit end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe.
Mainstream smoke contains a wide range of harmful chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide,
carcinogens, and other toxic substances.

2. Secondhand Smoke: Secondhand smoke, also known as passive smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS),
is the combination of smoke from the burning end of a tobacco product and the smoke exhaled by a smoker. It is the
smoke that non-smokers may involuntarily breathe in when they are in the presence of someone who is smoking.
Secondhand smoke contains many of the same harmful chemicals as mainstream smoke, and exposure to it can
increase the risk of various health problems, including respiratory issues, heart disease, lung cancer, and sudden
infant death syndrome (SIDS) in infants.

3. Thirdhand Smoke: Thirdhand smoke refers to the residual smoke residue that lingers on surfaces, clothing,
furniture, and other objects even after smoking has ceased. It is the accumulation of chemicals from tobacco smoke
that can remain present in an environment for an extended period. Thirdhand smoke can react with other compounds
in the environment and undergo chemical transformations, leading to the formation of new toxic substances. Infants
and young children who come into contact with surfaces or objects contaminated with thirdhand smoke may
inadvertently ingest or inhale these toxic chemicals, posing potential health risks.

It's important to note that all three types of smoke—mainstream, secondhand, and thirdhand—contain harmful
substances and can have adverse effects on health. To protect both smokers and non-smokers from the dangers of
smoking, it is advisable to avoid smoking altogether or to smoke in designated areas away from non-smokers.

POLICIES
In the Philippines, several policies and regulations have been implemented to address smoking and drinking-related
issues. Here are some key policies related to smoking and drinking in the country:

1. Tobacco Regulation Act (Republic Act No. 9211): This act, enacted in 2003, regulates the packaging, sale,
distribution, and advertising of tobacco products. It mandates health warnings on cigarette packaging, prohibits
tobacco advertising and sponsorship of events, and establishes designated smoking areas in public places. The law
also includes provisions on tobacco taxation and funds for tobacco control programs.

2. Graphic Health Warning Law (Republic Act No. 10643): This law, enacted in 2014, requires cigarette
manufacturers to include graphic health warnings on cigarette packages. The warnings consist of graphic images and
accompanying text that emphasize the harmful effects of smoking on health.

3. Sin Tax Reform Law (Republic Act No. 10351): The Sin Tax Reform Law, implemented in 2013, aims to
increase taxes on alcohol and tobacco products. The increased taxes are intended to discourage consumption,
generate revenue for health programs, and reduce the health and social costs associated with smoking and drinking.

4. Smoke-Free Policies: Several cities and municipalities in the Philippines have implemented local ordinances to
establish smoke-free environments. These policies prohibit smoking in public places, including indoor areas, parks,
and transportation terminals. They also require the creation of designated smoking areas with specific guidelines for
their implementation.
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5. Drinking Age: The legal drinking age in the Philippines is 18 years old. It is illegal for individuals under the age
of 18 to purchase, consume, or possess alcoholic beverages.

6. Drunk Driving Laws: The Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 (Republic Act No. 10586) imposes
penalties and sanctions for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The law sets blood alcohol concentration
limits for drivers and imposes fines, license suspension, and imprisonment for offenders.

7. Liquor Licensing and Regulation: Local government units regulate the sale and consumption of alcoholic
beverages through licensing requirements and regulations. They may impose restrictions on operating hours,
proximity to schools and places of worship, and other factors.

It's important to note that the implementation and enforcement of these policies may vary across different regions
and municipalities in the Philippines. Local authorities play a significant role in ensuring compliance and promoting
public health and safety related to smoking and drinking.

BAC CHART: