Page |1

tuyhW
juk; - 10
myF - 02
ghlk; - ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;f
; s;;

Mf;fk;
gj;kehjd; ghujpuh[h
= fjpNurd; Njrpa fy;Y}up.
njuzpafiy.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 Page |2

,yq;ifapy; FbNaw;wq;fs; epWtg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpfs;.

 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;.
( fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;du;.)

 Kd;tuyhwWf; fhyk;.
( fp.K. 2400 – 1800 )

 tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;.
( fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;Lf;F gpd;du;.)

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;.

 ve;jnthU rKjhaj;jpYk; vOj;J Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;Ds;s fhyk; tuyhw;Wf;F
Kw;gl;l fhyk; vd $Wtu;.
 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w Guhjhd fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ida fhyk;
nghJthf tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vd;W $wg;gLk;.
 kdpjdpd; md;whlj; NjitfSf;F mtrpakhd cgfuzq;fis jahupj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F mjpfstpy; fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaikahy; mjid fw;fhyk;
vdTk; miog;gu;.
 fw;fhyj;ij ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

fw;fhyk;

Guhjd fw;fhyk;
kj;jpa fw;fhyk;
ngupastpyhd fy;yhAjq;fis
ghtpj;j fhyk;. kj;jpa kw;Wk; rpwpastpyhd
fy;yhAjq;fis ghtpj;j fghyk;

 NkYk; fw;fhyj;jpid gpd;tUkhWk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

1. ePz;lfhyk; epiyj;jpUe;j fw;fhyk; .
2. jhtu czTfis cl;nfhz;L cNyhfg; gad;ghl;Lld; epue;ju
FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;Jf;nfhz;l fhyk;.,f;fhyj;jpidNa
Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; vd $Wfpd;Nwhk;.
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gy;.
 ,e;ehl;by; tho;e;j tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjd; Mjp N`hNkhNrg;gpad;];
vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;whd;.
 ,w;iwf;F 125000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; Mrpahf; fz;lj;ij ClWj;J
my;yJ ,e;J rKj;jpuj;ij fle;J KjyhtJ kdpjf; $l;lk; ,e;ehl;bw;F
tUifj;je;jpUf;fyhk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW fhyepiyg; gz;GfSf;F mika jd;id
,irthf;fg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L ntt;NtW fhyepiy tyaq;fspy; tho;e;Js;shd;.
 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjd; Ntl;ilahbAk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; mioe;J
jpupe;Jk; czT Nrfupj;J cz;L ehNlhb tho;f;ifia tho;e;jjhf
ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 Page |3

 ,yq;ifapy; fw;fhyj;jpw;Fupa Mjhuq;fs; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L ,lq;fspy;

fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
1. ,uj;jpudGup gbT
o ,uj;jpdGup kw;Wk; mjidr; #oTs;s gFjpfspy; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s
,uj;jpdr; Ruq;fq;fspy; mfo;Tfspd;NghJ nra;j Ma;Tfspy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
o Rkhu; 90 mb Moj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;Tfspy; Guhjhd fhyj;jpy;
tho;e;j kdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa fy;yhAjq;fSk; ,Ue;J ,y;yhJ mope;J
Nghd tpyq;Ffspd; vYk;Gf; $LfSk; ,q;F fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
o gpisj;Njhrpd; vdg;gLk; Gtpapay; fhyg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;w
njhlu;r;rpahd kiof;; fhuzkhf kz;zupg;gpdhy; ,g;gbTfs;
Njhw;wk;ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

2. ,uizkLg;gbT
o ,yq;ifapd; Fiwtuy; tya epyj;jpdbapy; fspkz;Zld; $ba
kzy; kz;zpdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;s ruisf; fw;gbTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
o ,e;j gbTfs; gpisj;Njhrpd; Afj;jpd; vw;gl;l mjp c\;z
fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd.

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjd;

tho;e;j fhyepiy tyaq;fs;
 miutuy; tyak;
 jho;epy cyu;tyak;
 jho;epy ,il cyu;tyak;
 <utyak;
 kiyehl;L ,il cyu;tyak;
 tws; tyak;.

