DLD LAB TASK - 01

TITLE:
Familiarization to Lab Equipment and Interpretation of
Digital IC’s datasheets.

GROUP MEMBERS:
Hmael Asif (220201052)
Hamna Jamila (220201018)
Baseerat Nadeem (220201027)

Date of Experiment:
22nd February 2023

Objectives:
• To learn the basics and familiarization about lab trainer and ICs used in labs.
• To turn on and off LEDs using data switches.
• To turn on and off digital display segment using data switches.

Hardware/Software used:
1. Wires
2. Trainer

Introduction:
We started todays lecture from AC/DC signals. AC is an electric alternating
current which periodically reverses its direction with respect to time. Its polarity
changes as well and its values are continuous(may be in the form of decimals).
Direct current(DC) is an electric current, which flows in the same direction and
gives us constant values only(0s and 1s). Its polarity is constant and does not
change and its values/outputs on the graph are discrete(whole numbers only). In
DLD, we only use DC. These outputs of 0(off) and 1(on) are generated using
switches or PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) (gives us analog results with digital
means), which works using programs.

ICs (integrated circuits) are a collection of electronic components like resistors,

transistors etc. all put together in one tiny chip. There are many uses of ICs, for
example, they can function as microprocessors, microcontrollers etc. ICs can be
classified into categories from SSI to ULSI.
A digital logic state is a logic signal generator. There are two logic states- Logic
1(ON/HIGH/TRUE) and Logic 2(OFF/LOW/FALSE). Logic gates operate on these
binary values (in logic states). Logic gates can perform basic logical functions/
Boolean operations, on one more binary inputs, resulting in one binary output ,
for example, an LED emits light when the output=1. There are 7 logic gates (AND,
OR, NOR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR), however the three main ones are:
1. AND
2. OR
3. NOT
ICs are available in different packages, which indicate the shape and dimensions
of the chip, for example, Small outline package (SOP) etc. In SOPs, the pins are
drawn in an L shape from both sides of the body. They connect from one side and
are fixed from the other.

Logic circuit signals don’t exist at extreme voltage limits (1 and 0) in reality, they
lie somewhere between full voltage supply and 0. TTL (transistor-transistor logic)
is a digital logic design, which is built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT), acting
on direct current pulses. BJT helps in amplifying or magnifying a signal. The basic
building block of TTL is the NAND gate, as shown.

The
voltage
level of
TTL is
high
when V
is between 2.7 and 5, undetermined between 0.9 and 2.6, and low between 0 and
0.8.

Similarly, A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is another digital

logic design.
CMOS transistors are based upon FET (Field Effect Transistor) technology. CMOS
stores BIOS settings by taking up a little bit of memory on the computer
motherboard. FET is a transistor, in which, voltage on one terminal allows or
disallows conduction between the other two terminals. The voltage level of CMOS
is high when V is between 3.5 and 5, undefined between 3.4 and 1.6, and low
between 1.5 and 0V.

BJTs and FETs can both be used as switches, amplifiers etc.

VDD (voltage (at) drain) is usually used in CMOS etc. and it is the operating
voltage of the chip. VDD and VSS are used to refer to the positive and negative
voltages respectively, where VDD is the positive supply voltage and VSS is the
zero/ground voltage.

Theory/Procedure:

Task 1:
1. For this task, we connected a wire from the TTL data switch, to the bread
board.
2. Then we connected another wire, from the same column (because from a
to e, the relation is in columns, so electricity only flows in that specific
column when we connect a wire from TTL) to the logic indicators, which
hold the LEDs.
3. Because there were no faults observed, all the lights were glowing.

Task 2:
1. As it can be seen from the breadboard above, there are different sections
for positive/negative, which are connected in rows of 5 and for abcde,
which are connected in columns etc.
2. Wires were used to connect the data switches to the digital displays,
making sure every letter was matched there.
3. We generated different numbers on the display by turning switched on and
off, as D=8, C=4, B=2 and A=1, so by summing these, different numbers can
be formed.
4. This can be done by connecting to TTL or CMOS, both.

TASK RESULTS:
TASK 1 (TRAINER TESTING):
• Verify that all the input switches and output LEDs are working?
• If there is any fault mention that in lab report.

LED LIGHTS
5. There were no faults in the LED Lights.

TASK 2 :
• Verify that all the Digital Displays are working?
• If there is any fault mention that in lab report.

