TYPES OF VOLCANOES AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
- The Philippines is located in the
Pacific Ring of Fire
 Home to hundreds of volcanoes
VOLCANO
- Vent, hill, or mountain; ejects
molten/hot rocks with gaseous
material have been ejected
- Craters, depressions, hills/mountains
formed from ejected materials
accumulated on the earth’s surface
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VOLCANOES
(Frequency of Volcanic Activity)
- Active
o Erupted with the last 600 years
o Records of eruption within the last
10,000 years
- Inactive/Extinct
o No records of eruption within the
last 10,000 years
ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1. Mayon, Albay
2. Taal, Batangas
3. Kanlaon, Negros Island
4. Hibok-hibok, Camiguin
5. Pinatubo, Zambales
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
- Summit – Opening
- Slope
- Base
o Crater – Funnel-shaped opening
o Caldera – formed when a part of the
wall collapses (ex. Taal Lake)
**Mayon has 1 Crater
**Taal has 47
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
(Based on Shape)
- Shield Volcanoes
 Accumulation of non-viscous lava
 Broad, slightly domed structure;
like a warrior’s shield
 Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii
- Cinder Cones
 From ejected
lava
fragments
 Steep slope,
wide crater
 Most
abundant type of volcano
 Paracutin
Volcano,
Mexico
- Composite Cones
 A.K.A
Stratovolcanoes
 Large, near perfect sloped
structure
 Alternate solidification of both
lava and pyroclastic deposits
 Mayon Volcano
FACTORS THAT AFFECT MAGMA
VISCOSITY AND ERUPTIONS
VISCOSITY – Resistance to flow; liquid’s
stickiness & stickiness
1. Magma’s temperature
 As the temperature of magma increases,
viscosity decreases and vice versa
 As lava flows down the volcano, temp
decreases and hardens; ability to flow
decreases and stops
2. Chemical composition (Mainly SiO2)
 Thin magma = less silica, less viscous;
travels great distance
 Thick magma = more silica, more viscous;
breaks up as it flows, can’t travel far
3. Amount of dissolved gases o Excessive ashes, pyroclastics,
 Gas (water vapor), dissolved in with explosive explosions and
magma, increase ability to flow viscous lava
 Low amount of gas > forms:  Mt. Helen (1960) & Mt. Pinatubo,
a. Dome – high viscosity, piles Zambales (1991)
up at a vent
b. Columnar - LOW AMOUNT
OF GAS, HIGH SILICA =
very viscous, magma does not
flow at all
- HIGH VISCOSITY MAGMA
 Low gas content, high silica
content, low temperature
 Low mobility, slow flow
- LOW VISCOSITY MAGMA
 High gas content, low silica
content, high temp
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
- Phreatic/Hydrothermal
o Hot rocks + water
o Steam-driven eruption, short lived
o Ash columns
o May be the onset of a larger
eruption
 Bulusan Volcano, Sorsogon
(2016)
- Phreatomagmatic
o Magma + water
o Large column of fine ash
o High speed
o Base surges > pyroclastics eject
from the side
 Taal Volcano, Batangas (2020)
- Strombolian
o “fountain lava”
o Bursts of huge clots of lava;
luminous arc
o Periodic weak to violent eruptions
 Irazu volcano, Costa Rica (1965)