 Nkw;gb fhyepiy tyaq;fs; jPu;khdpf;gg

; l;bUg;gJ
tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rpapd; NtWghLfSf;F mikathFk;.
 ntt;NtW fhyepiy tyaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tpN\lkhd fhyepiy
gz;GfSf;F mikthf kdpjdpd; md;whl gof;f tof;fq;fs; tyaj;jpw;F
tyak; NtWgl;bUe;jd.
 cjhuzkhf cyu;tyaj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; mjpfstpy; khd; > cLk;G
Mfpa czTfisAk; <utyaj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpjd; mq;F fhzg;gl;l
ej;ijfisAk; cl;nfhz;ldu;.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 Page |4

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fs; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikf;Fk; NghJ

ftdk; nrYj;jpa mk;rq;fs;
 czit ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; trjp.
 fy;yhAjq;fs; jahupg;gjw;fhd cgfuzq;fs; fpilf;ff;$ba trjp.
 ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; trjp.

ngypNyd ghfpad;fy
y

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy FbapUg;Gf;fs; Njhw;wk;ngw;w fhyfl;lq;fs;.

kj;jpafw;fhyj;jpy; gpujhdkhd tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l tho;tplq;fspd; fhymsT.
• gh`paq;fy - ,d;wpypUe;J - 41>000 tUlq;fs;.
• FUtpl;lgl;lnjhk;gnyd - 36>000 tUlq;fs;.
• fpj;Jy;fy ngypnyd - 31>000 tUlq;fs;.
• fk;g`hmytynyd - 14000 tUlq;fs;.
• ngy;yd; nge;jpngy];] - 12000 tUlq;fs;.
• rPfpupa nghj;jhd - 5800 tUlq;fs;.
• khnjhl;l(kd;dhu;) - 3800 tUlq;fs;.

Nfj;jpu fzpj cUtpyhd

fy;yhAjq;fs;

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 Page |5

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;.

 jho;epy kiof;fhLfs;.
 tpy;Yg; Gy;epyq;fs;.
 cyu;tyaf; fhLfs;.
 fiuNahu fsg;Gf;fs;.
Mjp N`hNkhNrg;gpad;];
 kiyehl;bd; Gy;epyq;fs;.

fw;fhyj;jpw;Fupa kdpjd; thoplq;fs;.

 jho;epy <utyaf; Fiffs;.
 jho;epy cyu;tyaf; Fiffs;.
 fiuNahu ntl;lntspfs;.
 <utya ntl;lntspfs;
 kiyaf gpuNjr ntl;lntsp Ntl;ilepyq;fs;.
 cau; kiyehl;L Gy;epyq;fs;.

jho;epy <utyaf; Fiffs;. jho;epy cyu;tyaf;

Fiffs;.
ghfpad;fiy
rPfpupah nghjhd
gl;lnjhk;gnyd
gpJuq;fy
ngypNyd
mypfy
mytYnyd

fiuNahu ntl;lntspfs; <utya ntl;lntsp ghriw

G+e;jy ngy;yd;gjpngy];]
gjpuh[nty
kpdp`hfy;fe;j
tpy;gj;J gy;Nyky

kiyaf gpuNjr ntl;lntsp cau;kiyehl;Lg; Gy;ntspfs;

Ntl;ilepyq;fs;.
N`hl;ld; rkntsp
gz;lhutis
ef;fpy;];
ntspkil
ehtygpba

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 Page |6

FUtpl gl;lnjhk;gnyd mytYnyd

jho;epy <utyaf; Fiffs;.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 Page |7

mypfy nghjhd gpJuq;fy

cyu;tya Fiffs;

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 Page |8

gjpuh[nty
Ge;jy

fiuNahu ntl;lntspfs;

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 Page |9

<utya ntl;lntsp ghriw kiyaf gpuNjr ntl;lntsp

Ntl;ilepyq;fs;.

cau;kiyehl;Lg; Gy;ntspfs;

