Solutions & Colligative properties

^
 volatile than B
If A is more →

p? > ÑB

p°A •
Ps
•
P°B

PB Pa

✗
B=0 XB=l
✗ = I XA=0
A

pure B
pure A

Pti
✓
e → rap
e
.

pure pure
B A

↳
that
!,÷,= ftp./Yn- ÷;
=
-
+

p°A
When we gradually decrease the pressure then
,

a point comes where first bubble of vapour

point
starts forming . Hence it is called bubble

curve .

will be
further decreasing the pressure , there
on

equilibrium b/w l and vapour .

an

A point comes

On further decreasing the vapour

,

converted into
where almost all liq . has

( dew) remains
drop of liq
.

last
.

the
vapour only
.

point curve .

called dew
Hence it is

TT
v
e e →
v

pure
pure
B
A
 PF =
30
, P°B = 100

Xt =

§ ,
✗
B
=
¥
(1) Ps =
PFXT +
ÑBXB
of
=

(30×3)+(100×5) = 58 mm Hg

( Ii )
Yt
P°Tp 3°g×g
=

=
=
÷ =
Fg
Ypg = I -

Yt = 1-
§g=¥g
It }=iYB=É )
( iiipg !÷ ( 4-
-_ + =

PF
3-
=

5×30
+
⇐ too
 =
+
Iso =

¥
'
of HJ
Ps
25¥ 123-5
=
= mm

Iu ) B'
"
✗
( ,
✗
T
2

§B÷x3
ÑBB
ypg ¥
=
=

'
Ps

✗
pd
f-
=

* = 1-
f- =E
 pTfp@Aff_qgi-0-1iXB-o.g1

qxgq.AE#EBFFF--.i *Iti----
"
'

@€⑥E•é*
"

0.6
# 14,3in
-_

Ypf
I ypi-0.tt
YB=

o.jo:4
% 6.8

13 A

①
Pg
90
180 Xpt
-

Ps =
(ÑB -

Ña / ✗ Bt Pff -20

P°n .
= go
,
p°B -

Pon
.
= 180 p°B= 270
✗
A
=

82-0=25 , XB=¥

¥①¥•¥%☐¥•j
Ps %
yj= ?
?⃝
 YB =

É =
270113g
(180×35)+90
=

8g÷ =
% , Ya= }

Ypd
=P°Bp•gYB_
270×1
=
#

(270×0,4)+(90×2,5)
=%÷=I÷ ,

= 0.931

mi×f+¥i÷÷ia
-
→

water + nitrobenzene

= =
,

p-e-TB.i-P-ure.tt
- -
-

- -

- -
f

p° ÑB
A
MA NB

mixing Ya YB
vapours of A and B

( Pn )
.
( Prs)
 }Pp§
/
PA =
p°A , PB =
ÑB ( " "soil A

Ps =
Pat PB
=
pg .
+
pop ( BP )so,n< TA
TB
<

of Partial Pressure →
Acc .
to Dalton 's law

Ps nA_ ①
Pff YA
-
-

Pg
= • =

Nat NB

Pfg =
Ps •

YB =
Ps .

nB_ - ②
Nat NB

① ÷ ②
*

¥÷
where
na no of moles of A
,
B
na ,nB→
-

Ing in vapour phase

which on condensing
form distillate .

(B)

of of
13=760 mm Hg , Pfg = 739mm Hg

of Hg
Pff = 760-739 = 21 mm

19m
? wa
=

WB
=
,

f÷=:÷=s WBX MA
 =÷÷
5-15 gm
WB
=

Idealandnonidealsolutionn
Raoult's law at all range
A soil which obeys exactly
of ideal Soi
and temp is
Kya
.

conc . .

interaction
In case of ideal Sol
? Intermolecular

adhesive force )
b/w unlike molecules
( A -
B
,

will be b/w like molecules

similar to interaction

force )
( A -
A ,
B -
B
,
cohesive

No soil is perfectly ideal .

Mix .
of two structurally similar liquids ( similar

Polarity , similar structure

,
similar chemical

nature
) can be treated as ideal solution .
 "
Ideal Sol Non ideal solution

(1) Raoult 's law (1) Don't obey raoult's law

Obey

PA =
POAXA Pat P°aXa

PB = ÑBXB PB =/ PI XB

Ps = Pon ✗ At ÑBXB
.
Ps f- POAXATÑBXB

(2) (B) (B) theo (2) (B) # (B)

theo
.= exp
.

exp
.

⇐
Ptnixinj
( Ps )e×pT( B)
+ neo .
⇐ Ptnixing -1-0

= 0

A A
(3) B
-

A
f-
-

(3) A A A B B
-

B-
-

B -

-1-0
(4) ( AV ) mixing
__ °
(4) ( AV) mixing

Vlmix .
= (b)
exp
-

.
(b)
the )
to
t
vn.tt/BVAtVB
(5) ( ☐ Htnixing-1-0
(5) 4) -_ 0
mixing
+ ve
(6) (B) __

(6) (B) = tve

mixing
mixing

(7) ⇐ 5) surf
-

⇐")s±=o (7) (B) sum .

-1-0

Tsurr .
(8) 9) < 0 (8) ( ☐ 9) mixing 0

mixing

) r
CzHgc
°
Hcl
, + Cztfbr H2O 1-

n -
hexane + n -

heptane Hzo + ↳ Hs0H

benzene 1- Toluene
+ Acetone
[
Hey
bromo
chlorobenzene t
benzene benzene tccly

Cay + sidy

ccly 1-
Sncly
czHyB8z
+
CzHyI2
-ypesofnonidea1soM→- deviation
+ ve deviation -
ve

}<
A- A

}
A- A a- B
(1)
> A -
B ① B - B
B- B

② BAXA Pac Ph A
✗
PA >
② .

PB > ÑBXB PBL ÑBXB

(B)exp > ÑAXA + ÑBXB (B)exp .<p°aXatPÉXB

.

"
③ HP ) > 0 ③ (AP ) mixing
mixing
④ (AV ) mixing > 0 (4) KJV ) mixing <0

(5) ( BH ) > 0 (5) ( DM ) mixing < 0

mixing

(6) (B) > 0 (G) (B) mixing > 0

mixing

(7) (Asbury .
< 0 (7) (B)surg .
>0

< °
(8) ( DG ) < 0 (8) (a) mixing
mixing

f Hzotcztl >
OH EI Hzot Hcl

t Hzo
+
Hzsoy
Hzo CHZOH
H2O 1- HNO }
H2O t cyclohexane
+ HCOOH
H2O
↳ HSOH 1- n -
hexane

1120 + Hcloy
CHZOH 1- cyclohexane

CHzcoc.az/-CHclzCclyt
cclyt benzene

Toluene
%y=o - -
-
-

µ -

I
/ 71
Cclytcsz µc
3
1- Toluene
ccly
Acetone + Aniline
1- Alcohol
cclu
 ccly tctlclz phenol + aniline

Acetone + benzene ether

ctlclzt
Acetone 1- Toluene
ctlclzt benzene

Acetone t ↳ Hook + Toluene

Chaz
Acetone + csz ctlclzt CHZCOOH
Acetone tether t ester
cteclz

(
Hclzt H2O Hcoont Pyridine
t Pyridine
(
Haz GH ,-OH CHZCOOH +

Hcloy 1- Pyridine
CHZCOOH 1- Toluene

Homew →
88
W0rKbooK_ → Q -

17,20 ,
32,52/73,76
31
,
, ,

89,92 95,101 106,107,113

,
, ,

124,138
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