D3

1. 0000 in binary= 0 in decimal

2. 0001 in binary= 1 in decimal

3. 0010 in binary= 2 in decimal

4. 0011 in binary= 3 in decimal

5. 0100 in binary= 4 in decimal

6. 0101 in binary= 5 in decimal

7. 0110 in binary= 6 in decimal

8. 0111 in binary= 7 in decimal

9. 1000 in binary= 8 in decimal

D2:
10. 0000 in binary= 0 in decimal
11. 0001 in binary= 1 in decimal

12. 0010 in binary= 2 in decimal.

FAULT:
 Here, is an internal fault in C (2 power 1). It is giving 0000 instead of
giving 0200 as an output.

13. 0011 in binary= 3 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in C (2 power 1 ) due to which it is not
working and is only considering D(2 power 0). It is giving 0100 instead of
giving 0300 as an output.

14. 0100 in binary= 4 in decimal

15. 0101 in binary= 5 in decimal

16. 0110 in binary= 6 in decimal

 FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in C (2 power 1 ) due to which it is not working
and is only considering B(2 power 2). Thus, it is giving 0400 instead of giving
0600 as an output.

17. 0111 in binary= 7 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in C (2 power 1 ) due to which it is not working
and is only considering B(2 power 2) and D(2 power 1). Thus, it is giving 0500
instead of giving 0700 as an output.

18. 1000 in binary= 8 in decimal

FAULT:
 Here, is an internal fault in A (2 power 3 ) due to which it is not working.
Thus, giving 0000 instead of giving 0800 as an output.

D1:
19. 0000 in binary= 0 in decimal
20. 0001 in binary= 1 in decimal

21. 0010 in binary= 2 in decimal

22. 0011 in binary= 3 in decimal

23. 0100 in binary= 4 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in B (2 power 2 ) due to which it is not working
Thus, it is giving 0000 instead of giving 0040 as an output.
24. 0101 in binary= 5 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in B (2 power 2 ) due to which it is not working
and is only considering D(2 power 0). Thus, giving 0010 instead of giving 0050 as
an output.

25. 0110 in binary= 6 in decimal

FAULT:
 Here, is an internal fault in B (2 power 2 ) due to which it is not
working and is only considering C(2 power 1). Thus, giving 0020 instead of
giving 0060 as an output.

26. 0111 in binary= 7 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in B (2 power 2 ) due to which it is not
working and is only considering C(2 power 1) and D(2 power 0). Thus,
giving 0030 instead of giving 0070 as an output.
27. 1000 in binary= 8 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in A (2 power 3 ) due to which it is not working
Thus, it is giving 0000 instead of giving 0080 as an output.
 D0:
28. 0000 in binary= 0 in decimal
29. 0001 in binary= 1 in decimal

30. 0010 in binary= 2 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in C (2 power 1 ) due to which it is not working
Thus, giving 0000 instead of giving 0002 as an output.

31. 0011 in binary= 3 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in C (2 power 1 ) due to which it is not
working and is only considering D(2 power 0).Thus, giving 0001 instead of
giving 0003 as an output.
32. 0100 in binary= 4 in decimal
33. 0101 in binary= 5 in decimal

34. 0110 in binary= 6 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in C (2 power 1 ) due to which it is not
working and is only considering B(2 power 2). Thus, giving 0004 instead of
giving 0006 as an output.

35. 0111 in binary= 7 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in C (2 power 1 ) due to which it is not working
and is only considering B(2 power 2) and D(2 power 0). Thus, giving 0005 instead
of giving 0007 as an output.
36. 1000 in binary= 8 in decimal

FAULT:
Here, is an internal fault in A (2 power 3 ) due to which it is not working.
Thus, giving 0000 instead of giving 0008 as an output.
QUESTION / ANSWERS:
Define the functions of the following blocks present in trainer.
• Logical Probe
• Pulser Switch

LOGICAL PROBE:
A Logic probe is useful tool for measuring logical states(1’s and 0’s , or high and
low) and to discover problems in a digital circuit . In a logical probe, you attach it
to a signal in your circuit and it shows you the signal level on the wire. The Logic
probe will detect a logic “1” and “0” in a digital circuit. And there are LED light
display to show a digital state as a “1” or “0”. It can also be used to measure
signal timings and transitions. And also, it verifies correct circuit operation. A
Logic Probe does not have batteries so it needs to be connected to power (+5 and
ground) before making measuring the logical states (Boolean 0 or 1) of a circuit.

It is also known as a debugging device.

PULSER SWITCH:
The two pulser switches (In CMOS and TTL) are intended to provide momentary
logic level changes when the switch is pressed.

Conclusion:
What we have learned in this lab can be used in the real world as binary to
decimal conversions help us understand computers/ calculators etc. better, and
how they work. Task one helped us to understand how light bulbs are turned on
at our homes.