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 10

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw

 tho;tjw;fhf Ntl;ilahLtNj tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if
Kiwapd; Kf;fpa gz;gha; ,Ue;jJ.
 Ntl;ilf;F Nkyjpfkhf czthf cl;nfhs;sf;$ba jhtu czTfisAk;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L miye;J jpupAk; tho;f;if Kiwiaf; ifahz;Ls;sdu;.
 Ntl;ilahLtjpy; ngUkstpy; <Lgl;bUg;gJ Mz;fshFk;. mtu;fs; FOthfNth
jdpahfNth mr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.
 ,tu;fs; kiof;fhyj;jpy; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp fw;Fiffspy; tho;e;Js;sdu;.
 nghJthf xU FOtpy; 15 – 25f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l egu;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdu;.
mt;thwhd FOf;fspy; Mff; $Ljyhf 50 Ngu; mstpy; Mff;$Ljyhf
,Ue;Js;sikf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 kj;jpa fw;fhyj;jpy; rdj;njhif mlu;j;jp 10 r.fp.kPl;lUf;F xU eguhfNth
my;yF 50 r.fp.kPl;lupy; xU FLk;gkhfNth ( 05 egu;fs; ) tho;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd
ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; czT Kiw

 mtu;fs; fw;Fiffspy; jw;fhypfkhfNt tho;e;Js;sdu;.
 tul;rpahd fhyepiy epyTk; fhyg;gFjpfspy; jw;fhypfkhf mikf;fg;gl;l
$lhuq;fspy; tho;e;Js;sdu;.
 cztpd; jd;ik jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ mtu;fs; thOk; gpuNjrq;fspy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f tsq;fspd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;jhFk;.
 czitj; NjLtjw;F xU ehisf;F Rkhu; VO fpNyhkPw;wu; ele;J
nrd;Ws;sdu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; fw;fhy kdpjd; cl;nfhz;l cztpd; jd;ik gw;wp
mwpe;Jnfhs;s mjpfstpyhd Mjhuq;fs; jho;epy cyu;tyaj;jpYk;
<utyaj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; fw;FiffspypUe;J fpilj;Js;sd.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 11

 czTf;fhf Ntl;ilahlg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs;.

khL> fhl;nlUik> fub> fhl;Lg; gd;wp> khd;> kiu> rpWkhd;> Ks;sk;gd;wp>
Kay;> ku mzpy;> fPup> Fuq;F> fhl;Lf;Nfhop> kiyg;ghk;G> cLk;G.

 jhtu czTfis cl;nfhz;ldu;.

o fhl;Lthio> fhl;Lg;gyh ( Mrdpg;gyh ) vd;gd gpujhd jhtu czthf
cl;nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
cjhuzk; : fpj;Jy ngypnty Fifapy; 2500 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du;
fhl;Lg;gyh tpijfis Rl;L rhg;gpl;lik gw;wpa jfty; fpilj;Js;sJ.

o nfhbtifiar; Nru;e;j ts;spf; fpoq;F> fpj;Js; tpij> fhl;Lg; ghf;F vd;gd

czthf cl;nfhz;ldh;
o ej;ijfis mjpfk; tpUk;gp cz;ldh;. cg;Gld; fye;jpUe;j ej;ijfspd;
vr;rq;fs; fpj;Jy; fy ngypnyidapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
o cztpy; cg;igg; gad;gLj;jpapUe;jdu;.
o fsg;Gf;fis mz;b fhzg;gl;l rpg;gpfs; ehl;bd; cl;gFjpfSf;F nfhz;L
nrd;wpUg;gJ cg;G Njitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;jw;fhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
cjhuzk; : fpJy;fy ngypNyd Fifapy; ej;ijfspd; vr;rq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

 epj;jpah Nghd;w ed;dPh; kPd;fisAk; cz;Ls;sdh;.

 czTf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l khkprq;fs; jpapy; Rl;lgpd;dNu
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; mfo;Tfspd; %yk;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
 fpJy;fy ngypNyd Fifapy; fhl;Lg;gyh tpijfis jPapy; Rl;L
rhg;gpl;likf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 12