- Vulcanian
o Tall eruption columns up to 20
km; with pyroclastic flow and
ashfall tephra
 Paricutin Volcano, Mexico
- Plinian
o Most powerful and deadliest type
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
PHIVOLCS
- Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology
- Philippines is on the boundaries of the
Philippine sea plate and Eurasian plate;
subduct (dive) beneath the archipelago
- Ideal to volcanism and earthquake activity
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
- When hot materials from inside the
interior are thrown out of a volcano
- “ejecta” – lava, rocks, dust, gas
compounds
- Can come from side and top of the
volcano
- Some eruptions can be terrible; some can
be quiet outflows
WHAT FORMS VOLCANOS?
- When magma under the earth’s crust rises
to the surface and escapes through cracks
1. Very small space for magma to leave
2. pressure builds
3. magma violently released
4. lava solidifies
5. builds up
6. becomes a volcano
WHAT TRIGGERS AN ERUPTION
- tectonic plates > can move towards, away,
alongside eachother > triggers an eruption
 can cause earthquakes
 creates fissures (weaknesses in the
earth’s curst)
 magma can escape through
fissures
WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN
ERUPTION?
- Varies on type of volcano & tectonic
boundary
- DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARIES, plates
move toward each other = composite
volcanoes
 Have viscous lava, very explosive;
gas bubbles trapped in magma
chamber
 Spurts hot ash and rocks
HOW DO VOLCANOES ERUPT?
- The interior of the earth is so hot that the
rocks melt and form magma > lighter than
solid rock, magma rises, and collects in
magma chambers > pushes through vents
& fissures > erupts
- Magma – inside the volcano
- Lava – outside the volcano
WHAT CAUSES VOLCANOES TO ERUPT
- Movement of tectonic plates
 When plates subduct (pushed
under another), magma, sediment
and seawater is forced into the
chamber and overflows then
erupts
 When plates move away, magma
rises and fill the gap > gentle
eruption, thin lava 800 to 1200C
- Decrease in external pressure
 Decreases volcano’s ability to
hold back, Increases pressure
inside the magma chamber
 typhoons
EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
- Positive effects:
o Decrease earth’s surface temp (ex.
Mt. Pinatubo eruption)
o Creates spectacular scenery (ex.
Mt. Pinatubo eruption)
o Produces rich soils for farming
(ex. Musuan Volcano in Bukidnon,
1867)
- Negative effects:
o Loss of lives and properties
o Destruction of surroundings due to
lava flows & pyroclastic materials
o Population movements, large # of
people flee
o Temporary food shortages
o Lahar - Volcanic ash landslides
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
1. Volcanic quakes; with rumbling
sounds, occurrence of volcanic
tremors
2. Steam activity: steam color from white
to gray
3. Crater glow
4. Ground swells, tilts, fissures due to
magma
5. Localized landslides, rockfalls from
summit area
 6. Drying up of vegetation around o Avoid low-lying areas where
volcano’s upper slopes poisonous gas can collect
7. Increase in temp of hot springs and e. Protect yourself (wear long sleeves
crater lake and pants, use googles, use dust-
8. Changes in the chemical content of mask/damp cloth to breath, turn off
springs, crater lakes near the volcano automobiles
9. Drying up of springs/wells near f. Stay out of the area, don’t watch
volcano volcanoes erupt
10. New thermal areas/reactivation of old - AFTER
ones a. Listen to radio for latest info
PRECAUTIONS IN CASE OF VOLCANIC b. Stay away from ashfall
ERUPTIONS c. When outside
- BEFORE o Cover nose and mouth (many die
a. Learn about community warning from inhaling ash)
systems o Wear goggles to protect eyes
b. Be prepared for disasters that can be o Keep skin covered to avoid
caused by volcanoes (earthquakes, irritation/burns
flashfloods, landslides, mudflows, d. Avoid contact with any amount of ash
thunderstorms, tsunami) if you have a respiratory ailment
c. Make evacuation plan; High ground e. Avoid driving in heavy ashfall
away from eruption, plan escape route f. Clear roofs of ashfall; can cause
d. Develop emergency communication buildings to collapse
with family g. Help neighbors who may require
e. Determine your “family contact” (out special assistance (elderly, children,
of town relative) pwd, etc.)
f. Ready disaster supplies
g. Get pair of googles and breathing
masks
h. Contact local emergency
management/Philippine red cross
chapter for more info\
- DURING
a. Follow evac order by authorities
b. Avoid areas downwide/near volcanos
c. If caught indoors:
o Close all windows, doors,
dampers
o Put all machinery inside a
garage/barn
o Bring animals & livestock into
closed shelters
d. If trapped outdoors:
o Seek shelter indoors
o If caught in rockfall, roll into ball
position to protect head
o Beware of mudflows (powerful
rivers of mud when rain falls
through ash carrying clouds/rivers
close to stream channels)
ENERGY FROM VOLCANOES
- Geothermal Energy: thermal energy from
inside earth
 Geo – earth
- in power generation, geothermal energy is
energy of steam
- movement of earth crusts allows magma to
move closer to the surface; transfers heat
to layers of rock around it; when water is
trapped steam is produced
- Drilling a well into this zone, steam can
operate turbines, generates electricity
- PHILIPPINES RANKS 2ND IN THE
WORLD’S PRODUCTION OF
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
- 14.4% of country’s total energy comes
from geothermal energy > department of
energy (doe)
- Cheaper than electricity production by
natural gas, coal, and hydropower
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
- Heat from earth’s interior
- Warms up water trapped under rock
formations
HOW IS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
GENERATED?
- 2 ways:
o Geothermal power plants
o Geothermal heat pumps
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
- Heat from inside the earth used to produce
steam to generate electricity
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS
- Heat coming from close to the surface
used to heat water/provide heat for
buildings
GEOTHERMAL PLANTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Tiwi, Albay
 Kidapawan, North Cotabato
 Calaca, Laguna
 Tongonan, Leyte
 Bago City, Negros Occidental
 Valencia, Negros Orriental
 Bacon, Sorsogon
GEOTHERMAL PLANTS
- Built in hot areas just below the surface
(ex. Near group of geysers, hot springs,
volcanic activity)
- Geothermal hot waters used to:
 Heating buildings
 Raising plants in greenhouses
 Drying crops
 Heating water at fish farms and
several industrial processes;
pasteurizing milk
- Used to generate electricity
- Steam/hot water extracted from earth
through a series of wells and feeds the
power plant
- Can cause pollution, in form of hydrogen
sulfide gas; reacts with moisture and
causes corrosion of metals > harmful to
people’s health
STEPS IN GENERATING ELECTRICITY
FROM A GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
1. Wells drilled deep into earth to pump
steam/hot water to the surface
2. When water reaches the surface, drop
in pressure turns water into steam
3. Steam spins turbine, connected to a
generator that produces electricity
4. Cooling towers cools steams;
condenses back to water
5. Cooled water pumped back to earth;
cycle starts again
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS
- Electrical device that extracts heat from
one place and transfers to another
- Transfers heat, Circulates substance called
“refrigerant” through cycle of evaporation
and condensation
- compressor pumps refrigerant between
two heat exchanger coils
- used for space heating and cooling, water
heating
- CONCENTRATE NATURALLY
EXISTING HEAT, rather than
PRODUCING HEAT THROUGH
COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS
ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
1. Environmentally friendly
 Low carbon footprint
 Minimal pollution
2. Renewable
 Lasts until earth is destroyed
 naturally replenished; renewable
and sustainable
3. Huge potential
 Worldwide energy consumption
15 terawatts
4. Sustainable/stable
 Always available to be tapped into
5. Heating and cooling
 Ground is more resistant to
seasonal changes, can act as heat
source with heat pump
6. Reliable
 Does not fluctuate like other
energy sources
7. No fuel required
8. Rapid evolution
DISADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
1. Location restricted
2. Environmental side effects
 Many greenhouse gases are being
released
3. Earthquakes due to the drilling and
digging
4. High costs for a plant
5. Sustainability
 Needs to be properly managed
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
- Weather
 Day to day temp. and precipitation
 Varies from time to time
- Climate
 Pattern of weather over a certain
area over a long period of time
- PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical, Astronomical Services
Administration
 Philippines climate is tropical and
maritime
o High temperature, humidity, and
abundant rainfall
- Every January, coldest temps; Every May,
warmest temps
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
- Latitude
o Distance of north and south from
equator
 Sun’s rays strike directly in areas
near the equator and the opposite
for those not vertically hit
 Closer to the equator, warmer
climate
 Farther from the equator, colder
climate
- Altitude
o Elevation of place above sea level
o For every 1000m, drops by 6.50C
o Air molecules are farther apart at
higher altitudes, air is less dense;
doesn’t absorb heat that well
o Decrease in air pressure, decrease
in temp
 Air temperature decreases as
altitude increases
 Higher elevation, colder climates
- Topography regions are warmer; water releases
heat slower
 Water heats and cools more slower
than land
 Land absorbs and releases heat
faster
 Places near oceans have moderate
climates
 Places far from oceans/bodies of
water, higher temps

