-

ion
,
-
i al ( Political validity etc)
.

, , .

Back to Syntactic Category Compound nouns and syntactic units

→

They are different in respect of their stress patterns and

meaning
:

(Ns blackbird the White House sus black bird a white bird
,
.

There differences between CN and SU : and stress When the

two
meaning pattern compound has
acquired
meaning
are main . a

Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
beyond components separately that that of that it lexicaliced form
language in the history of the
goes
its used ,
we
say is a .

Lexicalizatioh, then ,
implies treating a
complex form as though it were mono
morphemic .
(Ns
usually have only one strong stress

which element has been lost the history ( please note that
because the one was on the second in of
English .
there are

double stressed compounds -

,
which won't be dealt with)

Rhythm
So far we've looked at stress as
property of words But when words
.
, are
strung together in sentences some of the stressed

stressed and others stress Take the word transcribed l aww

"

example it
"
lose their
syllables
'
remain over as an : is
may .

"

put this sentence like fence the word stress

"
the
"
But if into So, lexical
"
we a The
dog jumped over over is not stressed more and
any
.

, ,

and sentence stress are not

exactly the same
thing .

" "
The definition of rhythm speech ( Crystal the
pattern
"
is the perceived regularity of prominent units in
,
1980) or of occurrence in

weak events ( Ashby & Maidment 2005)

"
time of relatively strong
"
" "
and "
, .

There are two types of rhythm :

l .

Syllable -

timed rhythm is romance

languages
2 Stress timed rhythm
.
- is Germanic
languages Arabic , ,
Russian .

Both kinds of characterised by the of

rhythm are recurrence a
given element at regular intervals ( Iso chromyl
In syllable -
timed rhythm each syllable has the same duration wether it is stressed or not They are isochronous The time
, .
.

between stresses not isochronous It

depends the number syllables Si ni rien es a hablo mais
-

is on of ve rme ni te
,
. . .

In stress timed -

rhythm the time taken from one strong stress to the next is about the same .
Therefore some syllables will be

much shorter than others . So both of them left on the six o'clock train .

If we take the
English sentence
again we can divide it into RHYTHM UNITS or FEET units :
consisting of one
strongly stressed
syllable
,

and unstressed syllables that attach themselves to itthe .

I so both of them / left on the / six o

'
dock I train I → 4 feet

I said them at way at I once I → 3 feet

stress dash →
English tends to avoid
having lexical stress in two adjacent syllables ,
so sometimes stress will be shifted to

the favouring
another position in
syllable in order to avoid stress dash ; thus a
binary stress pattern in which
syllables are

( unstressed stressed unstressed etc ) →

Japanese HJ a- e mais
, , , .

panes

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 WTAE nor 23109120 ENGLISH SOUND SYSTEM
UNIT 1 :
Revision Vowels
llaengtl Hey Al ljotl correct
lskri.im/ correct ltaeksil correct
.←iappy AT
Isi H Isi H :
lledsl 1k£21
Is 't correct Avoid 1 lavsSdl

ldzambslldza mph
Phonetics studies the sounds of human speech: MwwhWMh
their articulation , transmission ( physical properties)
their
and
perception .

It is Consonants
an
empirical science and it is not PLACE OF ARTICULATION

a
part of
linguistics .

Phonology studies the sound

systems of
languages ,
¥5

it writes descriptions of the sound patterns

of
languages and makes general statements
about the nature of each sound system .

It is a
part of linguistics .
* this is an allophone ,
not a consonant .

The phoneme is the basic unit of

phonology .
-

Place of articulation : point of contact where an obs -

It the smallest contrastive unit minimal traction

is
,
pairs occurs .

are found by substituting one sound segment

for another on the same context .

seat lsi.tl # sheet Hitt

[this
process is called commutation test .

Similar , non -
contrastive sounds are called

allophones They .
are concrete realizations of

(while abstract)
sounds
phonemes are and

contextually dependent Manner of articulation : the config

-

interaction articulator,

ftp.caLTanmaking
They can be found in oration and of the when

kerfuffl.tn#f!ag
e
~
or a
speech sound .

