معدل سايمون

STAT 272 “Introduction to Biostatistics”
Final Exam: 31st May 2021, 11:30AM-1:30PM.
Previous questions:
1. If the scores on a variable are 11, 14, 18, 20, and 25, the median is?
A. 11 and 14.
B. 19.
C. 23.
D. 18.
2. If A = 2 and B = 4, what would the value of Y be when X = 1? ( Y = a + bX )

A. 4.
B. 6.
C. 2.
D. 1.
3. If A = 5 and B = 10, what would the value of Y be when X = 100? ( Y = a + bX )

A. Unknown, more information is needed.
B. 1000.
C. 5001.
D. 1005.
4. Suppose in Kolmogorov – smirnov (KS) test, the P-value is computed to be 0.034.?

A. Then the test is significant if P-value greater than 1.005.
B. Then the test is significant if P-value is less than 0.05.
C. Then the test is significant if p-value is equal to 0.05.
D. Then the test is significant if P-value greater than 0.55.
5. When would you use the Tukey - Kramer procedure?

A. To test independence of errors.
B. To test for homogeneity of variance.
C. To test for normality.
D. To test for differences in pairs of means + to test for difference in pairs of mean D to test for
normality.
6. As the temperature rises, the crime rate increase.

A. If the temperature falls below zero degrees. There is no crime.
B. Criminals should be incarcerated in Alaska.
C. This is a positive relationship.
D. If the temperature would remain stable, the crime rate would stay.
7. Choose the nominal level variable below:

A. Eye color of students in statistics class.
B. Size of a family unit.
C. Your weight.
D. Speed of travel of a jet plane.
GH & FJ. 1 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
8. From a university population, random samples of 145 men and 237 women have been in class. 8%
of the men and 6% of the women said that they have. What is the appropriate test to assess the
significance of this difference?
A. Test for the significance of the difference between two sample proportion, small sample.
B. Test for the significance of the difference between two sample proportion, large sample.
C. Test for the significance of the difference between two sample means, large sample.
D. Test for the significance of the difference between two sample proportion, matched sample.
9. A researcher is preparing a report and wants to select a measure of central tendency that shows
the most common score in a particular distribution. Which statistic should she select?
A. Mode.
B. None of the above.
C. Median.
D. Mean.
10. A researcher asked a sample of dual career families about the percentage of the family budget
contributed by the wife's job (Y) and the total number of children (X). Pearson's r for this
relationship is -0.34. Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation of these results?
A. For every dollar contributed by the wife, the number of children increases by 0.34.
B. For every additional child, the wife must work longer hours.
C. Every additional child lowers the economic wellbeing of the family.
D. As number of children increase, the percentage of the budget contributed by the wife
decreases.
11. A researcher tested the relationship between age and level of vitamin B12 in blood and found a
coefficient of correlation equal to r = 0.05 This relationship is:
A. Strong.
B. Positive.
C. Weak.
D. Significant but not important.
12. A researcher tested the relationship between age and level of vitamin B12 in blood and found the
coefficient is equal to r = - 0.05 This relationship is:
A. Significant but not Important.
B. Strong.
C. Positive.
D. Weak.
13. When conducting hypothesis tests for paired t test two sample means, the test statistic is?
A. The difference in sample means.
B. Alpha.
C. The degrees of freedom.
D. The difference in the population means.
14. In the Data View in the SPSS Data Editor, each row represents what?
A. A variable.
B. A case.
C. A data point.
15. Contingency table in which one variable had three categories and the other variable had four
categories would have:
A. Nine cells.
B. Six cells.
C. Four cells.
D. Twelve cells.
16. Measures of dispersion provide information about the:

A. Typical or most common score.
B. Adequacy of the selection criteria for the sample.
C. Variety within the distribution of scores.
D. Size of the sample.
17. The median defines “central tendency” in terms of the?

A. Middle case.
B. Largest score.
C. Most likely or probable score.
D. Most common score.
18. Your score on the test is the same as the third quartile (Q₃). You may conclude that :
A. Your score is ‘typical’ since it is the same value as the median.
B. You scored higher than 25% of the people who took the test.
C. The distribution of the score is skewed.
D. You scored higher than 75% of the people who took the test.
19. If a distribution of scores has a mean of 30 and a range of 0:

A. The variance is 30.
B. There is no dispersion in the distribution.
C. The standard deviation is 1.
D. The INTER-QUARTILE-RANGE (IQR) is 10.
20. The bar charts are used for showing:

A. Correlation.
B. Frequencies.
C. Linear regression models.
D. Mean and standard deviation.
21. The pie charts are used for showing:

A. Linear regression models.
B. Mean and standard deviation.
C. Correlation.
D. Frequencies.

22. If people who eat at fast food restaurants become obese, obesity is :
A. None of the above.
B. A dependent variable.
C. An independent variable.
D. A casual variable.
23. In the language of science, a variable that is thought to be casual is called:

A. A primary variable.
B. A dependent variable.
C. An independent variable.
D. Hypothetical variable.
24. The higher the alpha level, the more likely we will:
A. Be unable to decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
B. Commit a Type II error.
C. Commit a Type I error.
D. Conduct a two-tailed test.
25. The higher the alpha level:

A. The lower the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.
B. The larger the sample size has to be to reject the null hypothesis.
C. The greater the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.
D. The more desirable the two-tailed test.
26. A dichotomous variable:

A. Is categorical with more than 2 categories.
B. Is numerical with 2 series of numbers.
C. Is categorical with unspecified number of categories.
D. Is binary with 2 categories.
27. In the context of chi square, variables are independent if:

A. The score of a case on one variable has no effect on the score of the case on the other variable.
B. The obtained chi square falls in the critical region.
C. They are related.
D. Cause and effect can be proved.
28. If a regression line is parallel to the horizontal axis of the scattergram , the slope ( b ) will be:
A. 0.45.
B. 0.00.
C. 1.00.
D. (-1.00).
29. For a single variable measured at the categorical nominal level, an appropriate graph would be:
A. Bivariate table.
B. Frequency polygon.
C. Pie chart.
D. Histogram.
30. Researcher summarizes the age of 1,000 people by calculating the average age , she is using :
A. A qualitative technique.
B. An ordinal categorical variable.
C. A numerical variable.
D. A categorical variable.
31. To conduct a chi square test , the variables must first be organized into a:
A. Univariate table.
B. Frequency distributions.
C. Bivariate table.
D. Contingency table.
32. With the command “select cases” in SPSS, we can:

A. Select a sup sample of cases.
B. Select the percentage of people to enroll.
C. Split file.
D. Select mean of Age.
33. In order to conduct a test of hypothesis with means or proportions with parametric analysis. the
sampling distribution...:
A. Bimodal.
B. Large.
C. Normal.
D. Skewed.
34. ANOVA is appreciated for situations in which:

A. We are comparing more than two samples.
B. Only nominal level variables are involved.
C. Bivariate tables are used to organize the data.
D. There are fewer than two samples.
35. In the Data View in the SPSS Data Editor, each column represents what?
A. A variable.
B. A case.
C. A data point.
36. A study of traffic safety shows a correlation of 0.57 between average speed of traffic and number
of total accident stretch of highway. This means that:
A. Fatalities tend to increase an average speed increases.
B. Drivers should speed up to get through the areas as quickly as possible.
C. As speed increases, fatalities decrease.
37. Sampling distribution for the ANOVA test is:

A. The F distribution.
C. The t distribution.
D. The z distribution.
38. Levene's test is used to test 2 samples have equal variances in which contest:
A. In Pearson correlation test.
B. In independent test.
C. In chi-square.
D. In descriptive data.
39. The distances (spread) between the scores and the mean are called:
A. Deviation
B. Summations
C. Ranges.
D. Differences.
40. Can be used to examine how a relationship between two variables might be 'explained' by one or
more additional (potentially confounding) variables:
A. Correlation Coefficient.
B. Partial Correlation.
C. Rank Correlation.
D. None of these.
41. Which of the following values could not represent a correlation coefficient?
A. r = 0.99.
B. r = 1.05.
C. r = -0.98.
D. r = 0.
42. To satisfy the requirement of independent random sampling, the researcher:

A. Must use only cluster sampling.
B. May randomly select cases from one list of the population, then subdivide that sample
according to the trait of interest.
C. May randomly select an entire neighborhood, then select any member of each family in that
neighborhood.
D. Must select only very small populations.
43. Comparing one- and two-tailed tests (with a constant alpha level and sample size), the probability
of rejection will be higher for:
A. The two-tailed test.
B. The one-tailed test, if you have correctly predicted the direction of the difference.
C. Neither, the probability of rejection does not change.
D. The test with the most conservative test statistic.
44. The box plots are used:

A. For frequencies.
B. For mean differences.
C. For the regression.
D. For the correlations.

45. One limitation of ANOVA is that, when the null hypothesis is rejected, the test:
A. Does not tell us which sample mean(s) is/are different.
B. Tells us nothing about the standard deviations.
C. Does not tell us which population variances are zero.
D. Does not tell us which population variances are greater than zero.
46. A researcher has analyzed differences in average college board scores for random samples of
students from four different colleges. The obtained F score is 0.45. what can be concluded about
null hypothesis ?
A. Nothing, more information is needed.
B. Reject the null hypothesis, differences did not occur by random chance.
C. Fail to reject the null hypothesis, differences are not statistically significant.
D. Fail to reject the null hypothesis, differences are statistically significant.
47. The F ratio is used for:

A. T-test.
B. ANOVA.
C. Correlations.
D. Frequencies.
48. The three commonly used measures of central tendency are:

A. Mode, median, and mean.
B. Percentage, midpoint, and mean.
C. Mode, midpoint, and ratio.
D. Median, rate, and mode.
49. The measures of central tendency are:

A. Mean, mode and median.
B. Mean, standard deviation and Confidence of Interval.
C. Frequencies, prevalence.
D. Normal distribution.
50. If you wanted to measure the association between the age of people (in years) and the number of
arrests for driving while intoxicated, the most appropriate measure of association would be.
A. Gamma.
B. Pearson's r.
C. Chi.
D. Lambda.
51. What would be the most appropriate test of significance for r ...... variable and an independent
variable with three or more categories?
A. ANOVA.
B. Chi square.
C. The t test.

52. For the relationship between social class and movie attendance, a researcher found a r Pearson’s
correlation of coefficient -0.45. This relationship is
A. Positive and weak.
B. Negative and weak-moderate.
C. Very weak and negative.
D. Strong and positive.
53. For the relationship between social class and movie attendance. a researcher found a r of -0.65.
This relationship is:
A. Strong and negative.
B. Moderate and weak.
C. Strong and positive.
D. Negative and weak.
54. The relationship between two variables patriating out the effect that a third variable has on both
variables can be explained using a correlation:
A. Liner.
B. Impartial.
C. Descriptive.
D. Partial.
55. The mean on a standardized test is 100 and the standard deviation is 35. Your score is 65. What
percentage of the scores were higher than yours?
A. About 16%.
B. About 84%.
C. No more than 50%.
D. Incorrect: about 34%.
56. Which menu would you select to run statistical procedures?

A. Graph menu.
B. Data menu.
C. Transform menu.
D. Analyze menu.
57. For a normal distribution of 1000 cases, how many cases will be farther away from the mean than
+3 standard deviations?
A. 327.
B. At least 500.
C. About 5.
D. Incorrect: it is impossible to estimate.
58. Which of the following is true for the normal curve?

A. Bell-shaped.
B. Symmetrical.
C. Unimodal.
D. All the above.

59. ANOVA may be thought of as an extension of the:
A. T-test for the significance of the difference between two sample means.
B. T-test for the significance of the difference between two matched samples.
C. Confidence interval estimation procedure.
D. T-test for the significance of the difference between two sample proportions.
60. The ANOVA test uses means and standard deviations to compare the amount of variation ------
----- with the amount of variation ------ --.
A. Within categories - between categories.
B. Above categories - below categories.
C. Within sample means - between sample means.
D. Within-sample standard deviations - between sample standard deviations.
61. The most appropriate measure of central tendency for the variable age (measured in years)
would be the:
A. Mode.
B. Mean.
C. Proportion.
D. Median.
62. If there is a positive association between two variables:

A. As one variable increases in value, the other also increases.
B. As one variable decreases in value, the other increases.
C. Neither variable can decrease.
D. The researcher can be certain of his conclusions.
63. When variables vary in opposite directions, the association between variables is said to be:
A. Negative.
B. Positive.
C. Neutral.
D. Contradictory.
64. As education increases, income rises. This is an example of a:

A. Neutral relationship.
B. Negative relationship.
C. Non-causal relationship.
D. Positive relationship.
65. If the Odds ratio is 0.7:

A. 70 percent reduced risk.
B. 30 percent reduced risk.
C. 0.7 percent reduced risk.
D. 30 percent increased risk.

66. Odds Ratio >1.
A. Indicates decreased occurrence of an event (protective exposure).
B. None of them.
C. Indicates increased occurrence of an event.
D. No risk in terms of occurrence of an event (protective exposure).
67. Odds ratio =1 means:

A. 1% risk.
B. No risk.
C. 100% risk.
D. A little increase of risk.
68. What measure of central tendency would be most appropriate to summarize data about the
colour of movie stars eye?
A. None of the above.
B. Mean.
C. Standard deviation.
D. Median.
69. A researcher can demonstrate a strong association between age and income. Which variable is
independent (explanatory)?
A. Age.
B. Both.
C. Income.
D. Neither.
70. A Pearson's r is appropriate for use with:

A. Continuous variables.
B. Negative relationships.
C. Only variables whose categories have been collapsed.
D. Tables larger than 2x2.
71. Chi-square has been used to test the relationship between gender and smoke consumption. The
null hypothesis has been rejected ( p = 0.001 ) What may be concluded:
A. Males are more smokers.
B. Smoke consumption depends on gender.
C. Females are more smokers.
D. Gender and smoke are not related.
72. Application of the linear regression: Vit D and age are associated. can we predict the vitamin D
level of one student of UOS with age 20 years old? Beta (b) = 2.3 constant (a) = 1. ( Y = a + bX )
A. None of them.
B. The Vit D level will be 47.
C. The Vit D level will be 20.
D. The Vit D level will be 34.

73. Controlling for a specific variable is a command used for:
A. Regression analysis.
B. Select special cases.
C. Chi-square.
D. Partial correlation.
74. The lowest quartile is equal to:

A. 50.
B. 10.
C. 0.
D. 25.
75. If a researcher wants to temporarily divide a data file into subgroups that share one or more
common characteristics, which SPSS procedure should he or she use?
A. Split File.
B. Weight Cases.
C. Select Cases.
D. Divide File.
76. If the skewness and kurtosis statistics for a distribution of data are both close to zero, which of
the following is probably true?
A. The normality assumption will probably be violated.
B. The distribution is flat (i.e. rectangle-shaped).
C. The standard deviation of the distribution will be 1.
D. The data are normally distributed.
77. On the variable Cholesterol, the range is 45 and the minimum value is 130. What is the
maximum value of this variable?
A. 85.
B. 200.
C. 175.
78. Value labels are most likely to be necessary for which type(s) of variables?
A. Nominal variables.
B. Ordinal variables.
C. Value labels are always necessary for all types of variables.
D. Scale variables.
79. The mode of (4,2.4, 3,2, 2) is:

A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 2.
D. 0.

80. In SPSS. Explore (Analyze> Descriptive Statistics > Explore) is best used to:
A. Typically used to analyze categorical variables but can also be used to obtain percentile
statistic that isn't otherwise included in the Descriptives Compare Means or Explore
procedures.
B. All of them.
C. Deeply investigate a single numeric variable, with or without a categorical grouping variable.
it can produce a large number of descriptive statistics, as well as confidence
intervals, normality tests, and plots.
D. Used when you want to summarize several numeric variables across the categories of a
nominal or ordinal variable, it is especially useful for summarizing numeric variables
simultaneously across multiple factors.
81. This statistic reflects the average amount by which scores in a distribution differ from the
mean of the distribution.
A. Standard deviation.
B. Median.
C. Shapiro-Wilk.
D. Range.
82. Nominal is to as ratio is to .

A. Mode; mean.
B. Mean; mode.
C. Mean; mean.
D. None of them.
83. The kurtosis is a measure of:

A. Tailedness.
B. It measures the deviation of the given distribution of a random.
C. Asymmetry.
D. lack of symmetry.
84. Categories of nominal level variables should be:

A. Mutually exclusive to avoid ambiguity in classifying cases.
B. Exhaustive so that every case fits into a category.
C. All of the above.
D. Relevant to the research goals.
85. In time, the variable precedes the variable.

A. Hypothetical, theoretical.
B. Dependent, independent.
C. Empirical, quantitative.
D. Independent, dependent.
86. The variance of the variable (AGE) is 77.01. Define the level of standard deviation.
A. 8.77.
B. Same as variance.
C. Less than 0.05.
D. 5.24.

87. Inferential statistics are necessary in social research because:
A. Samples are sometimes accurate representations of the population but can't always be used to
generalize.
B. Scientists don't have the time or money to test an entire population.
C. It may be impossible to find all members of a certain population.
D. Some of the population might not cooperate.
88. Which of the following statements about ordinal data is true?

A. Ordinal data have magnitude.
B. There are equal intervals between points on an ordinal scale.
C. Ordinal is a synonym for 'continuous'.
D. There is always an absolute zero on an ordinal scale.
89. Zainab wants to make comparisons between participants in her sample who drive SUVs, and
those who drive other vehicles However, the vehicle type' variable in her data file lists about 25
individual vehicle models. Seven of these models are SUVs whilst the rest are not. Which SPSS
option will Sophia need to use to create a new variable that distinguishes between SUV and
non-SUV drivers?
A. Compute Variable.
B. Recode into Same Variables.
C. Recode into Different Variables.
D. Any of these SPSS options can be used.
90. In this tab, rows represents individual cases and columns represent variables in your data.
A. Variable view.
B. Data editor.
C. Data view.
91. An analysis of the relationship between income and education found a correlation of 0.43.
After controlling for age, the partial correlation was 0.43. The relationship between income
and education seems to be:
A. Direct.
B. Spurious.
C. Intervening.
D. Interactive.
92. The Leven’s test is used for testing the equality of the variances in
A. Independent t-test.
B. Correlation.
C. Regression.
D. Partial correlation.
93. VACCINETYPE: SINOPHARM 1.253, SPUTNIK 1.243, PFIZER .875.