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; njhopy;El;gk;

 ,f;fhy kf;fspd; njhopy;El;g mwpit mwpa xNu Mjhukhf cs;sJ
fy;yhAjq;fshFk;. njd;khfzj;jpw;Fupa Fiwtuy; tya kpdp`hy;fj;j >Gj;jy>
gjpuh[nty> mYfy;Nf> clky Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; ,j;jifa fy;yhAjq;fs;
fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 Nfj;;jpu fzpjg; nghwp Kiwapy; mike;Js;s EZf;fkhd fy;yhAjq;fshf
,it ,Ue;jik.
 fw;ghiwfisr; nrg;gdpl;L mikf;fg;gl;l fy;yhAjq;fs; 4.5cm
mstpw;Fl;gl;bUe;jd.
 gspq;Fg;ghiwfspdhYk; rpwpa mstpyhd kQ;rs; epwg; gspq;Ff;fy; epyf;fz;zhb
(jpUthizf;fy;)> fUq;fw;fshYk; fy;yhAjq;fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
 fy;yhAjq;fis Ntl;il MLjy;> ntl;Ljy; cuha;jy;> jl;ilahf;Fjy;>
Njhz;Ljy; vd;gdtw;wpF Vw;why; Nghy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 fUq;fy;ypdhy; jl;ilahd Rj;jpay; mk;kp Nghd;wd nra;ag;gl;ld.


tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; clyikg;G

 nghJthf mk;kf;fspd; MAl;fhyk; 35 – 40 tajhf ,Ue;jJ.
 rhjhuz tsh;r;rpaile;j Mz;fspd; cauk; 174 cm .
 rhjhuz tsh;r;rpaile;j ngz;fspd; cauk; 166 cm.
 %isapd; msT :
tsh;ej
; Mzpd; %isapd; msT 1600 fd cm .
tsh;ej
; ngz;zpd; %isapd; msT 920 fd cm.
 mfd;w %f;Fk; mfd;w ehbAk; midtUJk; gw;fs;
nghpadthfTk; ,Ue;jd.
 tsu;ej
; xU kdpjuJ kz;ilNahL kpfTk; jbg;ghdJ. mjd; ehbg;gFjp
Kd;Ndhf;fp js;sg;gl;L fhzg;gLk;.
 rg;igahd %f;F> jhilAk; gw;fSk; ngupait. fOj;J Fl;ilahdJ.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 13

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fw;fhy kf;fspd; rlq;F rk;gpujha Kiwfs;

 fw;fhy kf;fspd; rlq;Ffspy; kuzr;rlq;Ffs; gw;wpa Mjhuq;fNs mjpfk;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,uhtzvy;y Fifapy; Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;tpy; ,uz;lhfg; gpsf;Fk; tifapy;
Jisaplg;gl;l kz;il XL fpilj;Js;sJ.
 ,k; kz;ilNahl;bd; fuLKulhd gFjp fy;ypdhy; cuhag;gl;L kl;lkhf;fg;gl;L
nrd;epw ghiwapy; epwk; G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 ghfpad;fy Fifapy; rptg;G epwg; ghiwia cuha;eJ
; G+rg;gl;l vYk;Gf; $l;bd;
gFjp fpilj;Js;sJ.
 FUtpl;l gl;lnjhk;gnydf; Fifapy; tisj;Jg; Gijf;fg;gl;l vYk;Gf; $L xd;W
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ej;ij > rpg;gp XLfspdhYk; kdpj vYk;Gj; Jz;LfspdhYk; nra;ag;gl;ltw;iw
Mguzq;fshf mzpe;Js;sdu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; jw;fhy NtLth;fSf;Fk; fw;fhy kf;fSf;Fkpilapy; caphpay;
kw;Wk; fyhrhu hPjpahd rkkhd jd;ikfs; cs;sjhf Ma;thsh;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

tisj;J Gijf;fg;gl;l vYk;Gf;$L XLfspyhd Mguzq;fs;