Nasals : the velum is lowered and

the
one

the other
segment
never
occurs

occurs
in an

example
environment

:
Cp] and
where

Eph]
↳ between two phones
interchangeable relationship
in

substitute
which
eachother
the airflow

cavity .
goes
to the nasal

the
phones
. -

may
the first never occurs
syllable initially
-
in a
without
causing a
change in
meaning
Plosives or
stops : the air is blocked
DGP 't]
.

stressed
syllable while Cph] does [ phot]
at the
example :[ beta]1[bead
place of articulation to
,
.

accumulate pressure and then released .

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 Fricative : partially blocked airflow and airstream After voiceless consonant Isl

forced to at a constant After voiced 121

escape pace .

Affricates: A
stop followed by a fricative .
After sibilant 1321
↳
Lateral the airflow passes :
through both sides of the Is, zits,d3 , 5,31
tongue .

Cabbages Ckhaebadzzz]
n

Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
Approximant : articulator get close together but don't lambs n Cla:
ryz] Claemog]
cause friction . Crow uses [korazrn # to
devoicing of liquids e word final

Days Cdezz]

÷i:::÷÷
→
Diphthongs Floors [ffs :& 2)→
or
devoicing of liquid after voiceless fricative

:c::÷÷:
es hair as
my Sponge so )
[ spandzzz

Classe@ [ k !a. SID

Hoopes Chu
:p
lecture n°2 28109120 Myths → Lmz As]

Phonology →
phoneme Roses Craoszz]
is

Phonetics as
allophone -

complementary distribution Regular past tense

morpho phonemic alternations .

-
free variation Looked → Clu : kd ] [ It kth] -

Practice Used → Cjuizd] O

[
phi :p 13 [ phi : Saved a
plz [ sezrd]
.

[ st 23 Esta:3 Groaned a [ grand?

[ skeari ] Waited → Lwaestsd?
-
'
iohptiofinualalaskpirat ""
coached
.LT#Sd3CthatSth3ca:sk3noptiowalk
[ stack] Czthaek]M

aspiration Cauphatic )
Cried → Ckrasd]
speech
o o

[thsmeztzv] Waded as [wesdsd?

[
sp
Is:3 Aptos :3
7/10/20
English
The
morphophonemics alternations
simple pastpast participle -
suffix allomorphy :

[hi sa : rvd In di a :rmi zn do sskind world as:]

-

It] after voiceless C: talked Its:kH

hi sad Indi a- mi In Es se hand wild

-

Ld] after voiced C or V : lived llsrdl

.

Ws :
-

fed] after [d) or ft): needed Ini : dzdl

lecture n°3 30/10/20 The regular plural 's / genitive /3rd

-

person sing Suffix

.

allomorphic :

Cs) after voiceless talks Its:ks/

Hedges lhedylhedgeslhedzzzlchedgsi.is C:
-

girls lgos.la/Cg3:tzTYoise&aut-- lives llzvzl

Girls 11 2 K] after voiceless ( V:
Iga
-

: or

Sinko Isi [323 after sibilant catches lkaetfzzl

yklsinkslsis.gs/cssyks3
-

: :

Bushesis lbugzzlcbufszi

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 Allopatric
1. ASPIRATION
alternations in
English
The lungfish voiceless oral stops lp.tk/ unless aspirated before vowels the
, preceded by 1st, are in

following contexts :

At the
beginning of syllable (and always word initial regardless of stress) :[ phiot3.ca'thaek3
-

a
-

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Always word initially unstressed syllables Eth - ma : tied
-

-
in :

In final Unreleased
word position ,
oral stops can be :
-

Released →
Aspirated carefully articulated
-

in

speech
: more

↳ skh )
: ask Ca:

Un
aspirated : ask [a .sk]

The acoustic distinction between voiceless aspirated and unaspirated stops is based on their
different Vol ( voice onset times .

2 DEVOICING Plosives, fricatives affricates

.

ft ,

Partial loss of sonority .