A. ANCOVA.
B. ANOVA.
C. T-TEST.
D. REGRESSION.

94. The age of a sample has been measured in years. Which of the following would be the preferred
measure the dispersion for this variable?
A. The index of variation.
B. Quartile deviation.
C. Standard deviation.
95. Frequencies (Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies) is primarily used for:
A. To create frequency tables, bar charts, and pie charts for a single categorical variable.
B. None of them.
C. To capture the dependent nature of this data-and that's where multiple response sets come in.
D. To create contingency tables, which describe the interaction between two categorical variables
this tutorial covers the descriptive statistics aspects of the crosstabs procedure including and
row. Column, and total percents.
96. Smokers with lower level with vitamin D less than 30 are obese in which %? What is your
strategy of analysis?
A. Select cases: vitamin D less than 30 split file: BMI obese and not obese descriptive analysis,
frequencies, table of frequencies, check the prevalence of smokers with obesity.
B. Select cases: vitamin D more than 30 split file: BMI obese and not obese descriptive analysis,
frequencies, table of frequencies, check the prevalence of smokers with obesity.
C. Select cases: vitamin D less than 30 split file: smokers and no smokers descriptive analysis,
mean of BMI in smokers.
D. Select cases: vitamin D less than 30 split file: smokers and no smokers transforming the
numerical variable BMI in categorical variables and creating the variables (BMI highes 30 =
obese) descriptive analysis, frequencies, table of frequencies, check the prevalence of obesity
in smokers.
97. Which measure of central tendency is affected by every score in the distribution?
A. The mode.
B. The mean.
C. The median.
D. All of the above.
98. The sum of the differences between the scores of a distribution and the mean of the scores is
always:
A. 0.
C. 1.
D. The same as the number of cases.
99. Levene's test tests whether:

A. Group means differ.
B. Data are normally distributed.
C. The variances in different groups are equal.
D. The assumption of homogeneity of regression slopes has been met.

100. The independent samples t-test assumes that the respective:
A. Sample variances are unequal.
B. Populations are approximately normal.
C. All of these.
D. Sample sizes are equal.
101. A paired sample t-test cannot be used:

A. To measure outcomes according to gender.
B. Where the same group experiences different interventions.
C. In a longitudinal study.
D. In pre-test/post-test studies.
102. For testing the difference between two sample means, the level of measurement is assumed to
be:
A. Nominal.
B. Ordinal.
C. Interval-ratio.
D. Any of the above.
103. If two variables are independent, the cell frequencies will be:
A. Exactly the same.
B. Determined by random chance.
C. Concentrated in only two of the cells.
D. Less than the expected frequencies.
104. The distribution which describes a range of data where the scores at either end of the
distribution are the same distance to the mean is the
A. Gamma-distribution.
B. Exponential distribution.
C. Normal distribution.
D. Chi-square distribution.
105. For a normal distribution of 1000 cases, how many cases will be farther away from the mean
than +3 standard deviations?
A. 327.
B. About 5.
C. At least 500.
D. It's impossible to estimate.
106. The one-way ANOVA is used to test statistical hypotheses concerning which of the following?
A. Proportions.
B. Standard deviations.
C. Means.
D. Variances.
107. What does ANOVA calculate?
A. Chi square.
B. F-ratio.
C. T-ratio.
D. Z-ratio.
108. The area beyond + 2 standard deviations contains approximately what % of the area under the
normal curve?
A. 50%.
B. 75%.
C. 99%.
D. 5%.
109. The median defines "central tendency" in terms of the:

A. Most likely or probable score.
B. Largest score.
C. Most common score.
D. Middle case.
110. A researcher measured people’s physiological reactions while watching a horror film and
compared them to when watching a comedy film, and a documentary about wildlife. Different
people viewed each type of film. The resulting data were normally distributed and the variances
across groups were similar. What test should be used to analyse the data?
A. Repeated-measures analysis of variance.
B. Kruskal–Wallis test.
C. Friedman’s ANOVA.
D. Independent analysis of variance.
111. A researcher was interested in stress levels of lecturers during lectures. She took the same
group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in
a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. What test is best used to
compare the mean level of anxiety in the two lectures?
A. Independent samples t-test.
B. Paired-samples t-test.
C. One-way independent ANOVA.
D. Mann–Whitney test.
112. Which of the following values could not represent a correlation coefficient?
A. r = 0.99.
B. r = 1.05.
C. r = -.98.
D. r=0

113. A researcher was interested in stress levels of lecturers during lectures. She took the same
group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in
a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. The data were not
normally distributed. Which test should she use to compare her experimental conditions?
A. Paired samples t-test.
B. Mann–Whitney test.
C. Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
D. Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
114. What does the error bar on an error bar chart represent?
A. The confidence interval around the mean.
B. The standard error of the mean.
C. The standard deviation of the mean.
D. It can represent any of these.
115. A researcher measured the same group of people’s physiological reactions while watching
horror films and compared them to when watching erotic films. The resulting data were skewed.
What test should be used to analyse the data?
A. Independent t-test.
B. Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
C. Dependent (related) t-test.
D. Mann–Whitney test.
116. A researcher measured the same group of people’s physiological reactions while watching
horror films and compared them to when watching erotic films, and a documentary about
wildlife. The resulting data were skewed. What test should be used to analyse the data?
A. Independent analysis of variance.
B. Repeated-measures analysis of variance.
C. Friedman’s ANOVA
D. Kruskal–Wallis test.
117. Assuming the assumptions of parametric tests are met, non-parametric tests, compared to their
parametric counterparts:
A. Are all of these.
B. Are more conservative.
C. Are less likely to accept the alternative hypothesis.
D. Have less statistical power.
118. Which post hoc test would be most suitable for use with non-equal groups?
A. Bonferroni.
B. Duncan.
C. Tukey.
D. LSD.
119. How many levels must there be in one independent variable for an ANOVA to be used?
A. 3.
B. 2.
C. 1.
D. 4.
120. To determine whether the test statistic of ANOVA is statistically significant, it can be
compared to a critical value. What two pieces of information are needed to determine the critical
value?
A. Sample size, number of groups.
B. Mean, sample standard deviation.
C. Expected frequency, obtained frequency.
D. MSTR, MSE.
121. Determine whether the following scenario should use a one-way ANOVA test or two-way
ANOVA test:
A nutritionist is studying the effects of diet on cholesterol in men and women. She has data which
reports cholesterol levels for men and women for three different diets (low-fat low calorie, Adkins
diet, Mediterranean diet).
A. one-way ANOVA test.
B. two-way ANOVA test.
ANOVA test:
A researcher want to determine whether there is an interaction between physical activity level
and gender on blood cholesterol concentration in children.

ANOVA test:
A group of psychiatric patients are trying three different therapies: counseling, medication and
biofeedback. They want to see if one therapy is better than the others.

124. Suppose you want to study the effect of sugar on memory for words. You have three groups in
your experiment, sugar, a little sugar and no sugar. Each participant only participates in one
condition of the experiment. The data collected from each group are as shown above.
Calculate the degree of freedom for the test.
A. 12, 2.
B. 2, 12.
C. 3, 15.
D. 15, 3.
125. What must you include when reporting an ANOVA?

A. P value.
B. Means.
C. Degrees of freedom.
D. F statistic.
E. All of these.

126. What would you use to determine whether significant differences were observed between all
levels of your independent variable?
A. Box-plots.
B. F statistic.
C. Post-hoc tests.
D. Descriptive statistics.
127. How many independent and dependent variables are there in a One-Way Within Groups
ANOVA?
A. 1 independent variable and 1 dependent variable.
B. 2 independent variables and 1 dependent variable.
C. 1 independent variable and 3 dependent variables.
D. 1 independent variable and 2 dependent variable.
128. A correlation shows that two things are:

A. Related.
B. causing each other.
C. Unrelated.
D. best friends.
129. You are analyzing a scatter plot that has a negative correlation. What is true of the of the x and
y values?
A. As x increases, y decreases.
B. As x increases, y increases.
C. As x decreases, y decreases.
130. What type of correlation describes the following sentence:

“The temperature outside and the number of hot chocolate sold at a football game”.
A. Positive.
B. Negative.
C. No.
D. Is Logan talking?
131. What type of correlation describes the following sentence:

“The number of people that go the pool and the temperature outside”.
A. Positive.
B. Negative.
C. No.
D. Is Macey being mean?
132. What would the correlation be between math grades and the time it takes to run a mile?
A. Positive Correlation.
B. Negative Correlation.
C. No Correlation.
D. Cannot Be Determined.

133. What type of correlation (association)?
“The outside temperature and the amount of layers you wear”.
A. Positive correlation.
B. Negative correlation.
C. No correlation.
134. What is the purpose of a simple linear regression?

A. To predict scores on a dependent variable from scores on multiple independent variables.
B. To predict scores on an independent variable from scores on a single dependent variable.
C. To predict scores on an independent variable from scores on multiple dependent variables.
D. To predict scores on a dependent variable from scores on a single independent variable.
135. There is no linear relationship between two interval ratio variables when the regression:
A. Is parallel to the horizontal axis.
B. Does not touch all of the scores.
C. Is not an equal distance from all the scores.
D. Is bimodal.
136. What does Levene's test examine?
A. Differences between one group and the population.
B. Differences in variance scores across two within-group conditions.
C. Homogeneity of variances between two groups.
D. Differences in dependent variable scores between two groups.
137. When would you use the levene’s test?
A. To test for homogeneity of variance.
B. To test independence of errors.
D. To test for differences in pairs of means.
138. What does a paired t-test measure?
A. Outcomes from two parametric DVs, measured across a single group
B. Outcomes from a parametric DV, measured across three conditions of a single group
C. Outcomes from a non-parametric dependent variable (DV), measured across two conditions
of a single group.
D. Outcomes from a parametric DV. measured across two conditions of a single group.
139. Chi square test is used when:

A. There is a wide sample over 100.
B. The sample should not be wide (not over 50).
C. For numerical variables.
D. There is a small sample.
140. The Chi square test is:
A. parametrically symmetrical.
B. Semi-parametric.
C. Nonparametric.
D. Parametric.

141. In the context of chi square, variables are independent if
A. The score of a case on one variable has no effect on the score of the case on the other variable.
B. They are related.
C. The obtained chi square falls in the critical region.
D. Cause and effect can be proved.
142. When the null hypothesis in the chi square test for independence is true, there should be:
A. Little difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.
B. No difference between the observed frequencies and the marginals.
C. Large difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.
D. No difference between the row and the column marginals.
143. A measure of evidence for or against testing of hypothesis is provided by

A. Degrees of freedom.
B. None of these.
C. F-ratio.
D. P-value.
144. If a sample is representative, it

A. Is restricted to the calculation of parameters only.
B. Is very large.
C. Reproduces the characteristics of the population.
D. Resembles the sampling distribution.
145. In the normal distribution the kurtosis represents:

A. The 'useless' of the curve.
B. The 'weakness' of the curve.
C. The 'fairness' of the curve.
D. The 'peakedness' of the curve.
146. An analysis on the race of patients who visited an emergency reveals that 4096 are White, 2596
are black, 20% are Native, 996 Americans and 1596 Asian. These data can best be represented
graphically by:
A. Normal Curve.
B. Histogram.
C. Cumulative frequency Curve.
D. Pie Chart.
147. For a normal distribution of 1000 cases, how many cases will be within +1 standard deviations?
A. About 680.
B. About 5.
C. no more than 500.
D. It's impossible to estimate because all normal curves are different.

148. Which one of the following statements is true?
A. A pie chart is one in which a circular 'pie' is split into sectors, one for each category of a
categorical variable, so that the area of each sector is equal.
B. A histogram is a chart in which separate vertical (or horizontal) bars are drawn with gaps
between the bars; the width (height) of each bar relates to a specific range a variable, and
its height (width) is proportional to the associated frequency of observations.
C. The distribution of a variable is right skewed if a histogram of observed values has a long
tail to the right with one or a few high values.
D. A sensible way of displaying continuous numerical data is to draw a bar chart.
149. If in a discrete series 25% values are greater than 75, then
A. Q1 > 75.
B. Q3 = 75.
C. Q1 = 75.
D. Q3 > 75.
150. The measurement of spread of a set of data around the central point
A. Measures of kurtosis.
B. Measures of variation.
C. Measures of central tendency.
D. Measures of skewness.
151. What symbol represents the test statistic for the Mann–Whitney test?
A. Ws.
B. T.
C. U.
D. H.
152. The closer the value of a measure of association is to one,

A. The stronger the relationship.
B. The more evenly the scores are distributed.
C. The weaker the relationship.
D. The more certain we are that the samples are representative.
153. One important function of the least-squares regression equation is that

A. We can use it to tell if a relationship is linear.
B. It summarizes all possible scores on the two variables.
C. It makes the scatter diagram symmetrical.
D. It allows us to predict Y scores for any value of X.
154. The explained variation represents:

A. The conditional distribution of Y.
B. The amount that y varies.
C. The improvement in our ability to predict Y when taking X into account.
D. The sum of the squares of all scores of Y.
155. In a study of the thoracic aortas of 80 subjects aged 0-20 years (jo et al. 2010), thoracic aortic
length was related to subject height through the estimated equation. Thoracic aortic length(cm) –
1.7 + 0.1 x height (cm) Which one of the following statements is true?
A. There was an inverse linear relationship.
B. The probability is of 14 cm is 1.23 cm.
C. The prediction is of 1 cm is 1.8 cm.
D. None of them.
156. Which of the following assumptions is not made for the F test for comparing three of more
means?
A. The populations from which the samples were obtained must be normally distributed.
B. The samples must be independent of each other.
C. The sample sizes must be equal.
D. The variances of the populations must be equal.
157. In the ANOVA test, if the null hypothesis is true

A. The sample standard deviations should be zero.
B. The sample means should be roughly equal in value.
C. The population means should be very different from each other.
D. Alpha should be less than zero.
158. Which of the following is an assumption that must be made in Step 1 of the ANOVA test?
A. Independent random samples.
B. Dependent random samples.
C. Level of measurement is nominal.
D. Stratified random samples.
159. The direction of a relationship between variables can be detected on a scatter plot by
considering the angle of the regression line. The relationship is
A. Positive when the line slopes upward from left to right.
B. Positive when the line slopes downward from left to right.
C. Negative when the line slopes upward from left to right.
D. Negative when the line slopes downward form right to left.
160. Scatter plots give information about the of a relationship.

A. Strength.
B. Direction.
C. Linearity.
D. All of the above.
161. In a ranked list of 25 scores, the median is the score of

A. The 13th case.
B. The average of all of the scores.
C. The average of the scores of the 12th and 13th cases.
D. The 12th case.

162. As the education increases. Income rises “this is an example of a”
A. Non-causal relationship.
B. Positive relationship.
C. Negative relationship.
D. Neutral relationship.
163. For a relationship involving education and library use, pearson’s r was + 0.37. This indicates
the:
A. Library use increases with education.
B. The well educated are more likely to purchase books.
C. As education goes up, people are less likely to go to the library.
D. People with limited funds have greater need for free public libraries.
164. LINEAR regression is used to predict valued output

A. Continuous.
B. Categorical.
C. Partial.
D. Short.
165. What is a covariate? *
A. Any additional variable that is related to the dependent variable being examined
B. An additional dependent variable
C. The combined effect of two dependent variables
D. An additional independent variable
166. A researcher is analyzing regional differences in family size. She has information on number of
children for samples of families from two regions. Which of the following would be an
appropriate statistical test?
A. ANOVA.
B. t test for difference in means.
167. A researcher has computed a Pearson's r of -0.45 between martial happiness and number of
children. What can she conclude?
A. Families with more children are happier. This is a moderate relationship.
B. Children have a strong, positive influence on levels of martial happiness.
C. There is a moderate, negative relationship between number of children and martial
happiness.
D. There is a weak, negative relationship between the variables.
168. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) differs from a test for independent samples t-test in that an
ANOVA :
A. is used to compare the means of three or more groups whereas an independent samples t-test
is used to compare two groups.
B. is usually used to compare the means of two groups but an independent samples t-test is used
to compare three groups.
C. figures variances as part of the analysis whereas an independent samples t-test does not figure
variances.
D. is conducted before the experiment whereas an independent samples t-test is conducted after
the experiment.
169. A post hoc test is:
A. A test to compare two or more means in one overall test.
B. A follow-up test to the analysis of variance when there are three or more groups.
C. Standard error.
D. A follow-up test to the independent t-test.
170. When would you use the post hoc test?

A. To test for differences in pairs of means.
B. To test independence of errors.
D. To test for homogeneity of variance.
171. Would the correlation between elevation and temperature be?

A. None.
B. Cannot be determined.
C. Positive correlation.
D. Negative correlation.
172. Correlation refers to:

A. The causal relationship between two variables.
B. The association between two variables.
C. The proportion of variance that two variables share.
D. None of the above.
173. If we calculate an r of 0.60, the proportion of the variation of Y that is explained by X is

A. 0.36.
B. 0.40.
C. 0.60.
D. 0.64.
174. Which of the following would be used to check that the variances were equal?
A. Independent-samples t-test.
B. Kolmogorov Smirnov test.
C. Paired t-test.
D. Levene's test.
175. Which of the following examples involves paired data?

A. A study compared the average number of courses taken by a random sample of 100
freshmen at a university with the average number of courses taken by a separate random
sample of 100 freshmen at a community college.
B. A group of 100 students were randomly assigned to receive vitamin C (50 students) or a
placebo (50 students). The groups were followed for 2 weeks and the proportions with colds
were compared.
C. A group of 50 students had their blood pressures measured before and after watching a
movie containing violence. The mean blood pressure before the movie was compared with
the mean pressure after the movie.
D. None of the above.

176. Consider the date relating to the mean of eggs consumed in a week stratified for gender. Which
one of the following displaying the information (Incomplete question)
A. A double pie chart.
B. A box plot.
C. A pie chart.
D. A scatter plot.
177. The paired t-test is used for:

A. For two independent samples.
B. ANOVA.
C. Mean difference in a paired sample.
D. Mean differences in frequencies.
178. In the Chi square test, expected frequencies are computed by:
A. Adding the observed frequency to N and subtracting the number of ..
B. Multiplying the observed frequencies by the row margins.
C. Multiplying the proper row and column marginals for each …
D. Adding the proper row and column marginals together and …
179. Which assumption about level of measurement is made for the Chi square test?
A. All variables are nominal in level of measurement.
B. At least one variable must be ordinal in level of measurement.
C. All variables are at least ordinal in level of measurement.
D. All variables are at least interval-ratio in level of measurement.
180. When you are going to analyze one database with variables normally distributed, which
statistical analysis are you going to apply?
A. Non-parametric tests.
B. Frequencies.
C. Only descriptive statistics.
D. Parametric test.
181. Fisher’s test is used for

A. Categorical variables.
B. None.
C. Numerical variables.
D. Both.
182. As the critical region decrease in size

A. The probability of Type l error increase.
B. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis increases.
C. Alpha increase.
D. The probability of Type ll error increases.

