UCSP (STATE AND NONSTATE)

Forms and Functions of State and Non-state Institution

State
At the time of the initial development of the modern human rights system, States were the
dominant actors in the international arena. A state is an organized political community acting under
a government and united by common set of laws. It uses absolute power in directing the path of a
society. It also uses complete political coerciveness, which may come in the form of armed forces
personnel, stricter laws, and rigid government policies in order to
attain its societal goals and objectives.
The State intends to be a strong actor in the performance of the three important political
functions. The state, in full form,
1. maintains control over violence in its domain
2. allocates resources and rewards at its discretion,
and
3. stands as the major focus of identity for the large
majority of the people under its authority.
Elements of the States
1. Population - It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the state. Without
population there can be no State.
2. Territory- There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to live and
organize themselves socially and politically. It may be remembered that the territory of the states
includes land, water and
airspace.
3. Government- It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State which makes,
implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the state.
4. Sovereignty -It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without sovereignty no state can exist.
State has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise supreme power over all its people and
territory. It is the basis which the
State regulates all aspects of the life of the people living in its territory.
Forms of States
States come in a variety of forms that vary on who holds power, how positions of leadership are
obtained, and how authority is maintained.
These are:
a. Authoritarian Government
-Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in how control they
assume over those who govern. An example of this type is Monarchy.
● Monarchy (ex. Saudi Arabia, UAE)
● Totalitarianism (ex. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler)
b. Oligarchic Government
-An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a smallelite segment of
society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious
hegemony. An oligarchy does not have one clear www.shsph.blogspot.com 6 ruler,
but several powerful people who rule. One common example is theocracy.
● Theocracy
c. Democratic Government
-Democracy is a form of government in which the right to
governs is held by the majority of citizens within a country
or a state.
Roles of the States
1. State provides security against external aggressions and war. For this purpose, the
state maintains an army.
2. State ensures security against internal disturbances disorders and crimes. For this
purpose, the state maintains police.
3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of the people.
4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage.
5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary conditions for the socioeconomic-politico-
cultural development of the people.
6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests and rights.
7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and economic relations.
8. State secures the goals of national interest in international relations
Nonstate Institutions

Nonstate institutions are people and/ or organization that participate in international affairs and
relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation. These nonstate institutions include the
following: bank and corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational advocacy groups,
and development agencies and international organizations. These nonstate institutions are equally
capable of influencing policy formation and implementation.
a. Banks
FORMS OF BANK
Commercial Banks
DESCRIPTION
Financial deposit with security and convenience which could be in the form of credit cards, debit
cards, and check
Provide business, individual, and personal loans, enabling commercial banks to earn interest
Serve as payment agents within and outside the country through wire transfer
Subjected to more regulations.
FORMS OF BANK
Investment Banks
DESCRIPTION
Financial intermediaries that performs a variety of services for businesses and some government
Issues securities to
the investing public
Make markets, facilities, mergers, and other corporate reorganizations
Acts as brokers for institutional clients
Under the supervision of regulatory bodies such as the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), FINRA, and the US Treasury
Subjected to fewer regulations
The two most well-known financial institutions that are actively
shaping the socioeconomic development of the Philippines are the
World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. They have been
providing financial aid to the Philippine government and various nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) to facilitate their development
objectives
b. Corporations
- It is a form of business operation that declares the business as a separate entity guided by a
group of officers known as the Board of Directors. They were created by individuals, stockholders
or shareholders, with the purpose of
operating for profit. They have all legal rights of an individual, except for the right to vote and
certain limitations. They are given the right to exist by the state that issues their charter.
Corporation example www.shsph.blogspot.com
8 includes General Motors Corporation an icon of American craftmanship, Apple Corporation as
one of the famous tech companies, Amazon Corporation founded by Jeff Bezos is the world’s
leading eCommerce and innovation
company, Domino’s Pizza is a global food chain company delivering quality food worldwide.
Common Types of Corporations
A corporation can be created by a single shareholder or by multiple shareholders who come
together to pursue common goal. A corporate
can be formed as a for-profit or a non-for-profit entity.
● For-profit
● Not-for-profit
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are business organization that
extends ownership, management, production, and sales activities into
several or more countries. MNCs are boon to the economic growth and
development of the states.
Table 1. The Good and bad Effects of MNCs
Multinational Corporations
GOOD EFFECTS
Introduce technology
Encourage economic growth
Encourage interdependently
Promotes human rights
Protect the environment
Economic actors
Promote a cosmopolitan world Damage national Culture
BAD EFFECTS
Offer ill-suited technology
Retard economic growth
Cause dependency
Elites become compradors
Harms human rights
Hurt the environment
Political actors
Damage national Culture
Checks out the big names of MNCs that are
already exist in the Philippines:
• Google • Viber • Palo Alto Networks
• Procter and Gamble • Thomson Reuters • Accenture
• HSBC • Citibank • Maersk
• Hewlett Packard • Coca Cola Far East • Deutsche Bank
c. Cooperatives
-Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members
to
realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
d. Trade Unions/Labor Unions
-Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for common
interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working
environment,
hours of work and benefits.
e. Transnational Advocacy Groups
-Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an increasingly important role in international and
regional politics and have contributed to changing policies of multilateral organizations and states.
f. Development Agencies
-Development Agencies have been established to develop the cooperation between the public
sector, private sector, and civil society.
Types of Development Agencies:
● International Organization is an institution with membership drawn from
two or more countries.
● Non-government Organization is a non-profit group that functions
independently of any government. It serves the social or political goals
such as humanitarian and environmental causes.
Interrelationship of Government and Nonstate Institutions
Government rules society. This reflects how powerful government institution
can be. If nonstate institutions interfere with the governing body, two possible
things can happen:
1. Integration among these two institutions may take place to achieve
precise solution towards development
2. Conflict and tension may also arise because one could exceed the other in
terms of societal control and influences (Penninx, 2013)
Nonstate Institutions
● Banks
● Corporations
● Cooperatives
● Trade Unions/Labor Unions
● Transnational Advocacy Groups
● Development Agencies