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 14

Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; fp.K 2400 – fp.K 450

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyKbtpw;Fk; tuyhw;Wf;fhy Muk;gj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
fhyNk Kd; tuyhw;W; fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ. njhopy;El;g mbg;gilapy; ,J
,ilf;fhykhFk;
Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpak;rq;fs;.
 Rlg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fspd; ghtidapy; Muk;gk; ,f;fhyg;gFjpf;Fupa Kf;fpa
rk;gtkhf mike;jJ.
 Kiwahf kuzr; rlq;F Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpaik.
 ,Uk;G cNyhfg;gad;ghL njhlu;ghd njhspthd njhy;ypay; rhd;W ,f;fhyg;
gFjpapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;wikahy; ,Uk;G Muk;g Afk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwik.
 epiyahd FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik.
 tptrhak; nra;aj; njhlq;fpaik.
 myFrhjdg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik.

Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; cUthfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;
 rdj;njhif mjpfhpg;G

fhyepiy khw;wk;
 n`hNyhrPd; Afk; vdg;gLk; mz;ikf; fhyg; Gtpapay; khw;wj;jpd; kj;jpa
gFjpapy; fp.K 5000 – 4000 ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; njd;dhrpa tyaq;fs;
gy khw;wq;fisf; fz;lik.
 ,jd; jhf;fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; epfo ,Uk;G ghtid> tptrha cw;gj;jp>
kl;ghz;lk; tidjy;> Nghd;w khw;wq;fSf;F mJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaJ.
 Fspu; fhyepiy khw;wKw;W ntg;gf; fhyepiy Muk;gpj;jikahy; tptrhaj;jpy;
<Lgl Muk;gpj;jik.

rdj;njhif mjpfhpg;G
 fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; rdj;njhif Ntfkhd mjpfhpj;jik. mjpfhpj;j
rdj;njhif Njitfis mjpfhpj;jJ.b ,J gy khw;wq;fisr; r%fj;jpy;
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

,yq;ifapy; Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; gw;wpa jfty;fSk; mit

fpilf;fg; ngw;w ,lq;fSk;

 rg;ufKt khfhzj;jpd; tl fpof;Fg; gFjp.

 50f;F Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspy; cs;s rd neUf;fbahd FbapUg;Gfspd; maypy;
mike;Js;s kahdq;fspy; ,itNa nkfhypjpf; kahdq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
 ghhpa fw;fis xd;W Nrh;j;J rJutbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fyy;iw kahdk;
gpd;tUk; ,lq;fspy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
o kj;jpa khfhzj;jpd; jk;Gs;isf;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s ,g;gd;fLt
o ahg;g$thtpw;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s fy;nrh`d;
o fNyntiyf;F mz;ikapy; al;bfy;nghj;j
,k;kahdq;fs; fp.K.750 . 450 Mz;LfSf;Fhpait

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 15

 fspkz; ghj;jpuq;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l kdpj rhk;gy; FopNjhz;bg; Gijf;fg;gl;l

GijFop kahzq;fs;
gpd;tUk; ,lq;fspy; ,it fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
Cth khfhzj;jpYs;s `];JKy;y> ngufy.
 gr;irf;fsp kz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l Xlk; Nghd;w Xu; mikg;gpYs;s
kl;ghz;lq;fspy; m];jp ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;bUe;jik ,q;F fhzg;gl;l
rpwg;gk;rk;.

Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; fhy epu;zak;

o ngufy kahdk; – fp.K 2400

o `y;JKy;y kahdk; – fp.K 1750
o cluQ;rhklk; kahdk; – fp.K 1350
o cluQ;rhklf; FbapUg;G – fp.K 1129

 fspkz; Xlf; fy;yiw kahzq;fs; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 fy;yiw kahdq;fspy; ,wf;Fjp nra;ag;gl;l kzpfs; khiyfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
Mdhy; fzpkz; Xl kahdq;fspy; fy;yhAjq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.
,jpypUe;J fspkz; Xl kahdq;fs; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpait vd;gJ
njspthfpd;wJ.

