Pavement Rehabilitation

ROAD ENGINEERING
2021
Presented by:
Dr Estimé Mukandila
 Outline of Presentations
 Aim and Learning outcomes
1. Pavement Materials
2. Pavement design: Introduction and flexible pavement
3. Rigid pavement design
4. Seal design
5. Pavement rehabilitation
Programme de cours (28 Juin – 09 Juillet 2021)
Programme de cours (28 Juin – 09 Juillet 2021)
5. Pavement Rehabilitation
 Outline of Introduction
● Introduction
● Rehabilitation (TRH12 and TMH9)
Introduction
● After years of good service, a road reaches a condition which
warrants further attention and improvements in terms of
riding quality and strengthening of the pavement structure.
This is the rehabilitation phase of the road.

● Pavement rehabilitation : measures used to restore, improve,

strengthen or salvage existing deficient pavement to able it
to carry traffic with adequate speed, safety and comfort.
Introduction
● The main categories of pavement rehabilitation
➢ Complete pavement reconstruction
➢ Partial reconstruction: strengthening of existing pavement layers,
with or without stabilisation, before resurfacing (can be done by
recycling)
➢ Asphaltic or granular overlays (resurfacing)
➢ Surfacing rehabilitation (restoration)
➢ Provision of drainage, and improvement of existing drainage
facilities.
Introduction
● Rehabilitation vs. maintenance

Maintenance Rehabilitation
Proactive (preventive) measures Reactive (curative) measures

On going (repetitive ) At fix time

Generally light operation Can be important operation

Managing pavement rehabilitation design
● Some elements of some pavement management at network
level aiming at effective rehabilitation design:
Asphalt and Concrete pavements rehabilitation
● Structural evaluation and condition assessment
➢ Distress mechanisms
➢ Needs assessment
➢ Assignment of feasible alternatives from 4 main categories:
▪ Restoration
▪ Resurfacing
▪ Recycling
▪ Reconstruction
● Selection of preferred alternatives especially based on life-
cycle cost
● Overall design
● Construction
 Rehabilitation of existing pavement
• Rehabilitation of existing pavement
➢Using new materials
▪ Cement stabilisation of new materials
➢Using existing materials (recycled materials)
▪ Cement stabilisation of existing materials
▪ Bituminous Stabilisation:
❖ with foamed bituminous binder
❖ With emulsified (emulsion) bituminous binder
Surfacing rehabilitation techniques: High or Low volume roads

● Purpose is to seal the pavement and to improve or protect

the surface characteristics of the roadway
● Surface application of asphalt material with/without
aggregate
➢ Fog seal
➢ Sand seal
➢ Slurry seal
➢ Cape seal
➢ Single/double seal
➢ Hot-mix overlay
➢ Cold-mix overlay
Surfacing rehabilitation techniques: High or Low volume roads

● Functions of surface rehabilitation techniques

➢ Provide new wearing surface
➢ Seal cracks in the surface
➢ Waterproofing the surface
➢ Improving pavement surface friction and surface drainage
➢ Improve the surface appearance
➢ Rejuvenate the top (about 6mm) of asphalt surface
Pavement Recycling
Rehabilitation :Construction Equipment
● Reclaimer
● water truck (Nurse Truck)
● compactors
● Motor grader
Full Depth reclamation
● Full depth reclamation is a pavement rehabilitation technique
➢ Full flexible pavement section and a pre-determined portion of the
underlying materials are uniformly crushed, pulverised or blended
➢ Results in a stabilised base course
 Full Depth reclamation

19
Full depth reclamation candidates
● Flexible Pavement structures
➢ Parking lots
➢ Low volume, secondary roads
➢ City streets/roadways
➢ Medium volume roadways
➢ Interstate highways
➢ Airfields
Example of rehabilitation technique for concrete pavement

● Rubblisation
➢ Break PCC into small segments
➢ Overlay with hot-mix asphalt
➢ Road-user-friendly
➢ Rubblise and pave in off-peak hours
➢ High production rates
Pre overlay treatment & repair

● Dependent upon:
➢ Type of overlay
➢ Structural adequacy of existing pavement
➢ Existing types of distress
➢ Future traffic
➢ Physical constraints
➢ Cost
Pre overlay treatment & repair

● Pre overlay treatment:

➢ localised repair
▪ e.g. patching
➢ Surface levelling
▪ to fill cuts, improve longitudinal profile, etc.
➢ Controlling reflection cracking
▪ interlayers, stress absorbing or stress relieving membrane layers
➢ Drainage improvements
▪ drainage survey, develop solution that address moisture problems
 Rehabilitation design (TRH 12)
● May take more time, effort and funds than design of new pavement

● Aspects to consider in the design process:

