EE 254

Dr. Tharindu Weerakoon

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya

Lecture Note #04

2. Op-Amp Applications
⁂ Linear Applications ⁂ Nonlinear Applications
 Inverting amplifiers  Precision rectifiers
 Noninverting amplifiers  Peak detectors
 Differential amplifiers  Schmitt-trigger comparator
 Summing amplifiers  Logarithmic amplifiers
 Integrators
 Differentiators
 Low/ High pass filters
 Instrumentational amplifiers

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 Inverting op-amp circuit

The voltage gain

𝑣𝑂
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑣𝐼
The input current
Inverting op-amp equivalent circuit
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣1 𝑣𝐼
𝑖1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1
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The output voltage
𝑣𝐼
𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣1 − 𝑖2 𝑅2 = 0 − 𝑅2
𝑅1

Therefore, the closed-loop voltage gain

𝑣𝑂 𝑅2
𝐴𝑣 = =− Inverting op-amp equivalent circuit
𝑣𝐼 𝑅1

The input resistance

𝑣𝐼
𝑅𝑖 = = 𝑅1
𝑖1

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 Currents and voltages in the inverting op-amp

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The circuit configuration to be designed is shown in the figure. Design
the circuit such that the voltage gain is 𝐴𝑣 = −5. Assume the op-amp
is driven by an ideal sinusoidal source, 𝑣𝑠 = 0.1 sin𝜔𝑡 (𝑉), that can
supply a maximum current of 5 μA. Assume that frequency 𝜔 is low so
that any frequency effects can be neglected.

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Solution:
Given The input current 𝑖1
𝐴𝑣 = −5 𝑣𝐼 𝑣𝑠
𝑣𝑠 = 0.1 sin𝜔𝑡 (𝑉)
𝑖1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑖1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝜇𝐴
If 𝑖1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝜇𝐴
𝑣𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.1
𝑅1 = = ⇒ 20𝑘Ω
𝑖1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 × 10−6

𝑅2
The closed-loop gain 𝐴𝑣 is given by 𝐴𝑣 = − = −5
𝑅1
We then have 𝑅2 = 5𝑅1 = 5 20 = 100𝑘Ω
Trade-offs: If the signal source has a finite output resistance and the
desired output voltage is 𝑣𝑜 = −0.5 sin𝜔𝑡 , the circuit must be
redesigned.
Assume the output resistance of the source is 𝑅𝑆 = 1 𝑘Ω.
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Solution: Redesign Solution:
The output resistance of the
signal source is now part of
the input resistance to the
op-amp.

𝑣𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.1
Then, 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑆 = = −6
⇒ 20𝑘Ω
𝑖1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 × 10
Since 𝑅𝑆 = 1 𝑘Ω, We then have; 𝑅1 = 19 𝑘Ω

The feedback resistor is then;

𝑅2 = 5 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑠 = 5 19 + 1 = 100 𝑘Ω

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 Input Voltage Given
𝐴𝑣 = −5
𝑣𝑠 = 0.1 sin𝜔𝑡 (𝑉)
𝑖1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝜇𝐴

Output Voltage

Input Current

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 The current through 𝑅1
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣1
𝑖1 =
𝑅1
The current through 𝑅2
𝑣1 − 𝑣0
𝑖2 =
𝑅2
The output voltage
𝑣𝑂 = −𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑣1 Then,
The terminal (1) voltage 𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝐼 + 𝐴 − 𝐴 − 𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝑂 𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑑
𝑖1 = = 𝑖2 =
𝑣1 = − 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝐴𝑜𝑑
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 𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝑂
𝑣𝐼 + 𝐴 − 𝐴 − 𝑣𝑂
𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑑
=
𝑅1 𝑅2
Solving for the closed-loop gain
𝑣𝑂 𝑅2 1
𝐴𝑣 = =−
𝑣𝐼 𝑅1 1 + 1 1 + 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅
𝑜𝑑 1

If 𝐴𝑜𝑑 → ∞, the gain becomes same as the ideal closed-loop gain

𝑣𝑂 𝑅2 1 𝑅2
𝐴𝑣 = = lim − =−
𝑣𝐼 𝐴𝑜𝑑 →∞ 𝑅1 1 + 1 1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1
𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑅1
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Determine the deviation from the ideal due to a finite differential gain.
Consider an inverting op-amp with 𝑅1 = 10𝑘Ω and 𝑅2 = 100𝑘Ω.
Determine the closed-loop gain for: 𝐴𝑜𝑑 = 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , and
106 . Calculate the percent deviation from the ideal gain.

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Solution: The ideal closed-loop gain;
𝑅2 100
𝐴𝑣 = − =− = −10
𝑅1 10

If 𝐴𝑜𝑑 = 102 ,
𝑣𝑂 𝑅2 1
𝐴𝑣 = =−
𝑣𝐼 𝑅1 1 + 1 1 + 𝑅2
𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑅1
Then;
100 1 10
𝐴𝑣 = − ∙ =− = −9.01
10 1 100 1 − 0.11
1+ 2 1+
10 10

Which is a 9.9% deviation from the ideal.

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Solution:
For the other differential gain values we have the following results:

֍ In this case, the open loop gain must be at least 103 in order to be
within 1% of the ideal gain.
֍ At low frequencies, most op-amp circuits have gains on the order
of 105 , so achieving the required accuracy is not difficult.
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 Equivalent circuit of ideal
Non-inverting op-amp circuit noninverting op-amp

We assume that no current enters the input terminals. Since 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 ,

then 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝐼 , and current 𝑖1 is given by
𝑣1 𝑣𝐼
𝑖1 = − =−
𝑅1 𝑅1
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Current 𝑖2 is given by
𝑣1 − 𝑣𝑂 𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣𝑂
𝑖2 = =
𝑅2 𝑅2

As before, 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 , so that

𝑣𝐼 𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣𝑂
− =
𝑅1 𝑅2

The closed-loop voltage gain 𝐴𝑣

𝑣𝑂 𝑅2
𝐴𝑣 = =1+ Equivalent circuit of ideal
𝑣𝐼 𝑅1
noninverting op-amp
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