 jPtpd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J fpilf;fg;gl;l fspkz;zpyhd Xlk;

Nghd;w kahdq;fs; %yk; 3000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng vupjYf;F xl;rprd;
Ntz;Lnkd;gjid ,e;;ehl;L kf;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;.
 Cth> rg;ufKt khfhzq;fspy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w fspkz; Xl kahdq;fSf;Fr;
rkkhd ,U kahdq;fshtd.
o &td;nty;y epfy;Ky;y
o mj;jdfy;y fyhnthl;Ltht
 Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa kahdq;fs; mike;Js;s ,lq;fshf
gpd;tUtd ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
cluQ;rhklk>
,g;gd;fLit>
fy;nrh`d;(fdj;ij)>
abfy; nghj;ij>
`y;JKy;y>
ngufy.
,it fy;yiw kahdq;fspd; fhy fl;lj;jpw;Fhpait vd fz;lwpag;gl;lit

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 16

,f;fhyj;jpd; FbapUg;Gf;fspd; jd;ik.

 epue;jukhd FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
 ,f;fhyj;Jf;Fhpa tPL ,uj;jpdGhp khtl;lj;jpYs;s cluQ;rhklk; vdg;gLk;
fpuhkj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,t; tPL 10.20 * 6.80mb nrt;tf tbtj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;JJ
 $iu ,Yf;Fg;Gy; my;yJ mij xj;j xd;why; Ntag;gl;bUe;jJ
 tPl;bd; Rth; fspkz;zhy; thpr;Rf;fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 tPl;bd; miuthrp ,uz;lhf gpupf;fg;gl;L NtWgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 mEuhjGuj;jpd; cs;efuj;jpYk; xU tPL fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhy ngz;fs;

 jk;ik myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;bdh;.

 fspkz; kzpfSk; fz;ikaplg; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfj;jpyhd Fr;rp xd;Wk;
clk;gpy; th;zk; G+Rfw;fis gad;gLj;jg;gl;l kQ;rs;> rptg;G epw khd G+R
fw;fSk;.
 ,g; G+Rfw;fis cuha;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l miuf;Fk; fw;fSk; fz;L
gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhynjhopy;El;gk;

Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy kdpjd; fy;yhAj njhopy;El;gj;jpypUe;J ,Uk;G

njhopy;El;gj;jpw;F khw;wkiljy; ,f;fhy njhopy; El;gj;jpy; njupe;j Jyf;fkhd
gz;ghFk;.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Clhf Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy njhopy;El;g rpwg;Gf;fis
mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

o kl;ghz;lq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

o epue;ju tPlikg;G Kiw.
o fy;yiw kahdk; mikj;jy;.
o cNyhf ghtid.
o Mguzq;fisj; jahupj;jy;.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 17

kl;ghz;lq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ gpd;tUk; njhopy;El;g mk;rq;fis

,dq;fhzf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

 nghUj;jkhd fsp kz;iz njupT nra;jik.

 fzpkz;izf; fOtp mjd; J}Rfis mfw;Wjy;.
 tizjy; rpy;Y cgfuzj;jpd; %yk; thu;j;J vLj;jy;.
 #is mikj;jy;.
 nghUj;jkhd ntg;gepiyapy; #Nlw;Wjy;.
 epwe;jPl;Ljy;.
 fUQ;rptg;G kl;ghz;lk; jahupj;jy;.

epue;juf; FbapUg;Gf;fs;
epue;juf; FbapUg;gf;fis mikf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; njhopy;El;g mk;rq;fis
,dq;fhzf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

 mj;jpthuk; jahupf;fg;gl;lik.
 Rtu; kz;zhy; tupr;Rf;fl;b ,Uj;jy;.
 J}z;fisf; nfhz;L Rtiu mikj;jik.
 ,Yf;Fg; Gy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp $iuia mikj;jik.
 kuj;jhshyhd fjT epiyfs; nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jik

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 18

kahdq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik.

