Physiology 09102018

1
Classification
&
Comparison of Muscles
Dr.Viral I. Champaneri, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Physiology
2
Classification of Muscles
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Muscle Muscle Muscle
3
Comparison Features
1. Structural features
2. Nerve supply and control
3. Electrical features
4. Excitation contraction coupling

4
Comparison Features
5. Contractility characteristics
6. Chemical composition
7. Blood supply
8. O2 consumption and Muscle energetics

5
Structural Features
6
Striations
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles Smooth Muscles
• Present • Present • Absent

7
Size of Fibers
• Length • Length • Length
▫ 1-40 mm ▫ 80 µm ▫ 50-500 µm
• Diameter • Diameter • Diameter
▫ 50-500 µm ▫ 15 µm ▫ 2-10 µm
8
Shape of the Muscle Fibers

• Cylindrical • Cylindrical • Spindle
shaped
9
Branching of Fibers
• Absent • Present • Absent

10
Connection between fibers

• Functional • Single Unit

• Absent ▫ Functional
connections connection
• Forming Present
• Multiunit
Functional ▫ No
Syncytium connections
11
Nucleus
• Single / • Central • Single
• Multiple with many
• At periphery nuclei
12
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

• Very well • Well developed • Moderately
• Not as Skeletal
developed developed
muscle
13
Sarcotubular system
• Present • Present • Present
• Well • But not well
developed developed
14
Sarcotubular system
• 2 Triad • 1 Triad • Not well
• Per • Per developed
• Sarcomere Sarcomere
15
T - Tubule
• At • At • Not well
• A-I junction • Z line developed

16
Thick & Thin filaments

• Arranged • Arranged • Not arranged
• regularly • regularly • regularly

17
Sarcomere
• Present • Present • Absent

18
Regulating protein
• Troponin • Troponin • Calmodulin

19
Ca2+ store & Ca2+ Pump in SR

• High • Moderate • Low

20
Na+ channels in the membrane

• Fast Voltage • Fast voltage • Mainly slow

gated Na+ gated Na+ Voltage gated Na+-
channels channels Ca+ channels
• Slow voltage • Few Fast voltage
gated Na+-Ca+ gated Na+
channels channels
21
Mitochondria
• Few • Many • Few

22
Nerve supply & Control

23
Nerve supply
• Somatic • Autonomic • Autonomic

nerves nerves
nerves
• Sympathetic • Sympathetic
▫ Excitatory ▫ Inhibitory
• Parasympathetic • Parasympathetic
▫ Inhibitory ▫ Excitatory
24
Control
• Voluntary • Involuntary ▫ Involuntary

25
Electrical features
26
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

• -80 to -90 mV • -80 to -85 mV • -50 to -60 mV

27
Action potential Shape

• Spike ▫ Plateau • Single Unit

potential potential ▫ Plateau &
Spike
• Multiunit
▫ Spike
28
Action potential duration

•1 to 5 • 100 - 300 • Single Unit

milliseconds milliseconds • Plateau for
100-1000 msec
• Spike for
10-50 mSec
29
Stimulated by
• Somatic • Autonomic • Autonomic
nerves nerves nerves

• Hormones
• Local tissue
factors
30
Excitability
• High • Moderate • Low

31
Conductivity
• Fast • Slow • Slow

32
Absolute refractory Period

• 1 to 3 msec • 180 – 200 msec • Not defined

33
Autorhythmicity
• Not present • Present • Present in

• Single unit
muscle
34
Excitation - Contraction Coupling

35
Speed of Phenomenon
• Rapid • Very rapid • Very Slow

36
Site of 2+
Ca attachment
• Troponin • Troponin • Myosin

37
Mechanism of 2+
Ca Mobilization
• T-tubule • Ca2+ induced • Inositol

depolarized Ca2+ released triphosphate
(IP3)
• Increases
release of Ca2+
38
Dependence on ECF 2+
[Ca ]
• Not • Partly • Almost

dependent dependent • Totally
dependent
39
Contractility characteristics
40
Rate of contraction
• Fast • Fast • Slow

41
Rate of relaxation
• Fast • Fast • Slow

42
Duration of Muscle Twitch

• Fast fibers • 11/2 times of • About 1000

total duration of
▫ 7.5 msec msec
Action potential
• Slow fibers
• [100 to 300
▫ 100 msec
mSec]
43
All or None law

• Obeyed by • Obeyed by • Single Unit

• Single muscle • Whole Muscle • Whole muscle
fiber • Multiunit
• Single muscle
fiber
44
Multiple (Quantal) summation

• Possible • Not possible • Not possible

• Work as
• Functional
syncytium
45
Tetanus (Wave) summation

• Possible • Not possible • Not possible

• Due to long • Process of
refractory contraction is
period (ARP) long
• (180 – 200mSec)
46
Fatigue
• Possible • Not possible • Possible

• Due to long • Difficult to
refractory
demonstrate
period
• More blood
supply
47
Length-Tension Relationship
• Maximum • Maximum • Shows

tension tension property of
• Developed at • Developed at Plasticity
• Optimal length • Optimal length
48
Chemical composition
49
Protein
• Maximum • Less • Less