➢ Existing pavement condition
➢ Pavement materials
➢ Pavement foundation/subgrade
➢ Traffic loading
➢ New pavement & rehabilitation options
➢ Life cycles costs
➢ Design reliability
➢ Environmental factors
➢ Rehabilitation treatment and strategies
➢ Shoulder design
➢ Subdrainage
➢ Etc.
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)

● Introduction
➢ Visual evaluations used to determine:
▪ Condition indices
▪ Maintenance and rehabilitation needs
▪ Priorities at network level
➢ Evaluation of condition of the pavement
▪ The assessment of pavement condition of is based on:
❖ functional descriptions related to condition of pavement
surfacing and pavement structure.
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)

● Introduction
➢ Visible distress
▪ Important input in the assessment of pavement condition
▪ Distress is described by recording its main characteristics
(attributes of distress):
❖ Type , degree, extent, spacing or activity (where
applicable)
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)

● Introduction
➢ Information obtained from visual evaluation data
➢ Main outputs
▪ Condition Index ( Visual Condition Index - VCI)
▪ Identification of required maintenance and /or measure and
priorities.
▪ Method of calculating
Method of calculation VCI for flexible paved Road
Method of calculation VCI for flexible paved Road
Proposed weight set for
VCI formula
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)

● Introduction
➢ Condition Index: index calculated for each assessment combining:
▪ The rating for degree
▪ Extent for each distress type
▪ Weight factor based on the importance of distress type
▪ The condition index can help to classify the road sections into 5
different categories:
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)

● Example of VCI
Very Good Good Fair Poor Very Poor
1 2 3 4
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)
● Type of distress
➢ Modes of distress:
▪ e.g. : deformation, cracking, disintegration of surface
➢ Different typical manifestations of modes of distress = Types of
distress
▪ e.g. : crocodiles cracks, transverse cracks or longitudinal cracks
➢ Types of distress are classified:
▪ Essential: information necessary for basic statistics
▪ Desirable: additional to improve pavement management data and
outputs.
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)

● Degree of distress:
➢ measure of its severity
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)

● Extent of distress:
➢ measure how widespread over the length
 EXAMPLES OF USE OF DEGREE AND EXTENT
● (i) case 1, if :
➢ longitudinal cracking of degree 5 occurs seldom: extent =1, and
➢ longitudinal cracking of degree 3 occurs extensively: extent =5
➢ Thus, degree 3 / extent 5 cracking = best average indication of the severity
of longitudinal cracking for the pavement segment for possible
rehabilitation/reseal action.
➢ Thus degree 5 cracking = area of localised distress requiring routine
attention.
● (ii) case 2. if
➢ longitudinal cracking of degree 5 and extent 2, and
➢ longitudinal cracking of degree 1 and extent 4 occurs,
➢ idegree 5 / extent 2 = average indication of the problem that is most
significant in terms of possible action.
➢ Cracking of degree 1 not considered significant in terms of possible action
Standard visual assessment for flexible pavement (TMH 9)

● Recommended segment lengths for different types of road.

Detailed description of distress

● Surfacing
➢ Current surfacing (desirable information)
➢ Texture and voids
➢ Surface defects (essential item):
▪ Surface failures (structural failure e.g.: Pothole)
▪ Surfacing (map) cracks (essential item)
❖ Initial cracking, secondary cracks, crocodile
cracking
▪ Aggregate loss (essential item)
▪ Binder condition (essential item)
▪ Bleeding/flushing (essential item)
Detailed description of distress

● Structure
➢ Result of deterioration of pavement structure strength due to:
▪ Poor surfacing
▪ water ingress
▪ Traffic
▪ Climate
▪ quality of material
▪ age of pavement
➢ Mode of distress in pavement structure
▪ Cracking
▪ Pumping
▪ deformation
▪ patching
▪ failure/ potholing
 Detailed description of distress

● Structure (continued)
➢ Cracks:
▪ Block/ stabilisation cracks (essential item)
▪ Longitudinal/slip cracks (essential item)
▪ Transverse cracks (essential item)
▪ Crocodile (fatigue) cracks (essential item)
➢ Pumping (essential item)
➢ Deformation
▪ Rutting (essential item)
▪ Undulation/ settlement (essential item)
Detailed description of distress

● Structure (continued)
➢ Patching (essential item)
➢ Failures /Potholing (essential item)
● Functional features
➢ Riding quality (desirable item)
➢ Skid resistance (desirable item)
➢ Drainage
▪ Surface drainage (desirable item)
▪ Side drainage (desirable item)
➢ Shoulders
▪ Unpaved shoulders (essential item)
▪ Paved shoulders (desirable item)
➢ Edge breaking (essential item)