fy;yiw kahdq;fs; mikf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; njhopy;El;g mk;rq;fis

,dq;fhzf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

 ,it Xlk; Nghd;wnjhU tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

 rpwe;j fspkz;iz njupT nra;jik.
 Rtiu epyj;jpw;F nrq;Nfhzkha; mikj;jy;..
 Rtupd; cauj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;..
 rkghuj;ijg; NgDjy;.

fy;yiw kahdq;fs; mikf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; njhopy;El;g mk;rq;fis

,dq;fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

 ,t;thW gr;irf; fspkz;zhy; mikf;fg;gl;l kahzq;fs; vYk;Gfis

vupg;gjd; %yk; Rlg;gl;L cWjpahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 NkYk; ,k; kahdq;fspy; m];jp ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,it nkfhypj;jpf; kahdk; > m];jp itf;fg;gl;l fy;yiw kahdk; > m];jp
itf;fg;gl;l GijFop kahdk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 19

,yq;ifapd; Muk;gtuyhw;Wf;fhyf; FbapUg;Gf;fs;

( fp.K 450- fp.gp 300 )
 gz;ila FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gy; kw;Wk; mit njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis
mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd Mjhuq;fshf njhy;nghUl;fNs tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

 ngUk;ghyhd Muk;g tuyhw;Wf;fhyf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; fpuhkpaf; Fsnkhd;iw

ikakhff; nfhz;L mjd; mUfhikapy; mike;jpUe;jd.

Muk;gtuyhw;Wf;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;

,f;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa gpujhd Gtpapay;

fhuzpfs; gpd;tUkhW

 tUlhe;j kio tPo;r;rp

 kz;zpd; jd;ik
 jiuj; Njhw;w NtWghL
 ,aw;if tsq;fspd; guk;gy;
 ePNuhilfs;

Muk;gf; fhyf; FbNaw;wq;fs; cyh;tyaj;jpNyNa gutpaikf;fhd gpujhd fhuzk;

 tskhd nrq;fgpy epwkz; fhzg;gl;lik

 Njitad ePiu ,U topfspy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik.

1. gUt kio.
2. Mw;Wf;Ff;FWf;Nf mizfisf; fl;b Nrkpj;J ePiu Njitahd
,lq;fspw;F nfhz;L nrd;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 fNzfe;j> fy;nyd tpfhiufspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;Fiffs; ,uz;bYk;

nghwpf;fg;gl;l gpuhkp vOj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mtuz vd;w
nrhy;y;pd; nghUs; mizf;fl;L MFk;.
 ejpfSf;F mg;ghy; Muk;gfhyff; FbapUg;Gf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;likf;Ff;
fhuzk; nts;sg; ngUf;iff; fl;bg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd njhopy;El;g mwpT
,d;ikahFk;.

Muk;g tuyhw;Wf; fhyf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gk; jd;ikAk;.

Muk;g tuyhw;Wf; fhyf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; guk;gyhdJ ejpf; fiuNauq;fSf;F

ntspNa fhzg;gl;ljhf fpupe;jp Xah Ma;Tnra;j njhy;ypayhsu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.
Fsj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FbNaw;wq;fs; tsh;r;rpaile;jd.
,it thtpfhk vd %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 20

kfhtk;rj;jpy; gpd;tUk; Fsf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.


Rkz thtpfhk tp`huthtpfhk
`pe;jhp fl` thtp fhk

 xU fpuhkk; kw;iwa fpuhkj;jpypUe;J fhLfshy; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

 kf;fs; jkJ njhopy; hPjpahf xd;Wgl;L tho;e;j rpy FbapUg;Gf;fs; gw;wp
tk;rf; fijfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhopy; hPjpahf xd;Wgl;bUe;j tuyhw;Wf; fhy FbapUg;Gf;fs;

fpuhkk; njhopy;fs;
frPfhufhk tptrhapfs; tho;ej ; fpuhkk;.
kzpfhufhk ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;Ntu; tho;ej ; fpuhkk;
Nfhgyfhk ,ilau; tho;ej ; fpuhkk;.
Nftl;lfhk kPdtu; tho;ej; fpuhkk;.
Fk;gfhufhk Fatu; tho;ej ; fpuhkk;.
tl;lfPfhk jr;ru; tho;ej
; fpuhkk;.