Functions and Importance of Education in the Society

Education
•Education is the social institution through which society provides its members with important
knowledge, including
basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values (Macionis, 2012). Education is the acquisition
of
knowledge, habits, skills, and abilities through instruction and training or through self-activity. It is
systematic
training of the moral and intellectual faculties of the mind. It is the process of transmitting to the
young, the vital
cultural heritage of a group.
Education in the Philippines
•Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education,
commonly referred to as the DepEd. It controls the Philippine educational system, including the
creation and implementation of the curriculum and the utilization of funds allotted by the national
government. It also manages the construction of
schools, acquisition of books and other school materials, and the recruitment of teachers and staff.
Types of Education
In general, there are three types of education, these are:
1.Formal education
2.Non-formal education
3.Informal education
1. Formal education
•This refers to the hierarchically structured,
chronologically graded educational system from
primary school to the university, including programs
and institutions for full time technical and vocational
training. At the end of each level, the learners must
obtain certification in order to enter or advance to the
next level. Formal education shall correspond to the
following levels in basic education:
a. Elementary Education
•Elementary education involves compulsory, formal education primarily concerned with providing
basic education, and usually corresponds to a traditional six grades or seven grades, and in
addition, to preschool programs.
Such preschool education normally consists of kindergarten schooling but may cover other
preparatory courses as well.
b. Secondary Education
•Secondary education, public schools and private schools, is concerned primarily with continuing
basic education of the elementary level and expanding it to include the learning of employable,
gainful skills, usually corresponding
to four years of junior high school and two years of senior high school.
c. Tertiary Education
•Institutions of higher education may be classified as either public or private college or university,
and
public institutions of higher education may further be subdivided into two types: state universities
and
colleges and local colleges and universities. Most institutions of higher learning are regulated by
the
Commission of Higher Education (CHED).
2. Non-formal education
• It refers to any organized educational activity outside the established formal system to provide
selected types of learning to a segment of the population.
• EX: Vocational Education
Vocational Courses
• Shielded metal arc welding
• Food and beverage service
• Bread and pastry production
• Housekeeping
• Electrical installation and maintenance
3. Informal education
• It is a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires from daily experiences, attitudes, values,
facts, skills, and knowledge or motor skill from resources in his or her higher environment. It offers
alternative learning opportunities for the out of school youth and adults specifically those who are
15 years old and above and unable to avail themselves of the educational services and programs
of formal education. It reaches out to citizens of varied interests, demographic characteristics, and
socioeconomic origins and status.
Its primary objective is to provide literacy programs to eradicate. illiteracy.
*Special Education
• Special Education refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally,
socially, or culturally different from so-called “normal” individuals, such that they require
modification of school practices to develop their potential. Special education provides distinct.
services, curricula, and instructional materials geared to pupils or
students who are significantly higher or lower than the average or norm. SPED aims to develop the
maximums potential of the child with the special needs to enable him/her to become self-reliant
and take advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life.
Functions of Education in the Society
As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains, functions are important to be performed as they
make the society whole. If each function is working well, society attains progress. He lays down the
functions of education as follows:
1. Productive Citizenry
• Education systems enable citizens to be productive members of a society, as they are equipped
with knowledge
and skills that could contribute to the development of their society’s systems and institutions. This
highlights the
importance of formal and non-formal education in the development of oneself and the society.
Consequentially, it
is crucial for educational systems to adapt to the changing demands of the environment to
efficiently capacitate
individuals.
2. Self-actualization
•Education develops one’s sense of self. As a huge part of the discovery process of oneself,
education encourages having the Vision to become self-actualized. Moreover, it enables one to
see your strengths and maintain them. It enables one to determine weakness and adjust to them.
This helps one reach full potential and establish oneself as a whole. According to Abraham
Maslow, self-actualization is the highest form of human need. It was defined as “to become more
and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.”
The concept of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is once that level is fulfilled the next level up is what
motivates us, and so on.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

The primary function of education is the socialization of the new members of the society. The late
president Ramon Magsaysay aptly observed that “education is the greatest equalizer of
opportunities” for everybody. Other most important objectives of education are:
1) Teaching basic skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic.
2) Helping children develop skills in abstracting thinking and problem solving.
3) Transmitting the cultural heritage, from which individual may develop an appreciation of their
society.
4) Communicating to children the basic value of the society.
5) Teaching the special aspects of the culture, such as art, music, literature, drama, science,
technology, and sports.
6) Teaching vocational skills that help individuals enter the job market.
7) Training citizens for life within the political system of their society.
8) Preparing children to live long and form meaningful relationship with other human beings.
Primary Education as a Human Right
Primary education is essential in the early stages of human life. Humans need education to enable
them to adapt to the dictates of their society. The United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declare that education is a fundamental human right and
essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It promotes individual freedom and
empowerment and yields important development benefits. Yet millions of children and adults
remain deprived of educational opportunities, many as a result of poverty.”