H I I

GH R I I
SE BU LD NGS
In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and Real Estate
Development, Building may refer to:Any human-made
structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any
use or continuous occupancy.

• They come in wide amount of sizes, shapes, functions.

• They have been adapted throughout history owing to wide

number of factors:
➢ Building materials available
➢ Weather conditions
➢ Land prices
➢ Ground conditions
➢ Specific uses
➢ Aesthetic reasons.
 THE HIGH-RISE BUILDING

• It cannot be defined in specific terms related to just height or

no of floors.

• It is a matter of person’s or community’s circumstance and

their perception.

• Its definition cannot be universally applied.

• High-rise building is a vertical transformation of horizontal

expansion.
 WHAT MAKES A BUILDING A
“HIGH-RISE BUILDING” ?

• From structural point of view, it is identified by its “height”.

• But however, Buildings between 75 feet and 491 feet (23 m to

150 m) high are considered high-rises and Buildings taller
than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as skyscrapers.

• The building exhibits “tallness” in one or more of the

following categories:
➢ Height to Architectural top
➢ Height to the Highest occupied floor
➢ Height to the Top of antenna
 Height to Architectural Top

Height to Highest Occupied floor

Height to Top of Antenna

 WHY HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS?
• Tall structures have been built and have existed such as Great Pyramids of Egypt,
Mayan Temples, Gothic Cathedrals, Tall Watch Towers, etc.

• Now the revolution of building has become an icon of modernity, prosperityand

development in urban settings.

• Advent of new material, construction facility and technology, form of services,etc.

• Historically, development and implementation was mainly influenced by:

➢ Scarcity of land
➢ High land costs
➢ Economic prosperity
➢ Material innovations
➢ Globalization
➢ Growing population
➢ Rapid economic development
➢ Avoiding outward growth of a city
➢ Future requirements
 STRENGTH AND STABILITY
• The building should not collapse or fail under great stress or
combination of loadings. Thus safety is ensured by strength.

• The building should not move excessively under great

pressures. Thus comfort is ensured by stability.

• Strength and Stability requires:

➢ Analysis of forces and stresses
➢ Particular attention to critical members
➢ Check on the most fundamental condition of equilibrium
 LOADS
• Loading on High-rise buildings differs from Low-rise
buildings mainly in accumulation over the height to cause
large gravity and lateral loads within the structure.

• Some of the forces considered are:

➢ Vertical forces
o Vertical loads
➢ Lateral forces
o Wind loads
o Earthquake loads
➢ Unexpected deflections
 VERTICAL LOADS
• Dead loads arise from the weight to the individual
construction elements and the finishing loads.

• Live loads are dependent on use, depending on the number of

stories; live loads can be reduced for load transfer and the
dimensioning of vertical load-bearing elements.

• However, the reduction of the total live load on a construction

element may not exceed 40%.
LOAD MECHANISM - Gravity load path
Lateral load path
 COMPONENTS
• Floor system
• Vertical load resisting system
• Lateral load resisting system
• Foundation
• Energy dissipation system and
damping
STRUCTURAL FORM

• Braced Frame
• Rigid Frame Structure
• Diagrid Structure
• Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
• Shear wall structure
• Coupled wall structure
• Wall-frame structure
• Framed tube structure
• Trussed tube structure
• Tube in tube or Hull core structure
• Bundled tube structure
• Core structure
• Core and outrigger system
• Hybrid structure
 BRACED FRAME STRUCTURE

• Braced frames are vertical trusses resisting laterals loads

primarily diagonal members that together with the girders,
form the “web” of the vertical truss, with the columns acting as
the “chords’’.

• Braced frames are designed to resist wind and earthquake

forces. Members in braced frame are not allowed to sway
laterally. NRDC Tower, Manhattan

• Bracing members eliminate bending in beams and columns.

• The effectiveness of the system, as characterized by a high

ratio of stiffness to material quantity, is recognized for multi-
storey building in the low to mid height range.