183. Which of the following is not an assumption of an independent-samples t-test?
A. Continuous dependent variable.
B. Differences between the two samples must be normally distributed.
C. Samples do not match.
D. The standard deviations are the same between groups.
184. The repeated measures are used:

A. For assessing the delta change within and between groups.
B. for the correlation
C. For analyzing the frequencies.
D. Assess the delta change only between groups.
185. Which of the following correctly states the relationship between SST (the total sum of squares),
SSB (the sum of the) (incomplete question)
A. SST= SSB + SSW.
B. SST = SSB – SSW.
C. SSW = SSB + SST.
D. SSB + SST – SSW.
186. Which measure of central tendency is more representative of the typical observation if the
graph of the data is skewed to the right? [ Median ]
187. When data contains extreme values, which of the following is the poorest measure of central
tendency? [ Mean ].
188. For a set of data which contains values, the best measure of a central tendency among the
following is the [ Mean ].
189. If in a discrete series 15% values are greater than 70, then: [ P85 = 70 ].
190. When there is the possibility to estimates the marginal means of PCR in 3 different vaccines
groups. we are applying the [ Estimates Dependent Variable: PCR 1 ].
191. How is a variable label different from a variable name? [ It is longer and more detailed ].
192. How is a variable name different from a variable label? [ It is shorter and less detailed ].
193. Most of students in a class are underweight. what is the shape of this distribution? [ Positively
skewed ].
194. Most of students in a class are overweight. What is the shape of distribution? [Negatively
skewed]
195. In normal distribution: [ Mean = median = mode ]
196. Which of the following is mainly used to explore the relationship between two numerical
variables [ Scatter plot ].
197. Which statistical test is used to identify whether there is a relationship between two numerical
variables? [ Pearson's correlation test ].

198. What is the name of the test that is used to assess the relationship between two ordinal
variables? [ Spearman’s correlation test ].
199. Which statistical test is used to identify whether there is a relationship between two categorical
variables? [ chi-square test ].
200. A frequency distribution in which high scores frequent is said to be: [ Negatively skewed ].
201. A frequency distribution in which low scores are most frequent is said to be [Positively skewed]
202. The degree of symmetry of a distribution is given by: [ Skewness ].
203. Analyze the prevalence of diabetes (glicCAT) in Men with vitamin D deficiency (vitD < 20).
Form select cases should [ vitD ].
Form this question, spilt file should be done for which variable? [ Gender ].
Form this question, frequency table should be done for which variable? [ glicCat ].
206. Analyze the prevalence of overweight patients (BMICAT)who are smokers with vitamin D
deficiency (vitD0<20).Form this question, spilt file should be done for which variable? [ Smoker ].
207. Analyze the prevalence of overweight patients (BMICAT) who are smokers with vitamin D
deficiency (vitD0<20). Form this question, select cases should be done for which variable?[ vitD ].
208. Analyze the prevalence of overweight patients (BMICAT) who are smokers with vitamin D
deficiency (vitD0<20). Form this question, frequency table should be done for which variable?
[ BMICat ].
209. What is an outlier ? [ Outliers are values very different from the rest of the data ].
210. Which of the following is used for entering and viewing data? [ Data view ]
211. John has a test score of 64, which is at the 90th percentile. This means that: [ 90% of people
score lower than 64 ]
212. If all the scores on examination cluster around the mean, the dispersion is said to be: [ Small ]
213. A graph that shows the pattern of the relation of two variables is a [ Scatter plot ].
214. The interquartile range is. [ The difference between the third quartile and the first quartile ]
215. The possible relationship between pairs of data values could be examined from a [Scatter plot].
216. Normal distribution is symmetric about the [ Mean ].
217. In SPSS, what is the ”data viewer”? [ A spreadsheet into which data can be entered ].
218. The descriptive measure of dispersion that is:[ the standard deviation ]
219. Most suited scale for measurement of ordinal data is [ Median ].

220. Which of the following divided a group of the ranked data into four equal subgroups?Quartiles
221. A standard normal distribution has which of the following properties?[ The mean is equal to 0
and the variance is equal to 1 ].
222. Which test may be used if the conditions of the chi-square test are not true? [ Fisher's exact
test ]
223. If a test was generally difficult, except for a few students who had very high scores, then the
distribution of scores would be: [ Positively skewed ].
224. If a test was generally very easy, except for a few students who had very low scores, then the
distribution of scores would be [ Negatively skewed ].
225. What does the operation "Recode Into Different Variables" do to the data? [ Redistributes a
range of values into a new set of categories and creates a new variable ]
226. The measure of variation that is not influenced by extreme values is: [ the interquartile range ].
227. The relationship between two variables controlling for the effect that a third variable has on
one of those variables can be expressed using a: [ Semi-partial correlation ].
228. Which central values can be used in the case of ordinal categorical variables?
[ Only the mode and the median can be used ].
229. How would you use the drop-down menus in SPSS to generate a frequency table?
[ Click on: Analyze; Descriptive Statistics: Frequencies ].
230. Why might you tell SPSS to represent the "slices" of a pie chart in different patterns?
[ If you do not have a colour printer, it makes the differences between the slices clearer. ]
231. Which measure of central tendency may not exist for all numeric data set ? [ MODE ].
232. The measure of central tendency which is the most likely to be influenced by extreme values in
the data set is the [ Mean ].
233. The peakedness of a frequency distribution curve is known as [ Kurtosis ]
234. Post hoc tests [tests you do after ANOVA when you didn't know what to expect, Tukey test].
235. Which statement about the relationship between effect size and statistical significance is true?
[The smaller the effect size, the larger the sample has to be in order to have a statistical…]
236. can be used to examine how a relationship between two variables might be 'explained by
one or more additional (potentially confounding) variables [ Partial Correlation ].
237. What are the four levels of measurement? [ Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio. ]
238. A theory differs from a hypothesis in that it is more:[ General. ]

239. What is the median of the following set of twelve grades? [ 55 – 60 – 62 – 67 – 70 – 72 – 74 – 76
– 77 – 85 – 90 – 95 ]. [ 73. ]
240. What term is used to describe the science of organizing and analyzing information to make the
information easily understood? [ Descriptive statistics. ]
241. Which of the following would be used to describe the type of statistical methods used to
organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data? [ Statistics. ]
242. Which of the following would be used to describe the type of statistical methods used to make
inferences about the population based on a sample?[ Inferential statistics. ]
243. The mode measures central tendency in terms of which of these? The most common score.
244. Which of the following is the easiest way to describe data? Average.
245. Which of the following measures of central tendency is the midpoint for a set of scores?
Median.
246. What is the most common type of average reported? Mean.
247. To identify the point in a distribution at which 50% of scores fall above and 50% fall below a
given score, which measure of central tendency would you report? Median.
248. If you wanted to identify the most frequently occurring score in a distribution, which measure
of central tendency would you report? Mode.
249. The median is the score of the middle case when the number of cases in the data set is which of
the following? An odd number.
250. In the formula for computing the mean, what does the letter X represent? Individual scores.
251. In the formula for computing the mean, what does the letter "n" represent? Sample size.
252. Which of the following is correct formula for calculating the mean? ZX/n.
253. The average and which of the following can be used to describe the characteristics of a
distribution and show how distributions differ from one another? Variability.
254. Variability is a measure of how much each score in a group of scores differs from what? Mean.
255. The three measures of variability commonly used to reflect the spread or dispersion in a group
of scores are the standard deviation, the variance, and what? Range.
256. When subtracting the largest number in a distribution from the smallest, what type of
variability is being calculated? Range.
257. If a distribution is "significantly distorted" what is this called? Skew.
258. In the formula for computing the range, what does the letter "h" represent? Highest score.
259. When calculating the standard deviation, what must be done in order to obtain an unbiased
estimate of the population? Subtract 1 from n.
260. What is the most general measure of variability? Range.
261. What will the sum of the deviations from the mean always equal? 0.
262. What is obtained by squaring the standard deviation? Variance.
263. Which of the following is one way to represent variance? s^2 (s to the power of 2).
264. What is the most frequently used measure of variability? Standard deviation.
265. Which of the following is a measure of central tendency? Mean.
266. In testing for the significance of the difference between two sample means when the sample size
is small, we may assume equal population variances if: Sample sizes are approximately equal.
267. If a difference between random samples is not statistically significant, it is probably On the
other hand, a statistically significant difference is not necessarily : Unimportant, important.
268. Measures of central tendency (like the mean) and measures of dispersion (like the range)
provide information about distributions of scores which is: Complementary.
269. The index of qualitative variation (IQV) is the ratio of the actual variation in the scores to:
The maximum variation possible.
270. The index of qualitative variation (IQV) varies from 0.00 to 1.00. Which of the IQV's below
shows the greatest degree of homogeneity? 0.25.
271. The second quartile (Q2) is equal in value to: The median.
272. If a test score lies at the first quartile, it is: Higher than 25% of the scores.
273. The average deviation (AD) is based on: Ignoring the signs of the differences between the
scores and the mean.
274. The average deviation (AD) is: Not commonly used.
275. A defining characteristic of the normal curve is that it is: Theoretical.
276. The tails of the theoretical normal curve: Never touch the horizontal axis.
277. Unlike empirical distribution, the theoretical normal curve is: Perfectly symmetrical.
278. On all normal curves the area between the mean and +-1 standard deviation will be: About
68% of the total area.

279. On all normal curves between the mean and +-2 standard deviations will be: About 95% of the
total area.
280. Converting scores into Z scores standardizes the original distribution to units of the: Standard
deviation.
281. The standardized normal distribution (or Z distribution) has: A mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.
282. If a z score is +1.00 then the value of the corresponding raw score would be: Equal to the mean
of the empirical distribution plus one standard deviation.
283. Social scientists gather data from samples instead of populations because: Populations are
often too large to test.
284. Statistics are to parameters as: Samples are to populations.
285. Statistics are characteristics of samples while are characteristics of . Parameters,
populations.
286. In the research process, theory: Attempts to explain the relationship between phenomena.
287. Without statistics, research would be impossible. Quantitative.
288. A hypothesis states, in part, that "income increases as education increases". In this statement,
income is: The dependent variable.
289. In addition to saying that one case is different from another, the ordinal level of measurement
allows us to: Order categories from high to low. Say that one case is more or less than another.
290. In terms of the research process, a hypothesis is derived from and leads to .
Theory, observation
291. A hypothesis differs from a theory in that: It is "testable".
292. In research, a variable that is thought to be causal is called: An independent variable.
293. Which of the following questions would generate a continuous variable? How old are you?
294. Which of the following is a continuous variable? Time spent watching TV.
295. Which of the following is a discrete variable? Number of children.
296. Choose the nominal level variable below: Eye color of students in statistics class.

297. "Ninety percent of dorm residents approved a proposed ban on smoking". This statement is an
example of: Descriptive statistics.
298. Categories of nominal level variables should be:
Mutually exclusive to avoid ambiguity in classifying cases.

Exhaustive so that every case.
Fits into a category relevant to the research goals.
299. Select the variable(s) that can be measured at the interval-ratio level. Number of children.
300. In terms of the “Research Process”, statistics are central to the research process. Only between
the observation phase and the empirical generalization phase.
301. Data is the same thing as: Information collected in numerical form.
302. The variable socioeconomic status ranges from upper class to lower class and is an example of:
Ordinal level of measurement.
303. A public opinion poll that gauges the popularity of the President of the United States is an
example of: Inferential statistics.
304. Inferential statistics are necessary in social research because: Social scientists don't have the
time or money to test an entire population.
305. A discrete variable cannot be: Subdivided.
306. In addition to saying that one case is different from another, the ordinal level of measurement
allows us to: Say that one case is more or less than another. Prejudice, when measured on a scale
ranging from 'most prejudiced to 'least prejudice,' is an
307. When using interval-ratio data, the distance between the scores is: Exactly defined.
308. Which of the following can be treated as an interval-ratio variable? Age.
309. Interval-ratio measurements can be all of the following except: Nominal.
310. On a test, the numbers used to identify the questions would be in level of measurement
while the number of correct responses would be . Nominal, interval-ratio.
311. Computation of a mean (or average) is completely justified when a variable is measured at
which level? Interval-ratio.
312. Addition and subtraction are completely justified only when variables are? Interval-ratio.
313. Which of the following mathematical operations are permitted with nominally measured
variables? None of these choices are correct.
314. A researcher has numbered all 50 states from 1 to 50 and has calculated a mean of 17.43 for
the variable "state of birth". Since the variable is nominal, the mean makes no sense.
315. A researcher has calculated the mean for a variable that is ordinal in level of measurement.
This violation of level of measurement criterion is common and results should be treated with
caution.
316. Proportions and percentages, ratios and rates are all ways of expressing? Relative frequencies.
317. To calculate proportion, the number of cases in any category (f) is divided by: The number of
cases in all categories (N).
318. The midpoints of intervals for frequency distributions constricted with interval-ratio variables
are found by: Adding the upper and lower class limits for each interval and then dividing by 2.
319. If class intervals overlap with one another, there will be issues of: Categories not being
mutually exclusive.
320. Cumulative frequencies and cumulative percentages allow a researcher to: Tell at a glance how
many cases fall above or below a given category.
321. The mode should be used to measure central tendency when the level of measurement of the
variable is: Nominal.
322. .Which of the following correctly described the changing religious affiliation of the US since
1990? The percentage of Americans with no religious affiliation has doubled.
323. For ordinal level variables, the most appropriate measure of central tendency is generally: The
median.
324. To locate the 6th decile, we would first multiple the number of cases (N) by: 0.60.
325. For variables measured at the interval-ratio level, the preferred measure of central tendency
would be the: [ Mean. ]
326. If you subtracted the mean from each score in a distribution, squared the differences, and then
added the squared differences, the sum would be: [ A minimum ]
327. If you subtracted the mean from each score in a distribution and added the results, the sum
would be: Zero.
328. In a positively skewed distribution, the mean is: Greater in value than the median
329. To compute a mean for scores that have been grouped into frequency distribution, we assume
that the scores in each interval are: Located at the midpoint of the interval.
330. To compute a median for scores that have been grouped into a frequency distribution, we
assume that the scores in each variable are: Spaced evenly across the interval.
331. Which of the following correctly matches the level of measurement of a variable with the
preferred measure of central tendency? Ordinal, median.
332. If one has data measured at the interval-ratio level, they can use which measure of central
tendency? You can use any measure on interval-ratio data.
333. When interval-ratio data are badly skewed, the appropriate measure of central tendency is the:
Mean.
334. Income distributions almost always have a positive skew (since there are only a very few
wealthy people). Therefore, the preferred measure of central tendency for this variable would be
the: Median.
335. The interquartile range would be an appropriate measure of dispersion for: Ordinal level
variables.
336. A "good" measure of dispersion should: Use all scores in a distribution. Describe the average
or typical deviation of the scores. Be easy to calculate and interpret.
337. When you subtract the value of the mean from each score in a distribution and then add the
results, the sum will be: 0.
338. The standard deviation(s): Squares the deviations to eliminate minus values.
339. If the variance of a distribution is 16, the mean is 12, and the number of cases is 24, the
standard deviation is: 4.
340. The sum of the squared deviations around the mean for a distribution of 10 scores is 1000. The
standard deviation: Is 10.
341. As the distribution of scores becomes more variable, the value of the standard deviation:
Increases.
342. In a box plot, an outlier is defined as a score that is: Greater than 1.5 times the height of the
box.
343. A box plot uses what to show the range of scores? Whiskers.
344. .Boxplots depict: Both central tendency and dispersion.
345. A box plot uses all but which of the following to present dispersion? Standard deviation.
346. The lower limit for the standard deviation is 0; the upper limit is: Undefined; there is no upper
limit.
347. Distributions of IQ scores are normally distributed because: IQ tests are designed to produce
in normal distributions.
348. As the standard deviation of a normal distribution increases, the percentage of the area
between +- 1 standard deviation will: Stay the same.
349. If a case has a Z score of 2.3, the standard deviation would be: 1.
350. Converting scores into Z scores standardizes the original distribution to units of the: Standard
deviation.
351. If a Z score is 0, then the value of the corresponding raw score would be: The same as the mean
of the empirical distribution.
352. If a Z score is +1.00, then the value of the corresponding raw score would be: Equal to the
mean of the empirical distribution plus one standard deviation.
353. The Z score table gives the area between a score and the mean. For a Z score of -100, that area
(in percentages) is: 34.13%.
354. A Z score of -2.00 indicated a score that lies: Two standard deviations to the left of the mean.
355. Column c in the normal curve table lists "areas beyond Z". This is the area: Above a positive Z
score.
356. In a distribution of 150 test scores, the mean grade was an 82 and the standard deviation was 8.
If a student scored a 93, what would their equivalent Z score be? 1.38.

357. The area between the mean and a Z score of +1.50 is 43.32%. This score is higher than
of the scores in the distribution. 93.32%.
358. The mean score on a final chemistry exam was 75, and the standard deviation of the scores was
5. If the distribution is normal and your score was 70, what percentage of the scores was lower
than yours? 15.87%.
359. To find the area above a positive Z score or below a negative Z score you would: Use the "Area
Beyond Z" column of the Z score table.
360. To obtain the area below a positive Z score or above a negative Z score you would: Add the
area between the Z score and the mean to 50%.
361. As used in the social sciences, probabilities are a type of which can vary from.
Proportion, 0.00 to 1.00.
362. To obtain the area below a positive Z score or above a negative Z score you would: Add the
area between the Z score and the mean to 50%. The Z scores of two tests are +1.2 and +1.5.
363. To obtain the area between these scores: Find the area between each score and the mean in the
Z score table and then subtract the smaller area from the larger area.
364. The area between a negative Z score and a positive Z score can be found by:
Adding the areas between each Z score and the mean.
365. The Z scores of two test score are -1.17 and +2.38. To find the total area between these two
scores: Add the column c areas.
366. The area between two negative Z scores can be found by: Finding the area between each Z
score and the mean and subtracting the smaller area from the larger.
367. If a case is randomly selected from a normal distribution, the score of the case will most likely
be: Close to the mean in value.
368. A researcher is conducting a study by asking people shopping at a local mall about their
opinions on gay marriage. The researcher is using: Simple random sampling.
369. Unless a sample is , it cannot be used to make accurate generalizations to a
population. Representative.
370. Nonprobability samples are useful for: Pretesting a larger project.
371. To select a simple random sample, a researcher needs: A list of the population and system for
selecting cases according to EPSEM.
372. A sampling technique that allows you to ensure proportional representativeness in a sample is:
Stratified sampling.
373. A major limitation for stratified sampling is that: The exact composition of the population is
usually unknown.
374. When a list of the population does not exist, the probability sampling technique most
commonly used is: Cluster.
375. The sampling distribution links the to the . Sample, population.
376. What are the three distributions involved in every application of inferential statistics?
Sample, sampling, and population.
377. Unlike the sample and population distributions, the sampling distribution is: Theoretical.
378. Your sample size is 1000. It is safe to assume that: The shape of the sampling distribution of
sample means is normal.
379. In comparing a sampling distribution with a population distribution: There will always be
more variance in the population distribution.
380. If you drew all possible samples from some population, calculated the mean for each of the
samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of the distribution) based on all of
those means, what would you have? sampling distribution
381. What does it mean when you calculate a 95% confidence interval? All of the above statements
are true
382. What would happen (other things equal) to a confidence interval if you calculated a 99 percent
confidence interval rather than a 95 percent confidence interval? It will become wider
383. Which of the following statements sounds like a null hypothesis? There is no difference
between male and female incomes in the population
384. The analysis of variance is a statistical test that is used to compare how many group means?
Two or more
385. What is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution called? Standard error
386. A is a subset of a . Sample, population
387. A is a numerical characteristic of a sample and a is a numerical characteristic of
Statistic, parameter
388. As a general rule, researchers tend to use percent confidence intervals. 95%
389. Which of the following is the researcher usually interested in supporting when he or she is
engaging in hypothesis testing? The alternative hypothesis
390. The use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical conclusions about
populations based on sample data is referred to as . Inferential statistics
391. For what is the 'variable view' in IBM SPSS's data editor used? Defining characteristics of
variables.
392. The central problem in the case of two-sample hypothesis test is to determine: If two
populations differ significantly on the trait in question.
393. A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most
scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes Normal Curve
394. A bar graph used to represent frequency data in statistics. Histogram
395. When testing for the significance of the difference between two samples, which is the proper
assumption for step 1? Samples are independent as well as random.