We devoice voiced obstruent in final position :

Id l n [ d.3 : sad C Sae

do] 124131 freeze : Cfri : ]
z 1h13 : leave Cli : ]
y

Approximant ( liquids and glides) when preceded by ( same onset) :

,
,
a voiceless
plosive syllable
pr.ee]
Cpl i :D ] [
.
Ftju:D [
turn]
2. 1
Devoicing of approximant .

Approximant preceded by onset)

voiceless
plosive of fricative
s a ( same
syllable
[ kloaodz] [ pbiot) Iyaz] [ Syrup]

No devoicing after Is It
sprout stray split
of
approximant s
plosives : , ,
scratch ,
. . .

DEVOICING PRECEDES ASPIRATION THEY .

ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
3. VEL ARIZA710N
"

vowel ) ( end )
"
Dark velarised 111 Ct] (After Cs mo :t3
syllable codes
-

or in a
occurs .

"
"
-
clear 111 always in onsets (
beginning) Clerk] :

Syllabic laterals are

usually velarized Clztt] ( Dark)
Vocal is ed 111 co] results if the
tongue tip contact is lost in the articulation of [ t] child is
Ctfazod]
4. GLOTTALRATION

Results from the obstruction of the airstream produced by the closure of the vocal folds and the sudden release of the

air when the vocal folds separate .

It is voiceless .
[I ]
to avoid hiatus shroud : the door [to do :3
It
usually linking
-

appears where a r is open zz

supan]
-

Glottal reinforcement of the voiceless plosives Ipl Al ,

,
and 1kt : Les?prob april
didnt]
Before
any word initial stressed vowel , particularly if the word
emphasized 3 didn't tease
-

-
is

As 1H bettuueen vowels : letter

allophone of [ lets
-

an

preceding sound
At the end of a if the sonorant : out carts
syllable rowel
-

is a or

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 lecture no 7 19110120 sometimes ,
in fast
speech ,
lal elision results in ha -

You 'd better go

to bed early tonight pdogy (loss of a whole syllable) as in
library
[judo bets to bed e: Ii thrash ] [ lazbrz]
gso .

ljvd bets
gso to bed 3 : Ii tsnaztl Schwa Anisian resulting in
syllabicity of liquids and

[ bed tip as?] nasals : Vowels the nucleus of the syllable :

judo bets
gov tha .
3 : ti are when

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can I do anything else for you
? lol is elided
only liquids and nasals can
replace it
then as du
eniosy els foo .

jut as the nucleus but ,

in order to omit the Isl ,
the
→ glottal reinforcement
[ then Laz du:3 enid
signets fo :3 liquid nasal
following lslmust be more than
ju
: or senoras
,

the but
preceding lol bottle
if

We put the sofa in the front room 's corner

segment .

tasty
live part As soufor Esa frantru.mzks.us/ two-man] be nasals have the level
Wei
In no omission same

of
[
phu? As safer In Is fyanthrv.mg ks : ]
us sonority .

She several awards last Aslan] no b level of sonority

won
year omission some .

Isi sevrlsws.dz la : St
Wan
( I 8$32 1 The scale of sonority
[ Si
sevyrtsws.dz/a:stz'jgzsr/E3 Plosives

}
wan

↳ palatalization Affricates Obstruent : high degree of obstruction to the

ttj=S dtj =3 fricatives airflow

lecture n°8 21110120 Nasals

]N
( Glottalisatin) liquids
Before and Ill: button [ ban] Glides Sonorant low to
syllabic lui obstruction to the airflow
-

: no

5. LINKING +
INT Vowels
In non -
rothic accents of
English
5.1. LINKING IN : an final silent Irl CONTEXTUAL ASSIMILATION
etymological word -

is
pronounced when a vowel -
initial suffix of word follows Alveolar consonants It , d , ns.zl assimilate place of articulation

across a
morpheme or word boundary to break the hiatus : of
following bilabial or velar consonants Good .
girl Cgvg
the Palatalization of alveolar fric
g. 3:13
car is mine As ka :
r 32 mash ] in me Csm me ] .
-

5.2. INTRUSIVE IN natives before

: an un
etymological Irl inserted palatals I miss [
you as my ju] Coalescent
.

word -

finally to avoid hiatus , particularly after those assimilation did you [ dsdgu
] Devoicing of 41 before voice

vowels that less

typically precede Irl: her [ as Sir 23 consonants is
compulsory in lexical sed forms
-

s saw .
.