• Generally regarded as an exclusively steel system because

the diagonal are inevitably subjected to
tension/compression.

• Able to produce a laterally very stiff structure for a minimum

of additional material, makes it an economical structural form
for any height of buildings, up to the very tallest. Different types of bracing
RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE
• In rigid frame structure, beams and
columns are constructed monolithically to
withstand moments imposed due to loads.
• Consist of columns and girders joined by
moment resistant connections.

• Lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends on the

bending stiffness of the columns, girders, and
connection in the plane of the bends.
WTC Osaka, Japan

• Ideally suited for reinforced concrete buildings

because of the inherent rigidity of reinforced
concrete joints.

• Also used for steel frame buildings, but moment-

resistant connections in steel tend to be costly.

• A rigid frame that serve alone to resist lateral

loading have an economic height limit of about Rigid Frame
25 stories.
 DIAGRID STRUCTURE
• It is used for constructing large buildings
with steel that creates triangular
structures with diagonal support beams.

• It is a system of triangulated beams,

straight or curved, and horizontal rings
that together make up a structural system.
• Load paths are continuous and
uninterrupted. Hearst Tower, New York City Swiss Re, 30 St Mary Axe
• The angled setting of the columnar
elements allows for a natural flow of
forces through the structure.

• In this manner, both gravity loads and

lateral loads are transferred through
the diagrid to the ground below.
• this type of structural system is used in
large span and high rise buildings,
especially those with complex or Diagrid Frame
curvilinear geometry.
Poly International Plaza
 FLAT PLATE AND FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE
• Reinforced concrete flat plate is a type
of structural system containing slabs with
uniform thickness supported directly on columns
without using beams. Flat plates are commonly
used in buildings where relatively low gravity
loads are applied.

• Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported

directly by concrete columns without the use of
beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-
sided support system with sheer load of
the slab being concentrated on the supporting
columns and a square slab called 'drop panels’. IBM Tower, Karachi

• The system, which is essentially of reinforced concrete,

is very economical in having a flat soffit.
• Lateral resistance depends on the flexural stiffness
of the components and their connections.
• Particularly appropriate for hotel and apartment
construction where ceiling space is not required and
where the slab may serve directly as the ceiling.
Flat slab

• Economic for spans up to about 25 ft (8m)

 SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
• Concrete walls may serve both architecturally partitions
and structurally to carry gravity and lateral loading.

• A shear wall is a vertical structural element that resists

lateral forces in the plane of the wall through shear and
bending.

• Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven

settlement loads, in addition to the weight of structure and
occupants, create powerful twisting (torsional) forces.
• These forces can literally tear (shear) a building apart.
Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a rigid wall Sky, Las Vegas Shear Wall
inside it maintains the shape of the frame and prevents
rotation at the joints. Shear walls are especially important
in high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind and seismic
forces.

• Well suited to hotel and residential buildings where the floor-

by floor repetitive planning allow the walls to be vertically
continuous.

• Construction time is generally slower than for a steel frame

building.

• Well detailed reinforced concrete will develop about twice

as much damping as structural steel.
 WALL FRAME STRUCTURE
• The walls and frame interact horizontally,
especially at the top, to produce stiffer and
stronger structure.

• The interacting wall-frame combination is

appropriate for the building in the 40-60 storey
range, well beyond that of rigid frames or shear
walls alone.
Majestic Building, New Zealand

• Carefully tuned structure, the shear of the frame

can be made approximately uniform over the
height, allowing the floor framing to be
repetitive.

• Although the wall-frame structure is usually

perceived as a concrete structural form, with
shear wall and concrete frames, a steel
counterpart using braced frames and steel rigid
frames offers similar benefits of horizontal
interaction.
Wall Frame
 FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURE
• Framed tubes are 3-dimensional space frameworks
made by connecting intersecting plane frames at the
corners by stiff corner columns.

• They behave like giant flange frames and perpendicular

web frames carrying axial loads and shear.
Hancock Building, Chicago
• The flange frames are normal to wind, while web frames
are parallel to the wind.