396. When random samples are drawn so that the selection of a case for one sample has no effect on
the selection of cases for another sample, the samples are: Independent.
397. When testing for the significance of the difference between two sample means, the null
hypothesis is that? The populations from which the sample was drawn are different.
398. When testing for the significance of the difference between two samples, the null hypothesis
states that the are the same. Population means.
399. Rejection of the null hypothesis in the two-sample case implies that the: Populations from
which the samples are drawn are different on the trait of interest.
400. When conducting hypothesis tests for two sample means, the test statistic is: The difference in
sample means.
401. What is the term associated with scores that are at the extreme ends of the distribution?
Outliers.
402. What is the term for a distribution that is significantly distorted? Skew.
403. If we reject a null hypothesis which is in fact true, we: Have made a Type I error.
404. Which of the following are among the things to remember when creating figures? Maintain the
scale in the graph.
405. Maintain the scale in the graph What is the most basic method of illustrating data? Frequency
distribution.
406. Which of the following is a method of tallying, and representing, how often a certain score
occurs? Frequency distribution.
407. What type of graph displays class intervals along an x-axis? Histogram.
408. What is the term associated with the lack of symmetry in a distribution? Skewness.
409. In order to say that a distribution is positively skewed, which of the following must be true?
Right tail must be longer than the left.
410. When the left tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the right, what is this called? Negative
skew.
411. When the right tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the left, what is this called? Positive
skew.
412. What is the term associated with how flat or peaked a distribution appears? Kurtosis.
413. Which of the following refers to a distribution’s curve that is relatively peaked in comparison
to a normal curve? [ Leptokurtic ]
414. Which of the following refers to a distribution's curve that is relatively flat in comparison to a
normal curve? [ Platykurtic ]
415. If the mean of a set of scores is greater than the median, what can be said about the
distribution? [ Positively skewed ]
416. If the median of a set of scores is greater than the mean, what can be said about the
distribution? [ Negatively skewed ]
417. If you were interested in tracking your GPA during the time you are in graduate school, which
of the following might you use? [ Line graph ]
418. The box plots are used: [ For mean differences ]
419. What data must be included in the columns of a frequency table for nominal data? [ Category
and frequency ]
420. When organizing a frequency table for a variable measured at the ordinal level, categories
should be ordered as: [ Lowest to highest or highest to lowest ]
421. The and the are two of the most popular and useful methods of
standardizing for size and comparing distributions. [ Proportion; percentage ]
422. If there are 20 girls and 10 boys in a class, the ratio of boys to girls is calculated as:[ 10/20 ]
423. In a frequency distribution, the cumulative percentage may be obtained by summing the
distribution. [ Percentage ]
424. A comparison of the actual number of people who violate the speed limit to the total number of
drivers is an example of a: [ Rate ]
425. The cumulative frequency is defined as the number of scores: [ At or below any given score ]
426. The cumulative percentage is defined as the: [ Percentage of scores at or below a given value ]
427. To calculate a proportion, the number of cases in any category (f) is divided by: [ The number
of cases in all categories (N) ]
428. The ratio of men to women in a karate class is 3.3:1. If there are 100 women, how many men
are there? [ 330 ]
429. City A (population = 1567 people) had 34 auto thefts last year. City B (population = 34,567)
had 40 auto thefts in the same time period and City C (population = 156,980) had 70 auto thefts.
Which city had the highest RATE of auto theft? City A.
430. Grouped frequency distribution. typically are used to display continuous
measures. Histograms
431. Pie charts are particularly useful for what type of data? Nominal level data
432. Pie charts show the frequency distribution of: One variable. Two variables. Three variables.
433. Histograms and line charts or frequency polygons are used with data measured at the:
Interval-ratio level.
434. For a single variable at the interval-ratio level, an appropriate graph would be: A histogram
435. A line chart or frequency polygon is based on: The midpoint of each interval
436. A researcher wants to visually display the U.S. divorce rate (a continuous, interval-ratio level
variable) for the last 50 years. An appropriate format would be: A line chart or histogram
437. The median of a distribution is: The middlemost point
438. A group of friends enjoys playing miniature golf together. Here are a set of final scores from a
recent outing: 39, 41, 44, 50, 54, 56, 56, 56, 61 What is the mode? 56

recent outing: 39, 41, 44, 50, 54, 56, 56, 56, 61 What is the median? 54
recent outing: 39, 41, 44, 50, 54, 56, 56, 56, 61 What is the mean? 50.78
441. The following values represent the amount of money (in dollars) 10 people have in their
wallets: 10, 12, 19, 5, 6, 8, 1, 13, 4, 7 What is the median? 7.5
wallets: 10, 12, 19, 5, 6, 8, 1, 13, 4, 7 What is the mean? 8.5
wallets: 10, 12, 19, 5, 6, 8, 1, 13, 4, 7 The sum of all deviations from the mean is equal to: 0
(always zero)
444. Which measure(s) of central tendency can be applied to nominal data? the mode
445. Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for a skewed distribution? The median
446. As a measure of central tendency, the mean: Can often be used for more advanced statistical
operations
447. In a positively skewed distribution, the is SMALLER than the: . Median, mean
448. In a negatively skewed distribution, the is LARGER than the: . Median, mean
449. A distribution with an equal mean, median, and mode is said to be: Symmetrical
450. A distribution with a mean of 25, a median of 22.5, and a mode of 20, is said to be: Positively
skewed
451. Which type of distribution of final grades would be most desirable to students? Negatively
skewed
452. The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution is the: Mode
453. The Greek symbol Σ represents the: Sum.
454. During which stage does the Wheel of Science begin for a researcher undertaking a new study?
Hypothesis
455. According to the "Wheel of Science," research projects begin? At any stage on the Wheel.
456. In terms of the Wheel of Science, an hypothesis is derived from and leads to
. Theory, observation
457. When constructing a frequency distribution, the number of class intervals, in general, should
be: About 10.
458. A is the number of times a phenomena occurs divided by the total possible occurrences.
Rate.
459. When examining a single categorical variable with emphasis on the differences between two or
more categories, it is best to use a: Bar chart.
460. Pie charts show the frequency distribution of: One variable.

461. When examining a single categorical variable with emphasis on the differences between two or
more categories, it is best to use a: Bar chart.
462. For a single variable measured at the nominal level, an appropriate graph would be a: Pie
chart.
463. For a single variable at the interval-ratio level, an appropriate graph would be: A histogram.
464. A line chart is also known as a: Histogram.
465. The graphical presentation method that uses midpoints rather than real limits is a: Line chart.
466. To locate the 6th decile, we would first multiple the number of cases (N) by: 0.60.
467. are the values that mark the boundaries of the confidence interval. Confidence limits
468. results if you fail to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually false. A.
Type II error
469. A good way to get a small standard error is to use a . Large sample
470. The car will probably cost about 16,000 dollars; this number sounds more like a(n): Point
estimate Identify
471. Which of the following steps would not be included in hypothesis testing? Eliminate all outliers
472. A is a range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain probability of
including the population parameter over the long run. Confidence interval
473. is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard error
474. When the researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, a error occurs. Type I
475. Which percent confidence interval will be the widest (i.e., the least precise) for a
particular data set that includes exactly 500 cases? 99%
476. As sample size goes up, what tends to happen to 95% confidence intervals? Both a and b (They
become more precise, they become more narrow)
477. is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis Type II error
478. Which of the following statements is/are true according to the logic of hypothesis testing?
Both b and c are true (When the null hypothesis is true, it should not be rejected, When the null
hypothesis is false, it should be rejected)
479. What is the key question in the field of statistical estimation?
Based on my random sample, what is my estimate of the population parameter?
480. This is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.
Sampling error
481. The “equals” sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting hypothesis testing? Null
482. A Type I error is also known as a . False positive
483. Which assumption about level of measurement is made for the Chi square test?
All variables are nominal in level of measurement.
484. In the chi-square test, the expected frequencies are computed by
Multiplying the proper row and column marginals for each cell and dividing by N
485. Chi-square test is non-parametric
486. In the context of chi square, variables are independent if The score of a case on one variable
has no effect on the score of the case on the other variable
487. Which pattern of cell frequencies in a 2x2 table would indicate that the variables are
independent? all cell frequencies are exactly the same
488. Fisher's exact test is used for Analyze categorical variables only (nominal and ordinal ).
489. In normal distribution the kurtosis represent Fairness
490. The independent samples t-test assumes that the respective Populations are approximately
normal
491. The popularity of the Chi Square test is largely due to: The relative ease with which the model
assumptions can be satisfied.
492. Which assumption about level of measurement is made for the Chi square test? All variables
are nominal in level of measurement.
493. Chi square is one of a class of statistics called: Nonparametric
494. Unlike other tests of significance, Chi square easily handles situations in which? The variables
of interest have more than two categories or scores.
495. Unlike other tests of significance, chi square is based on: A bivariate table
496. In the chi square test of hypothesis, the null hypothesis states that the variables are:
Independent
497. To calculate the expected frequencies for a chi square analysis, you need all but which of the
following? Observed frequencies.
498. The sampling distribution for chi squares is: Not normally distributed
499. In the Chi square test for independence, the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis:
Always contradict each other
500. In order to identify the pattern of the relationship in a bivariate table, we need to compute:
Column percentages
501. For the chi square goodness-of-fit test, the null hypothesis would be that: The distribution of
the variable is determined by random chance
502. For Chi square, a small sample is one in which: Many expected frequencies are less than 5.
503. One limitation of the Chi square test (and all tests of hypothesis) is that they cannot tell us if
relationships between variables are: Important.
504. Tests of significance tell us if our results are non-random. To investigate the strength and
direction of relationships, we must use: Measures of association.
505. t-test The t-test is a statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a student's t
distribution under the null hypothesis (usually used when there is a normal distribution
506. Degrees of freedom (n-1) The number of independent values or quantities which can be
assigned to a statistical distribution.
507. Cohen's 'd' An effect size used to indicate the standardized difference between two means
508. Population mean x̄ Test value
509. Independent t-test Comparing two groups
510. Paired sample t-test Each person in each group compared during each condition Sample 1 -
sample 2 devided by standard error (SE)
511. Homogeneity of variance An assumption underlying both t-tests and f-tests in which the
population varies or two or more samples are equal
512. To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would use: Paired t-test
513. Which of the following transformations is most useful for correcting skewed data? Log
transformation
514. The assumption of homogeneity of variance is met when: The variances in different groups are
approximately equal.
515. Imagine you conduct a t-test using IBM SPSS and the output reveals that Levene’s test for
equality of variance is significant. What should you do? (Hint: Levene’s test tests the assumption
that variances indifferent groups are approximately equal.) Interpret the figures in the row
labelled 'equal variances not assumed'.
516. What is the conventional level of significance typically adopted in psychology? A. P < 0.05 An
independent t-test can be used to assess which of the following? A. It assesses differences between
two groups of participants A repeated measures t-test can be used to assess which of the
following? It assesses differences between scores obtained on two separate occasions from the
same participants
517. In which of the following cases would an independent-samples t-test not be appropriate?
Comparing students attitude change between the start and end of their degree
518. What should Levene's test be in order to use the 'equal variance assumed' row of a t-test? It
should be non-significant (P > 0.05)
519. Where would you look on an independent t-test output to identify whether there was a
significant difference between the groups? T-test for equality of mean section
520. Which of the following formats is correct for reporting an independent samples t-test in APA
format? t(34) = -.478, p < 0.001.
521. What is the alternative name for a repeated-measures t-test? Pearson's Product-Moment
522. In which of the following cases could you use a paired-samples t-test?
When comparing the same participants performance before and after training
523. What are matched cases?
Scores are obtained from a second group of participants who are matched on vital
characteristics with the first group of participants
524. Which section of a paired-samples t-test output can be ignored?
The paired-samples correlations
525. How should a paired-samples t-test be reported in APA format? t(37) = +.3.67, p < 0.05
526. Which of the following examples involves paired data?
group of 50 students had their blood pressures measured before and after watching a movie
containing violence. The mean blood pressure before the movie was compared with the mean
pressure after the movie.
527. Heights of women are normally distributed with a mean of 163 cm and a standard deviation of
7 cm. What is the probability that a randomly selected woman will measure exactly 163 cm tall?
A or D - Heights are continuous. It does not make sense to ask about the probability of a particular
value of a continuous variable.
528. Leven's test tests whether: The variances in different groups are equal
529. A paired samples t-test cannot be used: To measure outcomes according to gender
530. What does a paired t-test measure? Outcomes from two parametric DVs, measured across a
single group
531. The independent samples t-test assumes that the respective: Populations are approximately
normal
532. What does Leven's test examine? Homogeneity
533.Who is responsible for the invention of the Pearson product-moment correlation?
Karl Pearson.
534. When interested in examining how one variable changes in relation to another, which of the
following descriptive statistics would you want to use? Correlation
535. Which of the following refers to a correlation between two variables? Bivariate
536. A correlation can range in value. Which of the following illustrates this range? 1.0 to 1.0
537.If variables change in the same direction, what type of correlation is this called?
Positive correlation.
538.If variables change in the opposite direction, what type of correlation is this called?
Negative correlation.
539. What would you use to represent a correlation visually? Scatterplot
540. When data points group together in a cluster from the lower left-hand side of the xy axis to the
upper right-hand side, what is this? Positive slope.
541. Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a very strong relationship? 0.80.
542. Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a very strong relationship? 0.79.
543. Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a moderate relationship? 0.45.
544. Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a weak relationship? 0.26.
545. If you wanted to compute the correlations between two interval-level variables, which type of
correlation should you use? Pearson.
546. If you wanted to compute the correlation between two nominal-level variables, which type of
correlation should you use? Phi.
547. If you wanted to compute the correlation between two ordinal-level variables, which type of
correlation should you use? Spearman rank.
548. If the coefficient of determination between two variables is. 0.81, what is the Pearson
correlation coefficient? 0.90.
549. If the coefficient of determination between two variables is 0.81, what is the coefficient of
alienation? 0.19.
550. Which coefficient reflects the occurrence of a perfect reliability? +1.00.
551.The ANOVA test is designed for dependent variables that have been measured at:
The interval-ratio level.
552. What would be the most appropriate test of significance for research situations in which we
have an interval-ratio dependent variable and an independent variable with three or more
categories? ANOVA
553. ANOVA may be thought of as an extension of the . t test for the significance of the
difference between two sample means.
554. ANOVA is appropriate for situations in which: We are comparing more than two samples.
555. The null hypothesis for ANOVA states that: The population means are equal.
556. Stated generally, the null hypothesis for the ANOVA test is: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = ... =μk.
557. We have rejected the null hypothesis in an ANOVA test. This means that the variation
the samples is significantly greater than the variation the samples: Between, within
558. The population variance is a measure of: Dispersion
559. In the ANOVA test, if the null hypothesis is true, then:
The mean square between and the mean square within should be roughly equal in value.
560. The F ratio is a ratio of to: Amount of variation between categories, the amount of variation
within.
561.One limitation of ANOVA is that, when the null hypothesis is rejected, the test:
Does not tell us which sample mean(s) is/are different.
562. In an ANOVA test, when the null hypothesis is rejected, we know that at least one of the means
is significantly different from the others. In order to find out which mean(s) are significantly
different, we must conduct a: Post hoc test.
563. Measures of association help scientists accomplish two important goals:
Prediction and understanding causation.
564. A researcher has found a strong relationship between level of education and income and
concludes that "higher levels of education cause higher income." What error has been made?
By itself, association does not prove causation.
565. The distribution of scores on the dependent variable for a specific category of the independent
variable is called: The conditional distribution of Y.
566. If there is an association between two variables: The conditional distributions of Y change.
567. Spearman's rho is appropriate for ordinal level variables because it is computed from:
Ranks, not scores.
568. A researcher questioned 45 randomly-selected members of the freshmen class about their
experiences drinking alcohol and used these responses to estimate the drinking behavior of the
entire freshman class of 1500. In this example, the 45 interviewees were the and the was
the population. Sample, freshman class.
569. The main problem with non-probability samples is that they: Do not allow us to generalize a
population.
570. Which of the following assumptions is not made for the F test for comparing three of more
means? The sample sizes must be equal.
571. Which of the following examples involves paired data? A group of 50 students had their blood
pressures measured before and after watching a movie containing violence. The mean blood
pressure before the movie was compared with the mean pressure after the movie.
572. "Ninety percent of dorm residents approved a proposed ban on smoking" and "Eight out of
ten elderly residents fear victimization" are examples of: Univariate descriptive statistics.
573. Measures of association allow researchers to quantify the of a relationship.
Strength and direction.
574. The purpose of univariate descriptive statistics it to: Summarize a single variable.
575. A post hoc test is . A follow-up test to the analysis of variance when there are three or more
groups
576. A statistical test used to compare 2 or more group means is known as . One-way analysis
of variance
577. A statistical test used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is statistically significant is
called the . t-test for correlation coefficients
578. The cutoff the researcher uses to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis is called the: Both
a and b are correct (Significance level, Alpha level)
579. A researcher reports a Pearson product-moment correlation of r=-.04 between extraversion
(higher scores on this variable indicate higher extraversion) and depression (higher scores on this
variable indicate higher depression). The probability value reported for this relationship, using
SPSS for Windows, is .06. The researcher should conclude: There is no relationship between
extraversion and depression
580. A researcher reports a related t-test statistic comparing scores of self-reported health (higher
scores indicating better health) before and after undertaking a 10-week diet and exercise
programme devised by their doctor. The researcher found that average health scores before the
10-week programme were Mean=40.56, SD=5.6, while average health scores after the 10-week
programme were Mean=52.56, SD=5.8. The t value for the related t-test was 10.45 with the

probability value reported as .04. The researcher should conclude: That respondents
demonstrated significant better health after the diet and exercise programme.
581. A researcher examines the differences between the value placed on money by males and
females, using the Money Value Scale (in which higher scores indicate a higher value placed on
money). The researcher found that males scored an average of Mean=25.12, SD=10.3 on the
Money Value Scale, while females scored an average of Mean=20.93, SD=9.2 on the Money Value
Scale. The t value for the independent-samples t-test was 1.21 with the probability value reported
as .67. The researcher should conclude: Males and females do not significantly differ in the value
they place on money.
582. A researcher reports a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of r=+.45 between
neuroticism (higher scores on this variable indicate higher neuroticism) and depression higher
scores on this variable indicate higher depression). The probability value reported for this
relationship, using SPSS for Windows, is .001. The researcher should conclude: There is a
significant positive relationship between neuroticism and depression
583. A researcher examines the differences between the self-reported morality between nursing,
psychology and law students using the Morality Scale (in which higher scores indicate a higher
value on morals). The researcher found that nursing students scored an average of Mean=45.76,
SD=9.5 on the Morality Scale, while psychology students scored an average of Mean=44.43,
SD=10.1 on the Morality Scale, and Law students scored an average of Mean=30.43, SD=10.9 on
the Morality Scale. The F value for the between subjects Analysis of Variance was 19.72 with the
probability value reported as .001. The researcher performed a number of post-hoc comparisons
using the Scheffe test. This test revealed a probability value for the Scheffe test of .04 between law
and psychology students, a probability value for the Scheffe test of .02 between law and nursing
students, and a probability value for the Scheffe test of .20 between psychology and nursing
students. The researcher should conclude: Law students score significantly lower on the morality
scale than both psychology and nursing students
584. Conducting multiple t-tests increases the likelihood of which of the following? Type I error
585. How can the chance of committing a Type I error be reduced when performing multiple
comparisons? Apply the Bonferroni correction to adopt a more stringent significance criterion or
use more appropriate tests for multiple comparisons.
586. What would happen if instead of using an ANOVA to compare 10 groups, you performed
multiple t- tests? Making multiple comparisons with a t-test increases the probability of making a
Type I error.
587. A poll is done to estimate the proportion of adult Americans who like their jobs. The poll is
based on a random sample of 400 individuals. What is the "conservative" margin of error of this
poll? 0.05