NEITHER APPEAR AFTER HIGH VOWELS have to Chief tsd of course Laf ko :S]

6. VOWEL ELISION REMEMBER WEAK FORMS

Occurs as an extreme case of
complete vowel lecture n°12 26/10/20
reduction in unstressed
syllables Mainly .
affects the PHONOLOGICAL PROBLEMS -

UNIT 2
elision of 1st post tonic -

position . lol elision in the Page 15

anthology
contest of a
following sonorant consonant may

result the the sonorant

in
syllabicity of
following .

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 How to solve a
phonological problem?
1 Find minimal
a
pair
.

2 If there must look for

. are no minimal
pairs we allophones
The main
objective of
phonological problems is to determine the sounds status
'
.

3. If there are no
allophones in free variation we must state the
complementary distribution .

Tojo labat nos

[t] ( th ] the phoneme always appears in a wider

between vowels : i -
a word final " a -
# variety of contexts ,
so we can
generalize
d- a word final: U -
# the context .

after voiceless plosive k and

before o: k -
o

word initial followed by

vowel i: # -
i
4. Stablish which one is the phoneme
lecture
.

n°13 28110120
We must be able to make statements about phonological features .

'

dos Kisi m] [ Sak] Ck ak]

Tojo Labat no

[ Zak]
'

[k' is in] Hak ]

IN and KY phonemes be I have found near minimal 118
are
pairs on

Korean no 3
[ S3 [ 53 123
# -
U # - i n - d
#
O - a - e
y - a

# -
o m -
i
# - a

1st [ 531 # [front Vs]

Allophones in
Complementary distribution
§
- .

[231C has als] -

Css elsewhere

Brazilian 1- front high]

Portuguese n°8
[ d) [
djs dl -

Cdp -4 [ i3
t Ed31elsewhere
-

# - d o - e # i a -
i
-

d- U i - u o - i a' -
i
Allophones in complementary distrito .

a- r r - a r -
i

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 Japanese no 16
Cts] Cts Cts
U -
U # -
i # - e

# - u a -
i i - d

U -
i # -
O

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IH - Ctd has

§ HSV
Ct elsewhere ]
-
cis

9111120
How to solve phonological problems (doc campus)
.

Turkish n°13
4 and 7 minimal 1 and 10 minimal
B
near
pairs .
near
pairs .

b
a -
i # -
d

Malay no 19
[his [ IS IN → [231 word final
# - d 2- # lock
] ldse where
U -
d o - # Allophones in CD .

a-
p
Es
Russian no 18
KI KI 631
[es
palatal sound
-

ICE ]
-

i -
si si #- elsewhere
vi. ri j -
I Allophones in Cb .

di - h
3 - S

ti
pi -
di -
l

i - s Her

Monday ,
November 16M

Allophonic and
phonological length
duration of sounds
Length the physical All
segments CVs and Cs ) shorter What is
important wether
differences
is . can be made longer or .
is

phonologically significant in
length particular languages
in are .

Some
languages have phonological vowel length :

Eng sheep Csi :p]

. v.
ship [Ssp] n the difference in
length (apart from the
quality) is contrastive .

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 Swedish goat Cje :b
given gets
-

: v.

Some other
languages have
phonological consonant length :

Italian fats Cfa to] : : v .

fratto Chatto)
-

Finnish : [Kisa] cat Ck is:D

game v.