50
Glycogen
• Less • More • Less

51
ATP & Phosphogen

• Present • Present • Present

52
Fat
• Mainly natural • More • Mainly

fats Phospholipids natural fats
• Cholesterol
53
Blood supply
• 840 ml/min • 250 ml /min • 350 ml /min
•3 to 4 • 80 • 1.4
ml/100gm/min ml/100gm/min ml/100gm/min

54
Oxygen consumption
• Moderate • High • Low

55
Neuromuscular Junction
Dr.Viral I. Champaneri, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Physiology
56
• Skeletal muscle fibers
• Innervated by Large myelinated nerve fibers
• Originate in large motoneurons of the anterior
horns of spinal cord

57
• Each nerve fiber
• After entering the muscle belly
• Branches and stimulates
• Three to several hundred skeletal muscle fibers

58
• Each nerve ending makes a junction
• Called Neuromuscular Junction
• With the muscle fiber
• Near its midpoint

59
• Synapse between
• Nerve fiber
• And
• The muscle fiber

60
• Resulting action potential in the muscle fiber
• Travels in both directions
• Towards
• The muscle fiber ends

61
• Exception : 2% of the muscle fibers
• Only one (1) neuromuscular junction
• Per muscle fiber

62
Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Neuromuscular junction formed
• By  Large myelinated nerve fiber
• To  A skeletal muscle fiber

63
• Nerve fiber  Branches at its end
• To form complex of branching nerve terminals
• Invaginate muscle fiber
• But lies outside
• The muscle fiber plasma membrane

64
• The entire structure
• Branching nerve terminal
• Invagination of muscle fiber is called
• Motor end plate

65
• Motor end plate:
• Thickened portion of
• Muscle membrane at the junction

66
• Motor end plate:
• Specialized portion of
• The sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
• Surrounding the terminal end of the axon

67
• The nerve endings fit into Junctional folds
• Junctional folds 
• Depression in the motor end plate

68
• Motor end plate
• Covered by one or more Schwann cells
• That insulate motor end plate
• From surrounding fluids

69
• Invaginated membrane is called
• Synaptic gutter
• Or
• Synaptic trough
70
• The space between
• The terminal nerve ending and
• Thickened muscle fiber membrane
• Synaptic space or Synaptic cleft

71
• Synaptic space or Synaptic cleft
• 20 to 30 nanometers (nm) wide
• Comparable to synaptic cleft at
• Neuron-to-neuron synapses
72
• Subneural clefts:
• At the bottom of synaptic gutter
• Numerous smaller folds of muscle membrane

73
• Subneural clefts:
• Increase surface area
• At which synaptic transmitter
• Can act
74
• Axon terminal:
• Many Mitochondria
• Supply Adenoosine Triphosphate (ATP)

75
• ATP  Energy source
• Used mainly for
• Synthesis of excitatory transmitter 
Acetylcholine (Ach)
76
• Acetylcholine (Ach):
• Excites muscle fiber membrane
• Synthesized : In cytoplasm of nerve terminal
• Absorbed rapidly
• In to many small synaptic vesicles

77
• Synaptic vesicles:
• 3,00,000
• Terminal of single end plate

78
• Acetylcholineesterase:
• Synaptic space
• Capable to destroying acetylcholine (Ach)

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1

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

2. Nerve supply and control

4. Excitation contraction coupling

8. O2 consumption and Muscle energetics

• Present • Present • Absent

• Length • Length • Length

• Diameter • Diameter • Diameter

Shape of the Muscle Fibers

• Cylindrical • Cylindrical • Spindle

• Absent • Present • Absent

Connection between fibers

• Functional • Single Unit

• Single / • Central • Single

• Multiple with many

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

• Very well • Well developed • Moderately

• Present • Present • Present

• Well • But not well

• 2 Triad • 1 Triad • Not well

• Per • Per developed

• A-I junction • Z line developed

Thick & Thin filaments

• Arranged • Arranged • Not arranged

• regularly • regularly • regularly

• Present • Present • Absent

• Troponin • Troponin • Calmodulin

Ca2+ store & Ca2+ Pump in SR

• High • Moderate • Low

Na+ channels in the membrane

• Fast Voltage • Fast voltage • Mainly slow

• Few • Many • Few

Nerve supply & Control

• Somatic • Autonomic • Autonomic

• Voluntary • Involuntary ▫ Involuntary

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

• -80 to -90 mV • -80 to -85 mV • -50 to -60 mV

Action potential Shape

• Spike ▫ Plateau • Single Unit

Action potential duration

•1 to 5 • 100 - 300 • Single Unit

• Somatic • Autonomic • Autonomic

nerves nerves nerves

• High • Moderate • Low

• Fast • Slow • Slow

Absolute refractory Period

• 1 to 3 msec • 180 – 200 msec • Not defined

• Not present • Present • Present in

Excitation - Contraction Coupling

• Rapid • Very rapid • Very Slow

• Troponin • Troponin • Myosin

• T-tubule • Ca2+ induced • Inositol

• Not • Partly • Almost

• Fast • Fast • Slow

• Fast • Fast • Slow

Duration of Muscle Twitch

• Fast fibers • 11/2 times of • About 1000

All or None law

• Obeyed by • Obeyed by • Single Unit

Multiple (Quantal) summation

• Possible • Not possible • Not possible

Tetanus (Wave) summation

• Possible • Not possible • Not possible