588. Which of the following correctly described the changing religious affiliation of the US since
1990? The percentage of Americans with no religious affiliation has doubled.
589. Which of the following is NOT a nominal level variable? level of education zip code occupation
make of auto. Zip code.
590. In a campaign debate over the level of prosperity in the state, the incumbent governor says:
"average income is $53,000." His opponent responds "the average citizen earns only $38,000."
Both statements are true. This is possible because: The governor is using the mean.
591. Social scientists use inferential statistics to generalize to populations after they have: Collected
an EPSEM sample from the population of interest.
592. The fundamental principle of probability sampling is that a sample selected by is very
likely to be . EPSEM, representative.
593. A pooled estimate: Combines information from two samples.
594. Which of the following is concerned with monitoring estimates of present performance and
predictions of future performance? Criterion validity.
595. What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test items? Content
validity.
596. If you want to know that a test measures some underlying psychological construct, what type
of validity evidence would you want to collect? Construct validity.
597. If you correlate scores from your test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set
of abilities, what type of validity evidence are you collecting? Criterion validity.
598. If I can say that my weekly statistics quiz fairly assesses the material covered, what source of
validity -evidence should I have collected? Content validity.
599. What is the key to establishing criterion validity? Quality of the criterion.
600. High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example of what type
of validity? Predictive validity.
601. A score that you would actually record is an example of which of the following?
Observed score.
602. A measure of how stable a test is over time is an example of which of the following?
Test-retest reliability.
603. Two trained professionals observe the behavior of children in a classroom. They each rate
observed behaviors... Interrater reliability.
604. If the measures associates with a test are said to be consistent, you might conclude that the
measure is which of the following? Reliable.
605. When we calculate reliability, we know the observes score. What are the two unknown
components of the reliability equation? True and error scores.
606. How does interrater reliability measure consistency? From rater to rater.
607. Test-retest reliability is an example of which of the following? Measure of stability.
608. Parallel forms reliability is an example of which of the following? Measure of equivalence.
609. Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following? Measure of equivalence.
610. Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following? Measure of agreement
611. What would the interrater reliability be for a 50-item measure in which the number of
agreements -between Rater 1 and Rater 2 was 45? 0.90
612. A useful analogy for the meaning of average is the: center of gravity or fulcrum (seesaw)
613. In terms of the "Wheel of Science", statistics are central to the research process.
[ Only between the observation phase and the empirical generalization phase ]
614. At what point in the Wheel of Science does statistics become relevant? [ Towards the end ]
True & False questions:

1. Pie charts are an excellent tool for comparing proportions for qualitative categorical data [ True ].
2. Pie charts are appropriate for graphing categorical data [ True ].
3. Bar chart is an appropriate method for graphing numerical data [ False ].
4. A pie chart is an alternative to a bar graph providing a display of the frequency distribution of a
scale variable [ False ].
5. When we reject the null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence, we are concluding
that there is a relation between the two variables [ True ].
6. When we reject the null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence, we are concluding that
there is no relation between the two variables [ False ].
7. When we reject the null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence, we conclude that the two
variables are related [ True ].
variables are not related [ False ].
variables are dependent [ True ].
10. Non-parametric statistics describe procedures that assume the population from which the sample
is drawn follows a normal distribution [ False ].
11. Non-Parametric statistics describe procedures that assume that the population from which the
sample is drawn follows a non-normal distribution [ True ].
12. Parametric statistics describe procedures that assume that the population from which the sample
is drawn follows a normal distribution [ True ].
13. Parametric statistics describe procedures that assume that the population from which the sample
is drawn follows a non-normal distribution [ False ].
14. A frequency distribution is a table that shows the number of data observations that fall into
specific categories [ True ].

15. In a histogram, there are no gaps between adjacent bars as there are in a bar chart of categorical
data [ True ].
16. Histograms displaying continuous data have gaps between their bars [ False ].
17. The null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence always states that there is no association
between the two variables [ True ].
18. The null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence always states that the two variables are
independent of one another [ True ].
19. The null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence always states that the two variables are
not independent of one another [ False ].
20. Continuous data is often the result of measuring observations rather than counting them [ True ].
21. Continuous data are values based on observations that can be counted and are typically
represented by whole numbers [ False ].
22. The stem-and-leaf display is an appropriate method for graphing numerical data [ True ].
23. The stem-and-leaf display is an appropriate method for graphing categorical data [ False ].
24. A health and fitness club surveys 40 randomly selected members and found that the mean weight
of those questioned is 157 lb. It is an example of a statistic [ True ].
25. The average height of all freshmen entering college in a certain year is 68.4 inches. It is an example
of statistic [ False ].
26. A summary table indicates the frequency of items in a set of categories [ True ].
27. The variance of the birth weights of all babies born in Manama is an example of a parameter
[True].
28. The mean age of all people in Saudi Arabia is an example of a parameter [ True ].
29. Given that the 95% confidence interval of the mean of folic acid is (9.104,13.604) then the null
hypothesis H0: mean of folic acid =11 mcg cannot be rejects at 5% level of significance [ True ].
30. Following confidence of intervals 95%: (-13.34 : -1.23) are indicative of p value <0.05? [ True ].
31. A researcher is curious about the effect of sleep on students' test performances. He chooses 60
students and gives each two tests: one given after two hours' sleep and one after eight hours' sleep.
The test the researcher should use would be a related samples test [ True ].
32. The purpose of inferential statistics is to summarize or display data [ False ].
33. Descriptive statistics involves making generalizations [ False ].
34. A statistic is a value that describes a population characteristic while a parameter is computed from
a sample [ False ].
35. Responses to the question, How old are you? A represent a quantitative discrete variable [ False ].
36. One of the advantages of a bar chart is that it clearly shows that the total of all the categories of
the bar chart adds to 100% [ False ].
37. Quantitative data are values that are categorical, describing a characteristic such as gender or
level of education [ False ].
38. Turkey test is used for linear independent t-test [ False ].
39. You can use the Tukey-Kramer procedure to test for differences in pairs of means.
40. Suppose that the height is normally distributed among male teenagers. The independent-sample t-
test should be used to test the null hypothesis H1: mean height = 170 cm [ False ].
41.Suppose that the values of hemoglobin are not normally distributed among patients. If the
researcher would like to conduct a statistical test the median should be used instead of the mean
for the statistical test. [ True ].
42. Suppose you conduct a significance test for the population proportion and your p value is 0.184.
Given a 0.05 level of significance, then the condition is "Fail to accept Ho”. [ False ]
43. The central area under the normal curve within 3 standard deviation of the mean represents 75%
of the data. [ False ]
44. For a sample of 100 patients of which 65 are non- smokers the odds of smoking is given by 35/65. [
True ].
45. In a pilot study with a limited number of data you should use a non-parametric tests. [ True ].
46. A repeated measures test does not fit if you want to compare the performance of 2 particular
groups of athletes during 3 different follow up. [ False ]
47. A paired test assesses relationship for a matched pair. [ True ].
48. If there is a small overlap between two groups, the effect size (d) will be relatively small. [ False ]
49. Each category of a pie chart occupies a slice of the pie that represents the cumulative relative
frequency of that category. [ False ].
50. The variance is used as a statistical measure to represent the center of normally distributed data
[ False ]
51. Analysis of variance is a technique used to conduct a hypothesis test to compare three or more
population propo(incomplete question) [ True ].
52. Hypothesis testing and estimation are the two key branches of the field of inferential statistics?
[ True ]

53. When p<.05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means
that -the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance
or alpha level of .05). [ True ]
54. When p>05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means
that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or
alpha level of .05). [ False ]
55. Assuming innocence until “proven” guilty, a Type I error occurs when an innocent person is found
guilty. [ True ]

The Chi Square test is:
A. Nonparametric.
When the null hypothesis in the chi square test for independence is true, there
should be:
A. Little difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.
Chi Square test is used when:

A. There is a wide sample over 100.
Measures of dispersion provide information about the:

A. Variety within the distribution of scores.
The mean on a standardized test is 100 and the standard deviation is 35. Your
score is 65. What percentage of the scores were higher than yours?
A. About 84%.
The area beyond ± 2 standard deviations contains approximately what % of

the area under the normal curve?
A. 5%.
A dichotomous variable:
A. Is binary with 2 categories.
In time, the ____________ variable precedes the _____________ variable.

A. Independent, dependent.
The higher the alpha level, the more likely we will:

A. Commit a Type I error.
A theory differs from a hypothesis in that it is more:

A. General.
If we reject a null hypothesis which is in fact true, we:

A. Have made a Type I error.
Which of the following divides a data into four subgroups?
A. Quartiles.
If a distribution of scores has a mean of 30 and a range of 0:

A. There is no dispersion in the distribution.
In a ranked list of 25 scores, the median is the score of:

A. The 13th case.
What is the median of the following set of twelve grades?

• 55 – 60 – 62 – 67 – 70 – 72 – 74 – 76 – 77 – 85 – 90 – 95.
A. 73.
What term is used to describe the science of organizing and analyzing

information to make the information easily understood?
A. Statistics.
Which of the following would be used to describe the type of statistical methods
used to organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data?
A. Statistics.
What term is used to describe the science of organizing and analyzing

information to make the information easily understood?
A. Descriptive statistics.
Which of the following would be used to describe the type of statistical methods
used to make inferences about the population based on a sample?
A. Inferential statistics.
The mode measures central tendency in terms of which of these?

A. The most common score.
Which of the following is the easiest way to describe data?

A. Average.
Which of the following measures of central tendency is the midpoint for a set of
scores?
A. Median.
What is the most common type of average reported?
A. Mean.
To identify the point in a distribution at which 50% of scores fall above and
50% fall below a given score, which measure of central tendency would you
report?
A. Median.
If you wanted to identify the most frequently occurring score in a distribution,

which measure of central tendency would you report?
A. Mode.
The median is the score of the middle case when the number of cases in the data
set is which of the following?
A. An odd number.
What is the term associated with scores that are at the extreme ends of the
distribution?
A. Outliers.
What is the term for a distribution that is significantly distorted?

A. Skew.
In the formula for computing the mean, what does the letter X represent?
A. Individual scores.
In the formula for computing the mean, what does the letter "n" represent?
A. Sample size.
Which of the following is correct formula for calculating the mean?

A. ZX/n.
The average and which of the following can be used to describe the
characteristics of a distribution and show how distributions differ from one
another?
A. Variability.
Variability is a measure of how much each score in a group of scores differs
from what?
A. Mean.
The three measures of variability commonly used to reflect the spread or

dispersion in a group of scores are the standard deviation, the variance, and
what?
A. Range.
When subtracting the largest number in a distribution from the smallest, what
type of variability is being calculated?
A. Range.
If a distribution is "significantly distorted" what is this called?

A. Skew.
In the formula for computing the range, what does the letter "h" represent?
A. Highest score.
When calculating the standard deviation, what must be done in order to obtain
an unbiased estimate of the population?
A. Subtract 1 from n.
Which of the following sets of scores has the most variability?

A. 7, 10, 11, 15, 19.
What is the most general measure of variability?

A. Range.
What will the sum of the deviations from the mean always equal?
A. 0.
What is obtained by squaring the standard deviation?

A. Variance.
Which of the following is one way to represent variance?

A. s^2 (s to the power of 2).
What is the most frequently used measure of variability?
which of the following are among the things to remember when creating
figures?
A. Maintain the scale in the graph.
Maintain the scale in the graph What is the most basic method of illustrating
data?
A. Frequency distribution.
Which of the following is a method of tallying, and representing, how often a

certain score occurs?
A. Frequency distribution.
What type of graph displays class intervals along an x-axis?

A. Histogram.
What is the term associated with the lack of symmetry in a distribution?

A. Skewness.
In order to say that a distribution is positively skewed, which of the following

must be true?
A. Right tail must be longer than the left.
When the left tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the right, what is this
called?
A. Negative skew.
When the right tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the left, what is this
called?
A. Positive skew.
What is the term associated with how flat or peaked a distribution appears?
A. Kurtosis.
Which of the following refers to a distribution’s curve that is relatively peaked
in comparison to a normal curve?
A. Leptokurtic.
Which of the following refers to a distribution's curve that is relatively flat in

comparison to a normal curve?
A. Platykurtic.
If the mean of a set of scores is greater than the median, what can be said about
the distribution?
A. Positively skewed.
If the median of a set of scores is greater than the mean, what can be said about
the distribution?
A. Negatively skewed.
If you were interested in tracking your GPA during the time you are in
graduate school, which of the following might you use?
A. Line graph.
Who is responsible for the invention of the Pearson product-moment

correlation?
A. Karl Pearson.
When interested in examining how one variable changes in relation to another,

which of the following descriptive statistics would you want to use?
A. Correlation.
Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?

A. Mean.
Which of the following refers to a correlation between two variables?

A. Bivariate.
A correlation can range in value. Which of the following illustrates this range?
A. -1.0 to 1.0.
If variables change in the same direction, what type of correlation is this called?
A. Positive correlation.
If variables change in the opposite direction, what type of correlation is this

called?
A. Negative correlation.
What would you use to represent a correlation visually?

A. Scatterplot.
When data points group together in a cluster from the lower left-hand side of
the xy axis to the upper right-hand side, what is this?
A. Positive slope.
Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a very strong

relationship?
A. 0.80.
Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a very strong

relationship?
A. 0.79.
Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a moderate

relationship?
A. 0.45.
Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a weak

relationship?
A. 0.26.
If you wanted to compute the correlations between two interval-level variables,

which type of correlation should you use?
A. Pearson.
If you wanted to compute the correlation between two nominal-level variables,

A. Phi.
If you wanted to compute the correlation between two ordinal-level variables,
A. Spearman rank.
If the coefficient of determination between two variables is. 0.81, what is the
Pearson correlation coefficient?
A. 0.90.
If the coefficient of determination between two variables is 0.81, what is the

coefficient of alienation?
A. 0.19.
Which of the following is concerned with monitoring estimates of present

performance and predictions of future performance?
A. Criterion validity.
What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test

items?
A. Content validity.
If you want to know that a test measures some underlying psychological

construct, what type of validity evidence would you want to collect?
A. Construct validity.
If you correlate scores from your test with some other valid measure that
assesses the same set of abilities, what type of validity evidence are you
collecting?
A. Criterion validity.
If I can say that my weekly statistics quiz fairly assesses the material covered,
what source of validity evidence should I have collected?
A. Content validity.
What is the key to establishing criterion validity?

A. Quality of the criterion.
High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example
of what type of validity?
A. Predictive validity.
A score that you would actually record is an example of which of the following?
A. Observed score.
A measure of how stable a test is over time is an example of which of the

following?
A. Test-retest reliability.
Which coefficient reflects the occurrence of a perfect reliability?

A. +1.00.
Two trained professionals observe the behavior of children in a classroom. They

each rate observed behaviors...
A. Interrater reliability.
If the measures associates with a test are said to be consistent, you might
conclude that the measure is which of the following?
A. Reliable.
When we calculate reliability, we know the observes score. What are the two
unknown components of the reliability equation?
A. True and error scores.
How does interrater reliability measure consistency?

A. From rater to rater.
Which of the following is the Greek letter associated with Cronbach's alpha,
sometimes known as coefficient alpha?
A. a.
Test-retest reliability is an example of which of the following?

A. Measure of stability.
Parallel forms reliability is an example of which of the following?

A. Measure of equivalence.
Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following?
A. Measure of equivalence.
Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following?

A. Measure of agreement.
What would the interrater reliability be for a 50-item measure in which the
number of agreements between Rater 1 and Rater 2 was 45?
A. 0.90.
What are the four levels of measurement?

A. Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio.
The central problem in the case of two-sample hypothesis test is to determine:

A. If two populations differ significantly on the trait in question.
When testing for the significance of the difference between two samples, which
is the proper assumption for step 1?
A. Samples are independent as well as random.
When random samples are drawn so that the selection of a case for one sample
has no effect on the selection of cases for another sample, the samples are:
A. Independent.
When testing for the significance of the difference between two sample means,
the null hypothesis is that?
A. The populations from which the sample was drawn are different.
When testing for the significance of the difference between two samples, the
null hypothesis states that the ___________ are the same.
A. Population means.
Rejection of the null hypothesis in the two-sample case implies that the:
A. Populations from which the samples are drawn are different on the trait of interest.
When conducting hypothesis tests for two sample means, the test statistic is:
A. The difference in sample means.
A pooled estimate:
A. Combines information from two samples.
For testing the difference between two sample means, the level of measurement
is assumed to be:
A. Interval-ratio.
In testing for the significance of the difference between two sample means when
the sample size is small, we may assume equal population variances if:
A. Sample sizes are approximately equal.
If a difference between random samples is not statistically significant, it is

probably ___________.On the other hand, a statistically significant difference
is not necessarily ____________:
A. Unimportant, important.
The ANOVA test is designed for dependent variables that have been measured
at:
A. The interval-ratio level.
What would be the most appropriate test of significance for research situations
in which we have an interval-ratio dependent variable and an independent
variable with three or more categories?
A. ANOVA.
ANOVA may be thought of as an extension of the ____________________.

A. t test for the significance of the difference between two sample means.
ANOVA is appropriate for situations in which:

A. We are comparing more than two samples.
The null hypothesis for ANOVA states that:

A. The population means are equal.
Stated generally, the null hypothesis for the ANOVA test is:
A. μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = ... =μk.
We have rejected the null hypothesis in an ANOVA test. This means that the
variation _________ the samples is significantly greater than the variation
_________ the samples:
A. Between, within.
The population variance is a measure of:

A. Dispersion.
In the ANOVA test, if the null hypothesis is true, then:

A. The mean square between and the mean square within should be roughly equal in
value.
The F ratio is a ratio of to:

A. Amount of variation between categories, the amount of variation within.
One limitation of ANOVA is that, when the null hypothesis is rejected, the test:
A. Does not tell us which sample mean(s) is/are different.
In an ANOVA test, when the null hypothesis is rejected, we know that at least
one of the means is significantly different from the others. In order to find out
which mean(s) are significantly different, we must conduct a:
A. Post hoc test.
The popularity of the Chi Square test is largely due to:

A. The relative ease with which the model assumptions can be satisfied.
Which assumption about level of measurement is made for the Chi square test?
A. All variables are nominal in level of measurement.
Chi square is one of a class of statistics called:

A. Nonparametric.
Unlike other tests of significance, Chi square easily handles situations in which?
A. The variables of interest have more than two categories or scores.
Unlike other tests of significance, chi square is based on:

A. A bivariate table.
In the chi square test of hypothesis, the null hypothesis states that the variables
are:
A. Independent.
To calculate the expected frequencies for a chi square analysis, you need all but
which of the following?
A. Observed frequencies.
The sampling distribution for chi squares is:

A. Not normally distributed.
In the Chi square test for independence, the null hypothesis and the research
hypothesis:
A. Always contradict each other.
In order to identify the pattern of the relationship in a bivariate table, we need

to compute:
A. Column percentages.
For the chi square goodness-of-fit test, the null hypothesis would be that:
A. The distribution of the variable is determined by random chance.
For Chi square, a small sample is one in which:

A. Many expected frequencies are less than 5.
Some potential difficulties arise in the chi square test when:

A. All of the above.
One limitation of the Chi square test (and all tests of hypothesis) is that they
cannot tell us if relationships between variables are:
A. Important.
Tests of significance tell us if our results are non-random. To investigate the

strength and direction of relationships, we must use:
A. Measures of association.
Measures of association provide the researcher with information that:

Measures of association help scientists accomplish two important goals:
A. Prediction and understanding causation.
A researcher has found a strong relationship between level of education and

income and concludes that "higher levels of education cause higher income."
What error has been made?
A. By itself, association does not prove causation.
The distribution of scores on the dependent variable for a specific category of

the independent variable is called:
A. The conditional distribution of Y.
If there is an association between two variables:

A. The conditional distributions of Y change.
Spearman's rho is appropriate for ordinal level variables because it is

computed from:
A. Ranks, not scores.
Measures of central tendency (like the mean) and measures of dispersion (like
the range) provide information about distributions of scores which is:
A. Complementary.
The index of qualitative variation (IQV) is the ratio of the actual variation in
the scores to:
A. The maximum variation possible.
The index of qualitative variation (IQV) varies from 0.00 to 1.00. Which of the
IQV's below shows the greatest degree of homogeneity?
A. 0.25.
If a distribution of scores has a mean of 30 and a range of 0:

A. There is no dispersion in the distribution.
The second quartile (Q2) is equal in value to:

A. The median.
If a test score lies at the first quartile, it is:
A. Higher than 25% of the scores.
The distances between the scores and the mean are called:
A. Deviations.
The average deviation (AD) is based on:

A. Ignoring the signs of the differences between the scores and the mean.
The average deviation (AD) is:

A. Not commonly used.
A defining characteristic of the normal curve is that it is:

A. Theoretical.
The tails of the theoretical normal curve:

A. Never touch the horizontal axis.
Unlike empirical distribution, the theoretical normal curve is:

A. Perfectly symmetrical.
On all normal curves the area between the mean and +-1 standard deviation
will be:
A. About 68% of the total area.
On all normal curves between the mean and +-2 standard deviations will be:
A. About 95% of the total area.
Assuming a normal distribution of 1000 cases, how many cases will be farther
away from the mean than +-3 standard deviations?
A. About 3.
The area beyond +-2 standard deviations contains approximately what % of

the area under the normal curve?
A. 5%.
Converting scores into Z scores standardizes the original distribution to units
of the:
The standardized normal distribution (or Z distribution) has:

A. A mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
If a z score is +1.00 then the value of the corresponding raw score would be:
A. Equal to the mean of the empirical distribution plus one standard deviation.
Social scientists gather data from samples instead of populations because:

A. Populations are often too large to test.
Statistics are to parameters as:

A. Samples are to populations.
Statistics are characteristics of samples while____ are characteristics of ______.

A. Parameters, populations.
A researcher questioned 45 randomly-selected members of the freshmen class

about their experiences drinking alcohol and used these responses to estimate
the drinking behavior of the entire freshman class of 1500. In this example, the
45 interviewees were the ___ and the ___ was the population.
A. Sample, freshman class.
The main problem with non-probability samples is that they:

A. Do not allow us to generalize a population.
Social scientists use inferential statistics to generalize to populations after they

have:
A. Collected an EPSEM sample from the population of interest.
The fundamental principle of probability sampling is that a sample selected by

____ is very likely to be ___.
A. EPSEM, representative.
What does ANOVA calculate?

A. F- ratio.
Which of the following assumptions is not made for the F test for comparing
three of more means?
A. The sample sizes must be equal.
The box plots are used:

A. For mean differences.
Scatter plots give information about the _____________ of a relationship.

Which of the following examples involves paired data?

A. A group of 50 students had their blood pressures measured before and after watching
a movie containing violence. The mean blood pressure before the movie was compared
with the mean pressure after the movie.
A repeated measures test does not fit if you want to compare the performance
of 2 particular groups of athletes during 3 different follow up.
A. False.
In the research process, theory:

A. Attempts to explain the relationship between phenomena.
Without statistics, __________ research would be impossible.

A. Quantitative.
A hypothesis states, in part, that "income increases as education increases". In

this statement, income is:
A. The dependent variable.
In addition to saying that one case is different from another, the ordinal level
of measurement allows us to:
A. Order categories from high to low.
B. Say that one case is more or less than another.
In terms of the research process, a hypothesis is derived from _______ and leads
to_______.
A. Theory, observation.
A hypothesis differs from a theory in that:
A. It is "testable".
In research, a variable that is thought to be causal is called:

A. An independent variable.
Which of the following questions would generate a continuous variable?

A. How old are you?
Which of the following is a continuous variable?

A. Time spent watching TV.
Which of the following is a discrete variable?

A. Number of children.
Choose the nominal level variable below:

A. Eye color of students in statistics class.
"Ninety percent of dorm residents approved a proposed ban on smoking". This

statement is an example of:
A. Descriptive statistics.
Categories of nominal level variables should be:

A. Mutually exclusive to avoid ambiguity in classifying cases.
B. Exhaustive so that every case.
C. Fits into a category relevant to the research goals.
Select the variable(s) that can be measured at the interval-ratio level.

A. Number of children.
In terms of the "Research Process", statistics are central to the research

process.
A. Only between the observation phase and the empirical generalization phase.
Which of the following is NOT a nominal level variable? level of education zip
code occupation make of auto.
A. Zip code.
Data is the same thing as:
A. Information collected in numerical form.
The variable socioeconomic status ranges from upper class to lower class and
is an example of:
A. Ordinal level of measurement.
What data must be included in the columns of a frequency table for nominal
data?
A. Category and frequency.
When organizing a frequency table for a variable measured at the ordinal level,
categories should be ordered as:
A. Lowest to highest or highest to lowest.
The ________ and the ________are two of the most popular and useful methods
of standardizing for size and comparing distributions.
A. Proportion; percentage.
If there are 20 girls and 10 boys in a class, the ratio of boys to girls is calculated
as:
A. 10/20.
In a frequency distribution, the cumulative percentage may be obtained by

summing the ________ distribution.
A. Percentage.
A comparison of the actual number of people who violate the speed limit to the
total number of drivers is an example of a:
A. Rate.
The cumulative frequency is defined as the number of scores:

A. At or below any given score.
The cumulative percentage is defined as the:

A. Percentage of scores at or below a given value.
To calculate a proportion, the number of cases in any category (f) is divided by:
A. The number of cases in all categories (N).
The ratio of men to women in a karate class is 3.3:1. If there are 100 women,
how many men are there?
A. 330.
City A (population = 1567 people) had 34 auto thefts last year. City B
(population = 34,567) had 40 auto thefts in the same time period and City C
(population = 156,980) had 70 auto thefts. Which city had the highest RATE of
auto theft?
A. City A.
Which of the following is not a commonly used form of graphic representation?

A. Grouped frequency distribution.
__________ typically are used to display continuous measures.

A. Histograms
Pie charts are particularly useful for what type of data?

A. Nominal level data.
Pie charts show the frequency distribution of:

A. One variable.
B. Two variables.
C. Three variables.
Histograms and line charts or frequency polygons are used with data measured
at the:
A. Interval-ratio level.
For a single variable at the interval-ratio level, an appropriate graph would be:
A. A histogram.
A line chart or frequency polygon is based on:

A. The midpoint of each interval.
A researcher wants to visually display the U.S. divorce rate (a continuous,
interval-ratio level variable) for the last 50 years. An appropriate format would
be:
A. A line chart or histogram.
A useful analogy for the meaning of average is the:

A. center of gravity or fulcrum (seesaw).
The median of a distribution is:

A. The middlemost point.
A group of friends enjoys playing miniature golf together. Here are a set of final
scores from a recent outing: 39, 41, 44, 50, 54, 56, 56, 56, 61 What is the mode?
A. 56.
scores from a recent outing: 39, 41, 44, 50, 54, 56, 56, 56, 61 What is the median?
A. 54.
scores from a recent outing: 39, 41, 44, 50, 54, 56, 56, 56, 61 What is the mean?
A. 50.78.
The following values represent the amount of money (in dollars) 10 people have
in their wallets: 10, 12, 19, 5, 6, 8, 1, 13, 4, 7 What is the median?
A. 7.5.
in their wallets: 10, 12, 19, 5, 6, 8, 1, 13, 4, 7 What is the mean?
A. 8.5.
in their wallets: 10, 12, 19, 5, 6, 8, 1, 13, 4, 7 The sum of all deviations from the
mean is equal to:
A. 0 (always zero).
Which measure(s) of central tendency can be applied to nominal data?

A. The mode.
Which measure(s) of central tendency can be applied to nominal data? the
mode Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for a skewed
distribution?
A. The median.
As a measure of central tendency, the mean:

A. Can often be used for more advanced statistical operations.
In a positively skewed distribution the ________ is SMALLER than

the:_________.
A. Median, mean.
In a negatively skewed distribution, the _______ is LARGER than

the:________.
A. Median, mean.
A distribution with an equal mean, median, and mode is said to be:

A. Symmetrical.
A distribution with a mean of 25, a median of 22.5, and a mode of 20, is said to
be:
A. Positively skewed.
Which type of distribution of final grades would be most desirable to students?

A. Negatively skewed.
The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution is the:

A. Mode.
The Greek symbol Σ represents the:

A. Sum.
During which stage does the Wheel of Science begin for a researcher
undertaking a new study?
A. Hypothesis.
According to the "Wheel of Science," research projects begin?

A. At any stage on the Wheel.
In terms of the Wheel of Science, an hypothesis is derived from ____________
and leads to ____________.
A. Theory, observation.
In terms of the "Wheel of Science", statistics are central to the research process.
A. Only between the observation phase and the empirical generalization phase.
At what point in the Wheel of Science does statistics become relevant?

A. Towards the end.
"Ninety percent of dorm residents approved a proposed ban on smoking" and

"Eight out of ten elderly residents fear victimization" are examples of:
A. Univariate descriptive statistics.
Measures of association allow researchers to quantify the _____________ of a

relationship.
A. Strength and direction.
A public opinion poll that gauges the popularity of the President of the United
States is an example of:
A. Inferential statistics.
Inferential statistics are necessary in social research because:

A. Social scientists don't have the time or money to test an entire population.
A discrete variable cannot be:

A. Subdivided.
In addition to saying that one case is different from another, the ordinal level
of measurement allows us to:
A. Say that one case is more or less than another.
Prejudice, when measured on a scale ranging from 'most prejudiced to 'least

prejudice,' is an example of which level of measurement?
A. Ordinal.
When using interval-ratio data, the distance between the scores is:
A. Exactly defined.
Which of the following can be treated as an interval-ratio variable?
A. Age.
Interval-ratio measurements can be all of the following except:

A. Nominal.
On a test, the numbers used to identify the questions would be __________ in

level of measurement while the number of correct responses would be
___________.
A. Nominal, interval-ratio.
Computation of a mean (or average) is completely justified when a variable is

measured at which level?
A. Interval-ratio.
Addition and subtraction are completely justified only when variables are?
A. Interval-ratio.
Which of the following mathematical operations are permitted with nominally

measured variables?
A. None of these choices are correct.
A researcher has numbered all 50 states from 1 to 50 and has calculated a mean
of 17.43 for the variable "state of birth".
A. Since the variable is nominal, the mean makes no sense.
A researcher has calculated the mean for a variable that is ordinal in level of
measurement.
A. This violation of level of measurement criterion is common and results should be
treated with caution.
The purpose of univariate descriptive statistics it to:

A. Summarize a single variable.
Proportions and percentages, ratios and rates are all ways of expressing?
A. Relative frequencies.
To calculate proportion, the number of cases in any category (f) is divided by:
A. The number of cases in all categories (N).
The midpoints of intervals for frequency distributions constricted with

interval-ratio variables are found by:
A. Adding the upper and lower class limits for each interval and then dividing by 2.
If class intervals overlap with one another, there will be issues of:
A. Categories not being mutually exclusive.
Cumulative frequencies and cumulative percentages allow a researcher to:

A. Tell at a glance how many cases fall above or below a given category.
Open-ended intervals:
A. Can be useful when there are very high or very low scored in a distribution.
When constructing a frequency distribution, the number of class intervals, in

general, should be:
A. About 10.
A _________ is the number of times a phenomena occurs divided by the total

possible occurrences.
A. Rate.
When examining a single categorical variable with emphasis on the differences

between two or more categories, it is best to use a:
A. Bar chart.
Pie charts show the frequency distribution of:

A. One variable.

A. Bar chart.

A. Bar chart.
For a single variable measured at the nominal level, an appropriate graph
would be a:
A. Pie chart.
For a single variable at the interval-ratio level, an appropriate graph would be:
A. A histogram.
A line chart is also known as a:

A. Histogram.
The graphical presentation method that uses midpoints rather than real limits
is a:
A. Line chart.
The mode should be used to measure central tendency when the level of
measurement of the variable is:
A. Nominal.
Which of the following correctly described the changing religious affiliation of

the US since 1990?
A. The percentage of Americans with no religious affiliation has doubled.
For ordinal level variables, the most appropriate measure of central tendency
is generally:
A. The median.
To locate the 6th decile, we would first multiple the number of cases (N) by:
A. 0.60.
For variables measured at the interval-ratio level, the preferred measure of

central tendency would be the:
A. Mean.
If you subtracted the mean from each score in a distribution, squared the
differences, and then added the squared differences, the sum would be:
A. A minimum.
The sum of the differences between the scored of a distribution and the mean
of the scores is always:
A. 0.
If you subtracted the mean from each score in a distribution and added the
results, the sum would be:
A. Zero.
In a positively skewed distribution, the mean is:

A. Greater in value than the median.
In a campaign debate over the level of prosperity in the state, the incumbent
governor says: "average income is $53,000." His opponent responds "the
average citizen earns only $38,000." Both statements are true. This is possible
because:
A. The governor is using the mean.
To compute a mean for scores that have been grouped into frequency
distribution, we assume that the scores in each interval are:
A. Located at the midpoint of the interval.
To compute a median for scores that have been grouped into a frequency
distribution, we assume that the scores in each variable are:
A. Spaced evenly across the interval.
Which of the following correctly matches the level of measurement of a variable

with the preferred measure of central tendency?
A. Ordinal, median.
If one has data measured at the interval-ratio level, they can use which measure
of central tendency?
A. You can use any measure on interval-ratio data.
When interval-ratio data are badly skewed, the appropriate measure of central
tendency is the:
A. Mean.
Income distributions almost always have a positive skew (since there are only a
very few wealthy people). Therefore, the preferred measure of central tendency
for this variable would be the:
A. Median.
The interquartile range would be an appropriate measure of dispersion for:

A. Ordinal level variables.
A "good" measure of dispersion should:

A. Use all scores in a distribution.
B. Describe the average or typical deviation of the scores.
C. Be easy to calculate and interpret.
When you subtract the value of the mean from each score in a distribution and
then add the results, the sum will be:
A. 0.
The standard deviation(s):

A. Squares the deviations to eliminate minus values.
If the variance of a distribution is 16, the mean is 12, and the number of cases
is 24, the standard deviation is:
A. 4.
The sum of the squared deviations around the mean for a distribution of 10
scores is 1000. The standard deviation:
A. Is 10.
As the distribution of scores becomes more variable, the value of the standard
deviation:
A. Increases.
In a box plot, an outlier is defined as a score that is:

A. Greater than 1.5 times the height of the box.
A box plot uses what to show the range of scores?

A. Whiskers.
Boxplots depict:
A. Both central tendency and dispersion.
A box plot uses all but which of the following to present dispersion?
The lower limit for the standard deviation is 0; the upper limit is:
A. Undefined; there is no upper limit.
Distributions of IQ scores are normally distributed because:

A. IQ tests are designed to produce in normal distributions.
As the standard deviation of a normal distribution increases, the percentage of

the area between +- 1 standard deviation will:
A. Stay the same.
If a case has a Z score of 2.3, the standard deviation would be:

A. 1.
Converting scores into Z scores standardizes the original distribution to units

of the:
If a Z score is 0, then the value of the corresponding raw score would be:
A. The same as the mean of the empirical distribution.
If a Z score is +1.00, then the value of the corresponding raw score would be:
A. Equal to the mean of the empirical distribution plus one standard deviation.
The Z score table gives the area between a score and the mean. For a Z score of
-100, that area (in percentages) is:
A. 34.13%.
A Z score of -2.00 indicated a score that lies:

A. Two standard deviations to the left of the mean.
Column c in the normal curve table lists "areas beyond Z". This is the area:
A. Above a positive Z score.
In a distribution of 150 test scores, the mean grade was an 82 and the standard
deviation was 8. If a student scored a 93, what would their equivalent Z score
be?
A. 1.38.
The area between the mean and a Z score of +1.50 is 43.32%. This score is
higher than ____________ of the scores in the distribution.
A. 93.32%.
The mean score on a final chemistry exam was 75, and the standard deviation
of the scores was 5. If the distribution is normal and your score was 70, what
percentage of the scores was lower than yours?
A. 15.87%.
To find the area above a positive Z score or below a negative Z score you would:
A. Use the "Area Beyond Z" column of the Z score table.
To obtain the area below a positive Z score or above a negative Z score you
would:
A. Add the area between the Z score and the mean to 50%.
As used in the social sciences, probabilities are a type of __________ which can
vary from.
A. Proportion, 0.00 to 1.00.
To obtain the area below a positive Z score or above a negative Z score you
would:
A. Add the area between the Z score and the mean to 50%.
The Z scores of two tests are +1.2 and +1.5. To obtain the area between these
scores:
A. Find the area between each score and the mean in the Z score table and then subtract
the smaller area from the larger area.
The area between a negative Z score and a positive Z score can be found by:
A. Adding the areas between each Z score and the mean.
The Z scores of two test score are -1.17 and +2.38. To find the total area between
these two scores:
A. Add the column c areas.
The area between two negative Z scores can be found by:

A. Finding the area between each Z score and the mean and subtracting the smaller area
from the larger.
If a case is randomly selected from a normal distribution, the score of the case
will most likely be:
A. Close to the mean in value.
A researcher is conducting a study by asking people shopping at a local mall

about their opinions on gay marriage. The researcher is using:
A. Simple random sampling.
Unless a sample is ___________, it cannot be used to make accurate

generalizations to a population.
A. Representative.
Nonprobability samples are useful for:

A. Pretesting a larger project.
To select a simple random sample, a researcher needs:

A. A list of the population and system for selecting cases according to EPSEM.
A sampling technique that allows you to ensure proportional representativeness

in a sample is:
A. Stratified sampling.
A major limitation for stratified sampling is that:

A. The exact composition of the population is usually unknown.
When a list of the population does not exist, the probability sampling technique
most commonly used is:
A. Cluster.
The sampling distribution links the _________ to the __________.
A. Sample, population.
What are the three distributions involved in every application of inferential

statistics?
A. Sample, sampling, and population.
Unlike the sample and population distributions, the sampling distribution is:
A. Theoretical.
Your sample size is 1000. It is safe to assume that:

A. The shape of the sampling distribution of sample means is normal.
In comparing a sampling distribution with a population distribution:

A. There will always be more variance in the population distribution.
Which of the following symbols represents a population parameter?

A. 
If you drew all possible samples from some population, calculated the mean
for each of the samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of
the distribution) based on all of those means, what would you have?
A. A sampling distribution
What does it mean when you calculate a 95% confidence interval?

A. All of the above statements are true
What would happen (other things equal) to a confidence interval if you

calculated a 99 percent confidence interval rather than a 95 percent
confidence interval?
A. It will become wider
Which of the following statements sounds like a null hypothesis?

A. There is no difference between male and female incomes in the population
The analysis of variance is a statistical test that is used to compare how many
group means?
A. Two or more
What is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution called?
A. Standard error
Hypothesis testing and estimation are the two key branches of the field of
inferential statistics?
A. True
A ______ is a subset of a _________.

A. Sample, population
A _______ is a numerical characteristic of a sample and a ______ is a

numerical characteristic of
A. Statistic, parameter
A sampling distribution might be based on which of the following?

A. All of the above
As a general rule, researchers tend to use ____ percent confidence intervals.

A. 95%
Which of the following is the researcher usually interested in supporting when

he or she is engaging in hypothesis testing?
A. The alternative hypothesis
When p<.05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed
relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis
(assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha level of .05).
A. True
When p>05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed
relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis
(assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha level of .05).
A. False
_________ are the values that mark the boundaries of the confidence interval.
A. Confidence limits
_____ results if you fail to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis
is actually false.
A. Type II error
A good way to get a small standard error is to use a ________.

A. Large sample
The car will probably cost about 16,000 dollars; this number sounds more like
a(n):
A. Point estimate
Identify which of the following steps would not be included in hypothesis

testing.
A. Eliminate all outliers
A ________ is a range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain
probability of including the population parameter over the long run.
A. Confidence interval
________ is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution.

A. Standard error
An effect size indicator is a statistical measure of the strength of a

relationship.
A. True
Which of the following can be viewed as an effect size indicator?

A. All of the above
When the researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, a ____ error occurs.
A. Type I
A post hoc test is ___.
A. A follow-up test to the analysis of variance when there are three or more groups
The use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical
conclusions about populations based on sample data is referred to as
___________.
A. Inferential statistics
A statistical test used to compare 2 or more group means is known as _____.
A. One-way analysis of variance
A statistical test used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is

statistically significant is called the ___________.
A. t-test for correlation coefficients
The cutoff the researcher uses to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis
is called the:
A. Both a and b are correct (Significance level, Alpha level)
Which ____ percent confidence interval will be the widest (i.e., the least
precise) for a particular data set that includes exactly 500 cases?
A. 99%
As sample size goes up, what tends to happen to 95% confidence intervals?
A. Both a and b (They become more precise, they become more narrow)
__________ is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis

A. Type II error
Which of the following statements is/are true according to the logic of

hypothesis testing?
A. Both b and c are true (When the null hypothesis is true, it should not be rejected, When
the null hypothesis is false, it should be rejected)
What is the key question in the field of statistical estimation?

A. Based on my random sample, what is my estimate of the population parameter?
Assuming innocence until “proven” guilty, a Type I error occurs when an
innocent person is found guilty.
A. True
This is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding

population parameter.
A. Sampling error
The “equals” sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting

hypothesis testing?
A. Null
A Type I error is also known as a ______.

A. False positive
A Type II error is also known as a ______

A. False negative
If a finding is statistically significant one must also interpret the data,

calculate an effect size indicator, and make an assessment of practical
significance.
A. True
The p-value used in statistical significance testing should be used to assess

how strong a relationship is. For example, if relationship A has a p=.04 and
relationship B has a p=.03 then you can conclude that relationship B is
stronger than relationship A.
A. False
t-test
A. The t-test is a statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a student's t
distribution under the null hypothesis (usually used when there is a normal
distribution
Degrees of freedom (n-1)

A. The number of independent values or quantities which can be assigned to a statistical
distribution.
Cohen's 'd'
A. An effect size used to indicate the standardized difference between two means
Population mean x̄
A. Test value
Independent t-test
A. Comparing two groups
Paired sample t-test

A. Each person in each group compared during each condition Sample 1 - sample 2
devided by standard error (SE)
Homogeneity of variance
A. An assumption underlying both t-tests and f-tests in which the population varies or
two or more samples are equal
To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would

use:
A. Paired t-test
Which of the following transformations is most useful for correcting skewed

data?
A. Log transformation
The assumption of homogeneity of variance is met when:
A. The variances in different groups are approximately equal.
Imagine you conduct a t-test using IBM SPSS and the output reveals that
Levene’s test for equality of variance is significant. What should you do?
(Hint: Levene’s test tests the assumption that variances indifferent groups are
approximately equal.)
A. Interpret the figures in the row labelled 'equal variances not assumed'.
For what is the 'variable view' in IBM SPSS's data editor used?
A. Defining characteristics of variables.
Which of the following best describes the variable 'Gender'?
A. All of the possible answers are correct.
A researcher reports a Pearson product-moment correlation of r=-.04

between extraversion (higher scores on this variable indicate higher
extraversion) and depression (higher scores on this variable indicate higher
depression). The probability value reported for this relationship, using SPSS
for Windows, is .06. The researcher should conclude:
A. There is no relationship between extraversion and depression
A researcher reports a related t-test statistic comparing scores of self-reported

health (higher scores indicating better health) before and after undertaking a
10-week diet and exercise programme devised by their doctor. The researcher
found that average health scores before the 10-week programme were
Mean=40.56, SD=5.6, while average health scores after the 10-week
programme were Mean=52.56, SD=5.8. The t value for the related t-test was
10.45 with the probability value reported as .04. The researcher should
conclude:
A. That respondents demonstrated significant better health after the diet and exercise
programme.
A researcher examines the differences between the value placed on money by

males and females, using the Money Value Scale (in which higher scores
indicate a higher value placed on money). The researcher found that males
scored an average of Mean=25.12, SD=10.3 on the Money Value Scale, while
females scored an average of Mean=20.93, SD=9.2 on the Money Value Scale.
The t value for the independent-samples t-test was 1.21 with the probability
value reported as .67. The researcher should conclude:
A. Males and females do not significantly differ in the value they place on money.
A researcher reports a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of

r=+.45 between neuroticism (higher scores on this variable indicate higher
neuroticism) and depression higher scores on this variable indicate higher
depression). The probability value reported for this relationship, using SPSS
for Windows, is .001. The researcher should conclude:
A. There is a significant positive relationship between neuroticism and depression
A researcher examines the differences between the self-reported morality
between nursing, psychology and law students using the Morality Scale (in
which higher scores indicate a higher value on morals).
The researcher found that nursing students scored an average of Mean=45.76,
SD=9.5 on the Morality Scale, while psychology students scored an average of
Mean=44.43, SD=10.1 on the Morality Scale, and Law students scored an
average of Mean=30.43, SD=10.9 on the Morality Scale. The F value for the
between subjects Analysis of Variance was 19.72 with the probability value
reported as .001. The researcher performed a number of post-hoc comparisons
using the Scheffe test. This test revealed a probability value for the Scheffe test
of .04 between law and psychology students, a probability value for the Scheffe
test of .02 between law and nursing students, and a probability value for the
Scheffe test of .20 between psychology and nursing students. The researcher
should conclude:
A. Law students score significantly lower on the morality scale than both psychology and
nursing students
What is the conventional level of significance typically adopted in psychology?

A. P < 0.05
An independent t-test can be used to assess which of the following?

A. It assesses differences between two groups of participants
A repeated measures t-test can be used to assess which of the following?

A. It assesses differences between scores obtained on two separate occasions from the
same participants
Conducting multiple t-tests increases the likelihood of which of the following?

A. Type I error
How can the chance of committing a Type I error be reduced when

performing multiple comparisons?
A. Apply the Bonferroni correction to adopt a more stringent significance criterion or use
more appropriate tests for multiple comparisons.
What assumption(s) must be met to conduct an independent-samples t-test?

A. All of these
In which of the following cases would an independent-samples t-test not be
appropriate?
A. Comparing students attitude change between the start and end of their degree
Which of the following statistic(s) are important when interpreting an

independent samples t-test?
A. All of these
What should Levene's test be in order to use the 'equal variance assumed' row
of a t-test?
A. It should be non-significant (P > 0.05)
Where would you look on an independent t-test output to identify whether

there was a significant difference between the groups?
A. T-test for equality of mean section
Which of the following formats is correct for reporting an independent

samples t-test in APA format?
A. t(34) = -.478, p < 0.001.
What is the alternative name for a repeated-measures t-test?

A. Pearson's Product-Moment
In which of the following cases could you use a paired-samples t-test?

A. When comparing the same participants performance before and after training
What are matched cases?

A. Scores are obtained from a second group of participants who are matched on vital
characteristics with the first group of participants
Which section of a paired-samples t-test output can be ignored?

A. The paired-samples correlations
How should a paired-samples t-test be reported in APA format?

A. t(37) = +.3.67, p < 0.05
What would happen if instead of using an ANOVA to compare 10 groups, you
performed multiple t- tests?
A. Making multiple comparisons with a t-test increases the probability of making a Type I
error.
Which of the following examples involves paired data?

A. A group of 50 students had their blood pressures measured before and after watching
a movie containing violence. The mean blood pressure before the movie was compared
with the mean pressure after the movie.
A poll is done to estimate the proportion of adult Americans who like their jobs.
The poll is based on a random sample of 400 individuals. What is the
"conservative" margin of error of this poll?
A. 0.05
Heights of women are normally distributed with a mean of 163 cm and a

standard deviation of 7 cm. What is the probability that a randomly selected
woman will measure exactly 163 cm tall?
A. A or D - Heights are continuous. It does not make sense to ask about the probability of
a particular value of a continuous variable.
QUESTION 1
1. ANOVA is appropriate for situations in which
only nominal level variables are involved

there are fewer than two samples
we are comparing more than two samples
bivariate tables are used to organize the data
QUESTION 2
1. In a study of the relationship between geographical mobility (number of times a person
has changed residences) and number of friends, Pearson's r² is reported as .40. Which of
the following would be a correct interpretation?
Mobility explains 40% of the variation in number of friends

Mobility explains 16% of the variation in number of friends
As mobility increases, number of friends decreases
There is a strong positive relationship between number of friends and mobility
QUESTION 3
1. In order to conduct a test of hypothesis with means or proportions with parametric
analysis, the sampling distribution must be
large
skewed
bimodal
normal
QUESTION 4
1. define the correct statement:
the box plot defines that smokers have identical mean of age than no smokers
the box plots define that smokers have a lower mean of age than no smokers
smokers are less than no smokers in number.
none of them
QUESTION 5
1. A researcher is preparing a report and wants to select a measure of central tendency that
shows the most common score in a particular distribution. Which statistic should she
select?
median
mean
none of the above
mode
QUESTION 6
1. A contingency table in which one variable had three categories and the other variable
had four categories would have
four cells
six cells
nine cells
twelve cells
QUESTION 7
1. The sampling distribution for the ANOVA test is
the Z distribution
the F distribution
None of the above
the t distribution
QUESTION 8
1. “As the temperature rises, the crime rate increases.”
Criminals should be incarcerated in Alaska
This is a positive relationship.
If the temperature falls below zero degrees, there is no crime
If the temperature would remain stable, the crime rate would stay the same
QUESTION 9
1. A researcher asked a sample of dual career families about the percentage of the family
budget contributed by the wife's job (Y) and the total number of children (X). Pearson's r
for this relationship is -0.34. Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation of
these results? (This model assumes part time job for the wife)
Every additional child lowers the economic wellbeing of the family
For every additional child, the wife must work longer hours
As number of children increase, the percentage of the budget contributed by the

wife decreases
For every dollar contributed by the wife, the number of children increases by .34
QUESTION 10
1. In according to this figure and the available analysis,
there is normality
approximately normal since KS test fails, but the histogram is symmetric

none of them
the data are negatively screwed
QUESTION 11
1. A study of traffic safety show a correlation of 0.57 between average speed of traffic and
number of fatal accidents for a particular stretch of highway. This means that
fatalities tend to increase as average speed increases
drivers should speed up to get through this areas as quickly as possible
as speed increases, fatalities decrease
every 1 mile per hour increase in average speed increases the number of traffic
fatalities by .57.
QUESTION 12
1. If a researcher summarizes the age of 1,000 people by calculating the average
age, she is using _______-
an ordinal categorical variable
a qualitative technique
a categorical variable
a numerical variable
QUESTION 13
1. The three commonly used measures of central tendency are
mode, median, and mean
percentage, midpoint, and mean
mode, midpoint, and ratio
median, rate, and mode
QUESTION 14
1. In according to this figure
there is a positive association
there is a negative association
none of them
there is a normal distribution
QUESTION 15
1. If you wanted to measure the association between the age of people (in years) and the
number of arrests for driving while intoxicated, the most appropriate measure of
association would be
phi
gamma
Pearson's r
lambda
QUESTION 16
1. What would be the most appropriate test of significance for research situations in which
we have an interval-ratio dependent variable and an independent variable with three or
more categories?
the t test
ANOVA
regression
Chi square
QUESTION 17
1. In according to this analysis, what is the age estimated in one patient with WBC values of
1
81.56
-0.093
0.
81.65
QUESTION 18
1. If a = 2 and b = 4, what would the value of Y be when X
= 1?
QUESTION 19
1. Levene's test is used to test if 2- samples have equal variances in which contest?
in chi square
in independent t test
in pearson correlation test
in descriptive data
QUESTION 20
1. In according to the following analysis, select the correct statement:
there is a statistically significant difference in age, between in gender (female and
male
there is a statistically significant difference in gender, for mean of female
the % of females in age group over 80 is higher.
there is not a statistically significant difference in age, between in gender (female

and male
QUESTION 21
1. The percentage (%) is based on calculation performed on a________
categorical variable
numerical variable
another % variable
none of them
QUESTION 22
1. When conducting hypothesis tests for paired t test two sample means, the test
statistic is
the difference in sample means
alpha
the difference in the population means
the degrees of freedom
QUESTION 23
1. If the scores on a variable are 11, 14, 18, 20, and 25, the median is
23
19
11 and 14
18
QUESTION 24
1. The PIE charts are used for showing
linear regression models
correlation
mean and standard deviation
frequencies
QUESTION 25
1. If a regression line is parallel to the horizontal axis of the scattergram, the
slope (b) will be
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.45
QUESTION 26
1. If a = 5 and b = 10, what would the value of Y be when X = 100?
5001
unknown, more information is needed
1000
1005
QUESTION 27
1. From a university population, random samples of 145 men and 237 women have been
asked if they have ever cheated in a college class. 8% of the men and 6% of the women
said that they have. What is the appropriate test to assess the significance of this
difference?
test for the significance of the difference between two sample proportions, matched
samples
test for the significance of the difference between two sample proportions, large
samples (chi square)
test for the significance of the difference between two sample proportions, small
samples
test for the significance of the difference between two sample means, large samples
QUESTION 28
1. When would you use the Tukey-Kramer procedure?
To test independence of errors.
To test for differences in pairs of means
To test for homogeneity of variance.
To test for normality.
QUESTION 29
1. The relationship between two variables partialling out the effect that a third variable has
on both variables can be expressed using a ------------- correlation
linear
partial
descriptive
impartial
QUESTION 30
1. For a single variable measured at the categorical nominal level, an appropriate
graph would be a
frequency polygon
pie chart
bivariate table
histogram
QUESTION 31
1. To conduct a chi square test, the variables must first be organized into a________-
frequency distributions
univariate table
contingency table
list, which is then ranked
QUESTION 32
1. In according to the following tables, which test has been applied?
before...
after....
INDEPENDENT T TEST
REPEATED MEASURES
ANCOVA
ANOVA
QUESTION 33
1. What measure of central tendency would be most appropriate to summarize data about
the color of movie star's eyes?
median
mean
mode
none of the above
QUESTION 34
1. A researcher tested the relationship between age and level of vitamin B12 in blood
and found a coefficient of correlation equal to r= - 0.05. This relationship is
weak
strong
significant but not important
positive
QUESTION 35
1. Suppose in Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, the p-value is computed to be 0.034.
Then the test is significant if p-value is less than 0.05.
Then the test is significant if p-value < 0.55.
Then the test is significant if p-value is equal to 0.05.
Then the test is significant if p-value greater than 1.005.
QUESTION 36
1. Random samples of 1546 men and 1678 women have been given a scale that measures
support of legal abortion. Men average 12.45 and women average 12.46 and the
difference is significant at the 0.05 level. What can we conclude?
Because of the large sample sizes, these results may be statistically significant but
trivial.(not completely)
The difference should be re-tested at a higher alpha level
There is an important difference between men and women on this issue.
The difference should be re-tested with a one-tailed test
QUESTION 37
1. with the command "select cases" in SPSS, we can________
select the percentage of people to enroll
select mean of age

select a sub sample of cases
split file
QUESTION 38
1. In according to this table below, define the RANGE
62
834
not statistically significant
80.92
QUESTION 39
1. The distances (spread) between the scores and the mean are called
differences
ranges
summations
deviations
QUESTION 40
1. For the relationship between social class and movie attendance, a
researcher found a r Pearson correlation coefficient of - 0.45. This
relationship is_____________
negative and weak-moderate
positive and weak
strong and positive
very weak and negative

