Aldehyde &

Ketone
PMC unit 17
 Contents

Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones.

ALDEHYDES
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones.
AND
KETONES:
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones:

Nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism

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Carbonyl Compounds:

The organic compounds which contain carbonyl functional group in their molecules are
called carbonyl compounds.

In a carbonyl group, a carbon atom is bonded to oxygen with a double bond.

The homologous series of both aldehydes and ketones have the general formula, CnH2nO

Aldehydes and Ketones are carbonyl compounds

Aldehydes: In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom and
so it occurs at the end of the chain. INTRODUCTION
An aldehyde can be represented by the general formula.

Ketones: In ketones, the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms and so it occurs
within a chain.

A ketone may be represented by the general formula

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 Both aldehydes and ketones can be represented by the
general formula
 A) CnH2nO C) CnH2n+1O2
 B) CnH2n+2 D) CnH2nO2 MCQ

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 Formaldehyde:

FORMALIN: A mixture of 40 % fromaldehyde, 8 % methyl

alcohol and 52 % water. PREPARATI
Industrial Method
ON OF
2CH3OH + O2 →2HCHO + 2H2O
Laboratory Method
ALDEHYDES
2CH3OH + O2→ 2HCHO + 2H2O
(HCOO)2Ca Δ → HCHO + CaCO3

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 The oxidation product of ethanol / (K2Cr2O7-H2SO4) is
treated first with calcium and then subjected to distillation
under dry conditions, the final product is
 A) Acetic acid C) Propanone
 B) Ethanol D) acetone MCQ

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Preparation of
Acetaldehyde:

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 Acetone is prepared by dry distillation of calcium acetate.

Preparation of
Acetone

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 Both carbon and oxygen are sp2 hybridized. Reactivity of carbonyl group is
due to the polarity of carbon and oxygen.
 They give Nucleophilic addition reaction
 All aldehydes are always unsymmetrical except Formaldehyde.
 All aldehydes are non-planer except formaldehyde & Benzaldehyde
 A base catalyst increases the nucleophilic character of the reagent
REACTIVITY
 an acid-catalyst promotes the nucleophilic attack by increasing the
positive character (electrophilic character) of the carbonyl carbon atom. OF
CARBONYL
GROUP
E+ Nü

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 General
mechanism of
Base Catalyzed
Nucleophilic
addition
reaction:

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 General
mechanism of
Acid Catalyzed
Nucleophilic
addition
reaction:

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 Aldehydes & ketones give four types of reactions:
 Base-Catalysed Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
 Hydrogen Cyanide ,Grignard Reagents & Sodium Bisulphite
 Aldol Condensation & Cannizzaro’s Reaction
 Haloform Reaction
 Acid-Catalysed Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
 Polymerization Reactions of
 Reactions of Ammonia Derivatives Aldehyde &
 Addition of Alcohol
 Oxidation Reactions
Ketone
 Reduction Reactions

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 Addition of
Hydrogen
Cyanide:

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 Which ketone will yield tertiary butyl alcohol on treatment with
CH3MgBr following by hydrolysis
 A) 2-Butanone C) 3-Pentanone
 B) Acetone D) 2-Pentanone MCQ

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 Addition of
Ammonia
Derivative:
Reaction with
2,4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine
[2, 4-DNPH]

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 OXIDATION:

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 Aldehydes are first oxidation product of:
 A) Primary alcohols C) Secondary alcohol
 B) Tertiary alcohols D) Dihydric alcohol
MCQ

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 Tollen's Test
[Silver Mirror
Test]:

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 Which of the following gives positive silver mirror test?
 A) Ethanoic acid C) Butanoic acid
 B) Butanal D) 2-Butanone
MCQ

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 Reduction

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 Reduction

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 Reaction
Showing the
Presence of
CH3CO Group
(Haloform
Reaction):

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 Which of the following reagent can provide distinction
between propionaldehyde and acetaldehyde?
 A) Tollen’s reagent C) Fehiling solution
 B) benedict’s solution D) I2 + NaOH solution MCQ

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Thank
You M. Qasim Nazir
muhammadqasimnazir@gmail.com