Finnish contrastive ly Estonian does the

uses both Vaud C length . sane and it adds three
degrees of distinctive

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length (short , long and over long! -

Phonological length differences in

English
Quality versus quantity in the
English Vowel
system .
Difference in vowel
length is also
accompanied by a

difference in quality : Ii :/ is closer and more

peripheral than 131 he land la: I have
.

approximately the same

length Thus .
,
because quality has greater value ,
length is best treated as
suprasegmental .

The tense -
lax distinction in the
English Vowel system .

Short Vs are more

open
and centralized that long Vs .
Kong Vs are tense -

they involve greater muscular

effort the tongue further from its rest Short Vs lax
as is
away position of . are .

Classification Vowels the feature CI Tense]

of a
carding to

⇐ tense] i: a: s: v: 3:

C- tense] I e ae b v n a

Pre fort is -

dipping
Shortening of Us and
diphthongs before a voiceless Fortis
( in coda
position .

cbu.dz/bootEbu-t3cardCka:d3/cartCkait3
greed cgri.dz/greetLgrit3 booed
wrote road as:vd3 I Crout]

joys Cdp six Joyce Cdzszs]

:

Nasals and vowels these contexts both the Vaud the CD of " burned
"

liquids undergo the same in

process as :

Cb bold than
" "

longer than burnt; and both the V and the

longer bolt
"

of
" "

are are in .

Other factors determining phonetic length variation in

English :

Vs
longer when stressed
-

are

Stressed Vs final syllables than

-

are longer in in other positions .

Vowel length important for the distinction

is an cue in
English of word boundaries I scream [ as skri.ms/l ice cream
-
Cass kri :m3 Vowels are
longer
in
open syllables and shorter in closed ones .

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 Short Vs are often found in the past tenses of irregular verbs sleep I
slept
Morpho phonemic Alternations in derivation
In the history of English long Vs
,
are often shortened when one or

more
syllables are added in derivation .
sheep Sheperd Have
-
-

cavern

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 Unit 3: Length

Difference between phonological and allophonic or phonetic length

As seen in Phone*cs I, the concept of phonology refers to phonemes, and the concept of
allophonic or phone*c, to allophones. This dis*nc*on is very important to understand the
difference between phonological and allophonic (or phone*c) length. In the former case, we
work with phonemes (different sounds), and in the laBer, with allophones (varia*ons of the
same sound).

For example, the vowel contrast /i:-I/ represent two different phonemes, which make
differences in meaning, e.g., feet-fit; peel-pill; beat-bit, etc.

These two vowels are represented in the vowel trapezium (see unit 1), because they are two
different phonemes.

Differences in length between /i:-I/ are phonological because they produce differences
in meaning (along with vowel quality: position of the tongue in the oral cavity).

HOWEVER, pre-fortis clipping (shortening of vowels and diphthongs before a fortis or

obstruent consonant in coda position) indicates allophonic length, not phonological. This is
because vowel duration or length depends on the context in which vowels appear (phonemes do
not depend on the context).

Example: leave /li:v/ vs. leaf /li:f/.

At the phonological level, these two words are distinguished by the phonemes /v/ and /f/.
However, at the allophonic level, voiced final obstruents are devoiced in pronunciation: i.e.,
[li:vß].

Devoicing means that part of vocal cord vibration in voiced sounds is lost. Therefore, the
distinction between final /f/ and /v/ is not clear at the allophonic level. Pre-fortis clipping
makes the distinction between these two words. When applying the definition, /i:/ is shorter in /
leaf/ than in /leave/: [li·f] vs. [li:vß]

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 Shortening of /i:/ is represented in the first instance by a half-length mark (versus a full-length
mark in the second example).