University of Bahrain
College of Science
Department of Mathematics
Revision #1
Stat 272 By Dr. Reman Abu-Shanab

*********************************************************************
1) The SPSS computer results of the age of patients in one of the Riyadh hospitals are given below
The type of the variable is
a) Quantitative continuous
b) Quantitative discrete Statistics
c) Qualitative nominal AGE
d) Qualitative ordinal N Valid 20
The most frequent age of the patients is Missing 0
Mean 4.70
a) 3.
b) 4.5. Median 4.50
c) 5. Mode 5.00
d) 4.6. Std. Deviation 2.23
Percentiles 25 3.00
The balance age of the patients is
50 4.50
a) 3. 75 7.00
b) 4.5.
c) 6.
d) 4.7.
The median age of the patients is
a) 3.
b) 4.5.
c) 6.
d) 4.6.
The variance is
a) 2.23.
b) 4.97.
c) 4.7.
d) 1.49.
What can we say about the shape of this distribution by looking at the output?
a) Skewed to the left.

b) Skewed to the right.
c) Multimodal.
d) Symmetrical.
2) The sample mean is a:
a) Parameter b) Statistic c) Variable d) Constant
1
3) The population mean μ is called:
a) Discrete variable b) Continuous variable c) Parameter d)Statistic
4) Which of the following statements is always true?
a) The mean has an effect on extreme scores

b) The median has an effect on extreme scores
c) Extreme scores have an effect on the mean
d) Extreme scores have an effect on the median
5) The midpoint of the values after they have been ordered from the smallest to
the largest or the largest to the smallest is called:
a) Mean b) Median c) Lower quartile d) Upper quartile
6) If the data contains an extreme value, the suitable average is:
a) Mean b) Median c) mode d) none of these
7) The lower and upper quartiles of a symmetrical distribution are 40 and 60

respectively. The value of median is:
a) 40 b) 50 c) 60 d) (60 – 40) / 2
8) If in a discrete series 75% values are less than 30, then:
a) Q3 < 75 b) Q3 < 30 c) Q3 = 30 d) Q3 > 30
9) If in a discrete series 75% values are greater than 50, then:
a) Q1 = 50 b) Q1 < 50 c) Q1 > 50 d) Q1 ≠ 50
10) A measurement that corresponds to largest frequency in a set of data is called:
a) Mean b) Median c) Mode d) Percentile
11) A distribution with two modes is called:
a) Unimodel b) Bimodal c) Multimodal d) Skewed to the right
12) Which of the following is correct in a positively skewed distribution?
a) Mean = Median = Mode b) Mean < Median < Mode

c) Mean > Median > Mode d) Mean + Median + Mode
13) If the values of mean, median and mode coincide in a unimodel distribution, then the distribution
will be:
a) Skewed to the left b) Skewed to the right c) Multimodal d) Symmetrical
2
14) A curve that tails off to the right end is called:
a) Positively skewed b) Negatively skewed c) Symmetrical d) (b) and (c)
15) If a set of data has one mode and its value is less than mean, then the distribution is called:
a) Positively skewed b) Negatively skewed c) Symmetrical d) Normal
16) Determine whether the approximate shape of the distribution in the histogram is
a) skewed left b) skewed right c) symmetric d) bimodal
17) A survey question which asks whether or not the respondent is “for” or “against” a proposal
represents
a) a continuous variable
b) a discrete variable
c) a numerical variable
d) a categorical variable
18) Use the box-and-whisker plot below to determine which statement is accurate.
a) One half of the cholesterol levels are between 180 and 211.
b) One half of the cholesterol levels are between 180 and 197.5.
c) About 25% of the adults have cholesterol levels of at most 211.
d) About 75% of the adults have cholesterol levels less than 180.
19) A numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a population is known as:
a) a statistic b) a parameter c) a variable c) a sample
3
20) The branch of statistics that uses sample data to draw conclusions about an entire population is
known as:
a) descriptive statistics b) inferential statistics c) experiment d) none of these
21) Which measure of central tendency can be used for both numerical and categorical variables?
a) Quartiles b) Mean c) Median d) Mode
22) Which of the following statements about the median is NOT true?
a) The median is more affected by extreme values than the mean.

b) It is a measure of central tendency.
c) It is equal to the mode in bell-shaped, symmetrical distributions.
d) It is equal to the Second Quartile
23) It is possible that a distribution of data may not actually contain one of the measures of central
tendency. Which one might that be?
a) The mean b) the mode c) the median d) none of these
24) The smaller the spread or variation of scores around the mean:
a) the smaller the interquartile range

b) the smaller the standard deviation
c) the smaller the range
d) the smaller the median
25) In SPSS, what is the "Data Viewer"?

a) A table summarizing the frequencies of data for one variable
b) A spreadsheet into which data can be entered
c) A dialog box that allows you to choose a statistical test
d) A screen in which variables can be defined and labelled
26) How is a variable name different from a variable label?
a) It is shorter and less detailed

b) It is longer and more detailed
c) It is longer and more detailed
d) It is abstract and unspecific
27) Suppose that, starting with the original data set, the smallest measurement was removed. Which
measures of central tendency would be change from those of the original data set?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) None of these measures
28) The smaller the variance the less variation of the data around the mean
True / False
4
29) Here is a stem and leaf plot of the scores of Bob the Bowler’s last 18 bowling games, made by
SPSS.
Stem-and-leaf of Bowling N = 18
Leaf Unit = 1.0
1 9 4
1 10
1 11
2 12 8
4 13 12
7 14 346
(6) 15 147799
5 16 01445
What is the best description for the shape of this graph?

a) Bell-shaped
b) Skewed to the left
c) Skewed to the right
d) Uniform
Does this graph have any outliers?

a) Yes, 94 is an outlier
b) Yes, 165 is an outlier
c) No, the numbers are too close together
d) No, N is too small to have outliers
30) In case there are too many outliers in the data set, the most representative average value is
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) None of these measures
31) Since mode is the most frequently occurring score, it can be determined directly from a frequency
distribution or a histogram
True / False
5
32) The relationship among the mean, median and mode for the above boxplot .
a) is that they are all equal. b) is that the mean is the largest value.
c) is that the mean is the smallest value. d) Can't be determined.
33) What does a large standard deviation suggest?
a) The scores are not widely distributed, and the median would be an unreliable measure of central
tendency.
b) All of the measures of central tendency would be reliable
c) Scores are not widely distributed, and the mean is a reliable measure of central tendency
d) Scores are widely distributed and that the mean may not be reliable measure of central
tendency
e) Scores are not normally distributed
34) What type of distribution is observed when most of the scores cluster around the lower end of the
scale?
a) A flat distribution
b) A related distribution
c) A negatively skewed distribution
d) A positively skewed distribution
e) A normal distribution
35) Which measure is the most unreliable indicator of central tendency if data are Skewed Distribution?
a) Median
b) Mode
c) Range
d) Mean
36) In meteorology, the intensity of UV-B radiation is classified as follows: weak, moderate, strong,
very strong, extreme. What is the type of this data?
a) Categorical ordinal.
b) Discrete numerical.
c) Categorical nominal.
d) Continuous numerical.
37) Which central values can be used in the case of nominal categorical variables?
a) Only the mean and median can be used.

b) Mode, median, and mean can be used.
c) Only the mode and the median can be used.
d) Only the mode can be used.
38) Which central tendency fits for characterizing random variables measured on ordinal scale?
a) only the mean and the median

b) only the median
c) only the mode and the median
d) only the mode and the mean
6
39) The variable is a
a) Subset of the population.

b) Parameter of the population.
c) Relative frequency.
d) Characteristic of the population to be measured.
40) Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?
a) The number of students taking statistics in this term at KSU.

b) The time to exercise daily.
c) Whether or not someone has a disease.
d) Height of certain buildings.
e) Level of education.
41) Which of the following is not an example of a discrete variable?
a) The number of students at the class of statistics.

b) The number of times a child cry in a certain day.
c) The time to run a certain distance.
d) The number of buildings in a certain street.
e) Number of educated persons in a family.
42) Which of the following is an example of a qualitative variable?
a) The blood pressure level.

b) The number of times a child brush his/her teeth.
c) Whether or not someone fail in an exam.
d) Weight of babies at birth.
e) The time to run a certain distance.
43) Which of the following is an example of a parameter?
a) The mean age of every one living in Saudi Arabia.

b)The median of glucose level for all diabetic patients.
c) The variance of the birth weights of all babies born in Riyadh.
d) All of (a) to (c).
e) None of (a) to (c).
44) Which of the following is an example of a statistic?
a) The mean age of all people in Saudi Arabia.

b) The number of children in Saudi Arabia.
c) The variance for the birth weights of all babies born in Riyadh.
d) The median glucose level for a sample of diabetic patients.
e) The type of disease a person has.
45) The continuous variable is a
a) Variable with a specific number of values.

b) Variable which can't be measured.
c) Variable takes on values within intervals.
d) Variable with no mode.
e) Qualitative variable.
7
46) The ordinal variable is a

b) Variable that takes on values within intervals.
c) Qualitative variable which can be ordered.
d) Variable with several modes.
e) Quantitative variable.
47) We calculate statistic instead of parameters because
a) Population are too large to measure the parameters.

b) Statistics are more popular than parameters.
c) Parameters are very large but statistics are small.
d) Statistics give more information than parameters.
e) We are only interested in values of statistics.
48) Which of the following is an example of a statistic?
a) The population variance.

b) The sample median.
c) The population mean.
d) The population mode
49) Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
a) The number of visitors of the clinic yesterday.

b) The time to finish the exam.
c) Whether or not the answer is true.
d) The number of patients suffering from a certain disease.
e) Level of education.
50) The y-axis in the graph of the histogram may represents the
a) Frequency.
b) Relative frequency.
c) Frequency percent.
d) either a), b) or c)
51) The discrete variable is a
a) Qualitative variable.
b) Variable with no mode.
d) Variable with a specific number of values.
e) Variable which cannot be measured.
52) Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?
a) Age of visitors of the clinic.

c) Whether or not the person is infected by influenza.
d) Weight of a sample of girls.
e) The number of educated patients.
8
53) The nominal variable is a

b) Qualitative variable which can't be ordered.
d) Variable with no mode.
e) Quantitative variable.
54) Which of the following is an example of an ordinal variable?
a) The number of persons who are injured in accidents.

c) Whether or not the medicine is effective.
d) Blood type of a sample of patients.
e) Socio-economic level.
55) When a hospital manager surveys a few of the patients for the purpose of drawing a conclusion
about the entire list of patients, she is applying.
a) Descriptive statistics
b) Numerical measures
c) Statistical charts
d) Inferential statistics
56) Below is the boxplot for the number of hours. The distribution of the number of hours is
a) Bimodal
b) right skewed
c) symmetrical
d) left skewed
57) What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram?
a) A bar chart typically has gaps between the bars while a histogram has no gaps
b) There is no difference between these two graphical displays.
c) The bars in a bar chart may be of various widths while the bars of a histogram are all the
same width.
d) The bars in a bar chart are all the same width while the bars of a histogram may be of various
widths.
58) The classification of blood type (A, B, AB, O) is an example of
a) A continuous variable
b) A discrete variable
c) A ordinal variable
d) A categorical variable
9
59) If the graph of a distribution of data shows that the graph is skewed to the right, then the
a) Median < Mean

b) Median < Mode
c) Mean ≈ Median
d) Mean < mode
60) Which of the following statistics is not a measure of variation?
a) Variance
b) Standard deviation
c) Mode
d) Range
61) Which measure of central tendency can be used for both numerical and categorical variables?
a) Median
b) Mean
c) Mode
d) First quartile
62) The degree of symmetry of a distribution is given by:
a) standard deviation
b) third quartile
c) skewness
d) kurtosis
63) Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
a) Variance
b) Median
c) Standard deviation
d) Range
64) The cholesterol levels of a group of adults the day after Eid is
a) discrete variable
b) qualitative variable
c) independent variable
d) continuous variable
65) A statistic is a value that describes a population characteristic while a parameter is computed
from a sample.
False / True
66) As a rule, a value is considered an extreme value if its Z score is greater than 3.
True / False
10
67) In right-skewed distributions, which of the following is the Correct statement?
a) The distance from Q1 to Q2 is smaller than the distance from Q2 to Q3.

b) The mode is larger than the mean.
c) The mean is smaller than the median
d) The distance from Q1 to Q2 is larger than the distance from Q2 to Q3.
68) As a general rule, a data point is considered to be an outlier if it is
a) more than three standard deviations away from the mean

b) less than two standard deviations away from the mean
c) more than one standard deviation away from the mean
d) less than one standard deviation away from the mean
69) In a right-skewed distribution:

a) the median equals the mean.
b) the mean is less than the median.
c) the mean is less than the mode.
d) the mean is greater than the median.
70)The difference between a histogram graph and a bar graph is

a) The bars of a histogram graph do not touch each other
b) The bars of a bar graph always touch each other
c) The bars of a histogram graph always touch each other
d) Any of the above is correct as long as the researcher knows what he or she is doing
71) The level of measurement for a bar graph must be

a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
72) All of the following are influenced by outliers EXCEPT:

a) Variance
b) Interquartile range
c) Standard deviation
d) Range
e) Mean
73) Biostatistics 's data obtained from medicine and biological science
False / True
74) The mean is not affected by extreme values.

False / True
11
75) We can classify the qualitative variable to discrete and continuous variable.
False / True
76) How would you use the drop-down menus in SPSS to generate a frequency table?
a) Open the Output Viewer and click: Save As; Pie Chart
b) Click on: Analyze; Descriptive Statistics; Frequencies
c) Click on: Graphs; Frequencies; Pearson
d) Open the Variable Viewer and recode the value labels
77) Why might you tell SPSS to represent the "slices" of a pie chart in different patterns?
a) Because the program tends to crash if you ask it to use colour.

b) Because the patterns form symbolic visual images of different social groups.
c) To make full use of the facilities that SPSS can offer.
d) If you do not have a colour printer, it makes the differences between the slices clearer.
78) How would you print a bar chart that you have just produced in SPSS?
a) In Output Viewer, click File, Print, select the bar chart and click OK
b) In Variable Viewer, open bar chart, click File, Print, OK
c) In Chart Editor, click Descriptive Statistics, Print, OK
d) In Data Editor, open Graphs dialog box, click Save, OK
12

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STAT 272 “Introduction to Biostatistics”

Final Exam: 31st May 2021, 11:30AM-1:30PM.

2. If A = 2 and B = 4, what would the value of Y be when X = 1? ( Y = a + bX )

3. If A = 5 and B = 10, what would the value of Y be when X = 100? ( Y = a + bX )

4. Suppose in Kolmogorov – smirnov (KS) test, the P-value is computed to be 0.034.?

5. When would you use the Tukey - Kramer procedure?

6. As the temperature rises, the crime rate increase.

7. Choose the nominal level variable below:

16. Measures of dispersion provide information about the:

17. The median defines “central tendency” in terms of the?

19. If a distribution of scores has a mean of 30 and a range of 0:

20. The bar charts are used for showing:

21. The pie charts are used for showing:

GH & FJ. 3 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

23. In the language of science, a variable that is thought to be casual is called:

25. The higher the alpha level:

26. A dichotomous variable:

27. In the context of chi square, variables are independent if:

32. With the command “select cases” in SPSS, we can:

34. ANOVA is appreciated for situations in which:

37. Sampling distribution for the ANOVA test is:

42. To satisfy the requirement of independent random sampling, the researcher:

44. The box plots are used:

GH & FJ. 6 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

47. The F ratio is used for:

48. The three commonly used measures of central tendency are:

49. The measures of central tendency are:

GH & FJ. 7 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

56. Which menu would you select to run statistical procedures?

58. Which of the following is true for the normal curve?

GH & FJ. 8 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

62. If there is a positive association between two variables:

64. As education increases, income rises. This is an example of a:

65. If the Odds ratio is 0.7:

GH & FJ. 9 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

67. Odds ratio =1 means:

70. A Pearson's r is appropriate for use with:

GH & FJ. 10 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

74. The lowest quartile is equal to:

79. The mode of (4,2.4, 3,2, 2) is:

GH & FJ. 11 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

82. Nominal is to as ratio is to .

83. The kurtosis is a measure of:

84. Categories of nominal level variables should be:

85. In time, the variable precedes the variable.

GH & FJ. 12 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

88. Which of the following statements about ordinal data is true?

93. VACCINETYPE: SINOPHARM 1.253, SPUTNIK 1.243, PFIZER .875.

GH & FJ. 13 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬

99. Levene's test tests whether:

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101. A paired sample t-test cannot be used:

109. The median defines "central tendency" in terms of the:

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and gender on blood cholesterol concentration in children.

A. one-way ANOVA test.

A. one-way ANOVA test.