fhuzfhhpa mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j tuyhw;Wf; fhyf; FbapUg;Gf;fs;

fpuhkk; fhupak;

gl;ldfhk JiwKfj;ijf; nfhz;l fpuhkk;

epak; fk; tu;j;jf; fpuhkk;

Xyfk; kf;fshy; iftplg;gl;l fpuhkk;

Muk;g tuyhw;Wf; fhy fpuhk efu FbNaw;wq;fs;

 epyg;gug;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L %d;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

o 0.15 nff;nlau; tplr;rpwa fpuhkq;fs;
o 2 nff;nlau; gug;gsTila kj;jpastpyhd fpuhkq;fs;
o 2 nff;nlaiu tplg; nghpa efuf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

 fpuhkk; xd;wpy; 5 - 6 FLk;gq;fs; trpj;jd.

 nghpa fpuhkq;fspy; 30 Ngh; tiu trpj;jdh;.
 kfhfktpYk; mjid mz;kpj;j efuq;fspYk; 35000 Ngh; tiu trpj;jdu;.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h

 P a g e | 21

 Ntypaplg;gl;Lg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fs; ghpfpj;jfk vd;w ngauhYk; mt;thW

ghJfhf;fg;glhjit mgafphpj;jfk vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ld.
1k; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; gdhf;fLt nrg;Gr; rhrdj;jpy; “ EUGuk;” vd mEuhjGuk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lLs;sJ.

Muk;g tuyhw;Wf;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; eph;thf xOq;fikg;G

 rpy FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;l Xh; myfhf fpuhkk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

 FLk;gj;ijg; gpujp epjpj;Jtg;gLj;pa FLk;gj; jiytd; Fh;`gjp vd
miof;fg;gl;lhd;.
 fpuhkj;jpd; FLk;gj; jiyth;fisf; nfhz;l FOtpd; jiytd; “ fkpf my;yJ
fpuhkpf vdg;gl;lhd;.
 fpuhkj; jiyth;fs; 10 Ngh; nfhz;l rigapd; %yk; fpuhkj;jpd; gpur;rpidfs;
jPh;ff
; g;gl;ld.

fSjpa nghFz tpfhiuf; fy;ntl;by; mt; tpfhiug; gpf;FfSf;F jhdk;

toq;Ftjpy; vJk; gpur;rpidfs; Neh;e;jhy; 10 fpuhkg; gpujhdpfs; Nrh;e;J jPh;T fhz
Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

Muk;g tuyhw;Wf; fhy fpuhkpa tPlikg;G Kiw

 tl;l tbtpidf; nfhz;ljhfTk; rpy tPLfs; rJukhd jiu mikg;igf;

nfhz;ljhfTk; mike;jpUe;jd.
 kz; Rth;fisAk; ,iy Fiofspyhd $iufisAk; nfhz;l Fbirfshf
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
 epyj;ijj; Njhz;b mjd; Nky; kz; g+rp tPl;bd; mbj;jsk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

 jp];] kfhuhikapy; tyfk;gj;J vdg;gLk; fpuhkj;jpy; Guhjd tPnld;wpd;

vr;rq;fs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Muk;g tuyhw;Wf;fhy kf;fspd; rPtNdhgha Kiw

 ejpg;gLf;iff;F mg;ghy; FbapUg;Gf;fs; gutyilAk; NghJ Nridg;gapw;nra;if

gpujhd [PtNdhgakhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
 Fuf;fd;> vs;> fiu> mhprp> nkNdhp vd;gd mq;F gaphplg;gl;ld.
 rdj;njhif mjpfhpg;ghy; czT cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;f ePh; Njitg;gl;lJ.
 vdNt fpuhkpa Fsq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

tuyhW juk; - 10 ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; g.ghujpuh[h