However, this distinction only occurs at the allophonic level, because we are not comparing two

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different vowels, we are contrasting the same vowel, i.e., /i:/, which depending on the context
(i.e., before voiced or voiceless obstruent) is made longer or shorter. In other words, /i:/ has two
different contextual realisations.

length exercises anthology

1. Transcribe first in broad then in narrow to indicate the length of the vowels .

carve -
calf lkaivllka.FI Ha:v3[Kaf ]

curs -

curse lks.zllkz.is/Ck3:z3Ck3os3
believe belief - lbzli.ir//bzli:f/Cbzli:v3Lbslif3

.de/lbrs:tlCbrs:d3Cbrst3HaguelHaig-hakelhezg1lhesk/Che:sg3
broad -

brought Ibra
Cheek]

robe -

rope lrsvbllrsopl Crs :vb3Crsvp

slayed Blade slatelslezdllskstlcslc.zd3lsle.at]

-

lied -

light llasdlllaztl Cla :zd3Clazt3

purge
-

perch lps.dz/lp3:tsllps:dz3Cp3'H3 .

baselbasslbezzllbezsl [ be :zz3[ be .es]

bays -

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 30/11/20

Unit 4- the syllable

speakers can differaviate syllables and count them Sometimes there .

uncertainty
is .
Where does the syllable boundary lie?
Syllable structure may be in conflict with morpheme structure .

Language users are not accustomed to establishing syllable

boundaries they do not
normally need to do But syllable structure must be part of speaker 's phonological
knowledge
as so . a

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speaker English following because a native of knows that the clusters are not well formed:

Initial Im, mr hw second argument for the existence of the

syllable that it the domain of phonological
many
:
is is
,

Medial kmr, two

pkm,
:

processes .

Final km tu In French Imai may

' '
the final Cns nasalizes the V, but the intervocalic and
:

pk , ,
maman mum
,
preceding
does not do the same as it is an onset C ( ma . man ) .

Many processes
affect syllable edges or margins .

1 .

devoicing of final obstruent in Cat and in German .

2.
aspiration of voiceless stops in
English .

3.
Homorganic Nasal Assimilation morphemic words bump kind sink but moonbeam gumdrop
applies finally only mono in : -

, , ,
.

Syllable Phonotactics study of the restrictions

o : the ability of
segments to stand next to on one another .

µ It affects the internal structure of onsets ,

codas and
rhymes .

Onset Rhyme ( V is the most basic structure in human

languages .
All languages have CV syllables (at least), or
may
^
pelakl Nucleus
- '

hoteli ! Preference for

"

syllables hotel
"

only Swahili
"
allow CV such as Swahili or
Japanese Eng is
p
r
coda
.

l
>
X filled rather than
empty onsets insertion : of E3 in
Engl before initial Vs A .

syllable types are

h t
children first utter the adult
the ones
Syllables in
language with
branching onsets will be

g i ve n
.

structure by children CV .

Syllable weight
Most stressed English heavy diphthong consonants
syllables in are : A long V or W short V ( nots, i, u) it or
,
-

more .

Light syllables : the

rhyme includes only 1V .

fanarity scale and the sonority sequencing generalization

syllables can be
recognised by a
peak of
prominence
flanked by troughs the sonority first
: rises and then falls .

¥9
Universal formation that defines
principle of syllable
optimal
an

syllable sonority peak optionally preceded and

as a

followed by segments that decrease in sonority the further they

occur from the nucleus .

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syllabification
Division of words into syllables universal rules
.
Based on
language specific -
or
principles or .

the location
"
When intervocalic :/ hae pil
happy
"
a
single C
appears in
position ,
the SSG cannot predict of
syllable boundary .
.
or

I haep .
it ? Both are correct as far as sonority .

Naep it be stressed syllables English must contain either VV or VC So the correct

syllabification
counterintuitive
is in is
wrong
. .

for the native

speaker .

syllabification English The Maximal onset Principle Ambi syllabicity

2
principal competing theories of have been proposed for .
+ .

John Wells
theory of syllabicity
'
.

The maximal onset principle (MOP) Amiga many Cs to the onset as permitted by the phonological constraints of the
:
as

language in question En gland actress : .

What about short Vs in open syllables? And the constraint that requires stressed syllables to be heavy? winner
honey bother
The solution found ambi syllabicity Any L following
is short stressed V
in ambisyllabic it belongs to both the coda and
: a is :

the onset of the adjacent syllables happy

pet trot grammar . .

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 The
syllable

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si lees esto me debes un besito

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