• Framed tubes have columns fairly closely spaced

with variations from 1m to 3m.

• The overturning resistance of the overall tube is

increased.

Framed Tube
 TRUSSED TUBE STRUCTURE
• Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid
box, which can resist lateral shears by axial forces
in its members rather than through flexure.

• Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each

façade and making the diagonal intersect at the
same point at the corner column.

• Relatively broad column spacing can result large Bank of China, Hong Kong
clear spaces for windows, a particular characteristic
of steel buildings.

• The façade digitalization serves to equalize the

gravity loads of the exterior columns that give a
significant impact on the exterior architecture.

Trussed Tube
TUBE IN TUBE OR HULL CORE STRUCTURE
• This variation of the framed tube consists of an
outer frame tube, the “Hull,” together with an
internal elevator and service core.

• The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both

gravity and lateral loading.

• The outer framed tube and the inner core interact

horizontally as the shear and flexural components of Lembaga Tabung Haji, Kaula Lampur
a wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased
lateral stiffness.

• The structural tube usually adopts a highly

dominant role because of its much greater
structural depth.

Tube in Tube
 BUNDLED TUBE STRUCTURES

• The concept allows for wider column spacing in

the tubular walls than would be possible with
only the exterior frame tube form.

• The spacing which make it possible to place

interior frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space planning. Wills Tower, Chicago

• The ability to modulate the cells

vertically can create a powerful
vocabulary for a variety of dynamic
shapes therefore offers great latitude
in architectural planning of a tall
building.

Bundled Tube
 CORE STRUCTURE

• A single core serves

to carry the entire
gravity and
horizontal loading.

• Sometimes, the slabs

are suspended at
each level by
cantilevers from the
core. World Trade Centre, NewYork

• In some cases, the

slabs are suspended
between the core and
perimeter columns.
• The merit of the system
is mainly
architectural, in Core Structure
providing a column-
free perimeter.
CORE AND OUTRIGGER SYSTEM
• Outrigger serve to reduce the overturning
moment in the core that would otherwise act
as a pure cantilever.

• It transfers the reduced moment to columns

outside the core by the way of tension-
compression coupled, which take advantage
of the increase moment arm between these
columns.
Taipei, Tiawan

• The outrigger systems may be formed in

any combination of steel, concrete, or
composite construction.

• There is a reduction of the base core over-

turning moments and results in the reduction
of potential core uplift forces.

• Greatly enlarged mat dimensions to

resist overturning forces have to be Core and Outrigger
designed.
HYBRID STRUCTURE
• Combination of two or even more of basic
structural forms either by direct
combination or by adopting different forms
in different parts of the structure.
• This systems provide in-plane stiffness, its
lack of torsion stiffness requires that
additional measures be taken. Overseas Bank Center

• High-strength concrete, consist of stiffness

and damping capabilities of large concrete
elements

• They are combined with the lightness and

constructability of steel frame and exhibits
significantly lower creep and shrinkage.

Hybrid Structure
 SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL FORM

• Several structural schemes are examined. At-least 15 structural schemes are

studied with various combinations of gravity and lateral system

• Knowledge of behavior of each structural scheme, rapid preliminary design

methods, approximate analysis, optimization techniques are necessary to
achieve balance in design.

• In order to compare systems, different column spacing, member sizes, truss

and other sub-system dimensions should be carefully examined.

• Overall stress analysis using software system such as STAAD, SAP, ETAB will
enable rapid final design and detailing.
 BASIS OF DESIGN
• The entire component members are to be arranged so that they transmit their
self weight and other superimposed loads to the foundation or the supporting
structure by the cheapest means to satisfy the requirements of architecture and
structural stability.

• Design should be made in accordance with the principles of mechanics,

recognized methods of design and sound engineering practice.

• Consideration should be given to the effects of continuity on the distribution

of bending moment and shear force due to monolithic construction.

• Structural members should be designed to have strengths at least equal to

the structural effects of design load at all sections.