o Windward side – area where

wind blows
o Mountainous areas affect amount
of precipitation in a certain region
 As wind moves upward, water
vapor condenses and forms
clouds; precipitates
 Leeward side – Air moves down
the opposite side
 Cold air starts to absorb heat and
become warm
 Leeward side has dry region
called rain shadow; desert plants
and grassland
- Ocean Currents
 Made by wind, water temp, salt

content, and gravity of the moon;

keeps planet warm; Absorbs
majority of sun’s radiation
o Increase/decrease temps of nearby
landmasses
 Ocean currents flowing away from
EQ, WARM WATER
 Ocean currents flowing toward
EQ, COLD WATER
- Bodies of Water
o in the summer, coastal regions are
cooler; in the winter, coastal
 - Global phenomenon of climate
transformation/changes in usual
climate caused by human activities
- NASA “broad global phenomena due
to burning of fossil fuels which adds
heat trapping gases to the atmosphere
- Increase global temps, sea level rise,
ice mass loss, shifts in flower/plant
blooming, extreme weather events
DIFFERENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
AND GLOBAL WARMING
- Global warming – just one aspect of
climate change; rise in global temps
due to increased abundance of
greenhouse gases
- Climate change – increasing changes
of patterns of climate (precipitation,
temp, wind patterns
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- Greenhouse gases
o Gases in the atmosphere that
trap heat
o Let sunlight pass through but
prevent heat from leaving the
atmosphere
 Water vapor
o Blocks heat from escaping,
temps get warmer, more
water to evaporate
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
o Burning of fossil fuels
o Most important
contributor to manmade
global warming

 Methane (CH4)
o Traps lots of heat,
second most important
contributor
 Ozonev (O3)
o Burning gas in cars and
factories
 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
o Factories, power plants,
CLIMATE CHANGE and some power plants
 o Damages OZONE
LAYER; powerful
greenhouse gas
 Cholorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
o Damage ozone layer
o From refrigerants,
aircrafts and aerosol
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Temps continue to rise
2. Frost-free and growing season will
lengthen
3. Extreme Weather
4. Rising seas
5. Warmer, more acidic oceans
6. El Nino and La Nina

CONSTELLATIONS