Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Control Valves 1678169882
Control Valves 1678169882
A3449/IL
Installed Characteristic*: The rela-
tionship between the flow rate and the
closure member (disk) travel as it is
Figure 1-2. Inherent Valve
moved from the closed position to
Characteristics
rated travel as the pressure drop
across the valve is influenced by the
varying process conditions. (See
output when the system or device is in Valve Type and Characterization in
a steady-state condition. Sensitivity is Chapter 2 for more details on how the
sometimes used to mean static gain. installed characteristic is determined.)
Dynamic gain is the gain relationship
between the input and output when Installed Valve Gain: The magni-
the system is in a state of movement tude ratio of the change in flow
or flux. Dynamic gain is a function of through the valve to the change in
frequency or rate of change of the in- valve travel under actual process con-
put. ditions. Installed valve gain is the
valve gain relationship that occurs
Hysteresis*: The maximum differ- when the valve is installed in a specif-
ence in output value for any single in- ic system and the pressure drop is al-
put value during a calibration cycle, lowed to change naturally according
excluding errors due to dead band. to the dictates of the overall system.
The installed valve gain is equal to the
Inherent Characteristic*: The rela- slope of the installed characteristic
tionship between the flow coefficient curve, and is a function of valve travel.
and the closure member (disk) travel (See Valve Type and Characterization
as it is moved from the closed position in Chapter 2 for more details on how
to rated travel with constant pressure the installed gain is determined.)
drop across the valve.
I/P: Shorthand for current-to-pres-
Typically these characteristics are sure (I-to-P). Typically applied to input
plotted on a curve where the horizon- transducer modules.
tal axis is labeled in percent travel and Linearity*: The closeness to which a
the vertical axis is labeled as percent curve relating to two variables approx-
flow (or Cv) (figure 1-2). Because imates a straight line. (Linearity also
valve flow is a function of both the means that the same straight line will
valve travel and the pressure drop apply for both upscale and downscale
across the valve, conducting flow directions. Thus, dead band as de-
characteristic tests at a constant pres- fined above, would typically be con-
sure drop provides a systematic way sidered a non-linearity.)
of comparing one valve characteristic
design to another. Typical valve char- Linear Characteristic*: An inherent
acteristics conducted in this manner flow characteristic that can be repre-
4
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
sented by a straight line on a rectan- Process Variability: A precise statis-
gular plot of flow coefficient (Cv) ver- tical measure of how tightly the pro-
sus rated travel. Therefore equal cess is being controlled about the set
increments of travel provide equal in- point. Process variability is defined in
crements of flow coefficient, Cv (figure percent as typically (2s/m), where m is
1-2). the set point or mean value of the
measured process variable and s is
Loop: (See Closed Loop.) the standard deviation of the process
variable.
Loop Gain: The combined gain of all
the components in the loop when Quick Opening Characteristic*: An
viewed in series around the loop. inherent flow characteristic in which a
Sometimes referred to as open-loop maximum flow coefficient is achieved
gain. It must be clearly specified with minimal closure member travel
whether referring to the static loop (figure 1-2).
gain or the dynamic loop gain at some
frequency. Relay: A device that acts as a power
amplifier. It takes an electrical, pneu-
Manual Control: (See Open Loop.) matic, or mechanical input signal and
produces an output of a large volume
Open Loop: The condition where
flow of air or hydraulic fluid to the ac-
the interconnection of process control
tuator. The relay can be an internal
components is interrupted such that
component of the positioner or a sep-
information from the process variable
arate valve accessory.
is no longer fed back to the controller
set point so that corrections to the
Resolution: The minimum possible
process variable are no longer pro-
change in input required to produce a
vided. This is typically accomplished
detectable change in the output when
by placing the controller in the manual
no reversal of the input takes place.
operating position.
Resolution is typically expressed as a
Packing: A part of the valve assem- percent of the input span.
bly used to seal against leakage
around the valve disk or stem. Response Time: Usually measured
by a parameter that includes both
Positioner*: A position controller dead time and time constant. (See
(servomechanism) that is mechanical- T63, Dead Time, and Time Constant.)
ly connected to a moving part of a fi- When applied to the valve, it includes
nal control element or its actuator and the entire valve assembly.
that automatically adjusts its output to
the actuator to maintain a desired Second-Order: A term that refers to
position in proportion to the input sig- the dynamic relationship between the
nal. input and output of a device. A sec-
ond-order system or device is one that
Process: All the combined elements has two energy storage devices that
in the control loop, except the control- can transfer kinetic and potential ener-
ler. The process typically includes the gy back and forth between them-
control valve assembly, the pressure selves, thus introducing the possibility
vessel or heat exchanger that is being of oscillatory behavior and overshoot.
controlled, as well as sensors, pumps,
and transmitters. Sensor: A device that senses the
value of the process variable and pro-
Process Gain: The ratio of the vides a corresponding output signal to
change in the controlled process vari- a transmitter. The sensor can be an
able to a corresponding change in the integral part of the transmitter, or it
output of the controller. may be a separate component.
5
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
Set Point: A reference value repre- Travel*: The movement of the closure
senting the desired value of the pro- member from the closed position to an
cess variable being controlled. intermediate or rated full open posi-
tion.
Shaft Wind-Up: A phenomenon
where one end of a valve shaft turns Travel Indicator: A pointer and scale
and the other does not. This typically used to externally show the position of
occurs in rotary style valves where the the closure member typically with
actuator is connected to the valve clo- units of opening percent of travel or
sure member by a relatively long degrees of rotation.
shaft. While seal friction in the valve
Trim*: The internal components of a
holds one end of the shaft in place,
valve that modulate the flow of the
rotation of the shaft at the actuator
controlled fluid.
end is absorbed by twisting of the
shaft until the actuator input transmits Valve: (See Control Valve Assembly.)
enough force to overcome the friction.
Volume Booster: A stand-alone
Sizing (Valve): A systematic proce- relay is often referred to as a volume
dure designed to ensure the correct booster or simply booster because it
valve capacity for a set of specified boosts, or amplifies, the volume of air
process conditions. supplied to the actuator. (See Relay.)
DIAPHRAGM AND
STEM SHOWN IN
UP POSITION
DIAPHRAGM
PLATE
ACTUATOR SPRING
ACTUATOR STEM
SPRING SEAT
SPRING ADJUSTOR
STEM CONNECTOR
YOKE
TRAVEL INDICATOR
INDICATOR SCALE
W0363-1/IL
DIRECTĆACTING ACTUATOR
VALVE PLUG
STEM
PACKING
FLANGE
VALVE PLUG
RELATIONSHIP OF
MAJOR COMPONENTS
CAGE
GASKET
CAGE
SEAT
RING
SEAT GASKET
RING
VALVE
W0989/IL BODY
7
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
DIAPHRAGM CASINGS
DIAPHRAGM AND
STEM SHOWN IN
DOWN POSITION
DIAPHRAGM
PLATE
LOADING PRESSURE
CONNECTION
ACTUATOR SPRING
ACTUATOR STEM
SPRING SEAT
SPRING ADJUSTOR
STEM CONNECTOR
YOKE
TRAVEL INDICATOR
INDICATOR SCALE
W0364-1/IL
W0667/IL
W6434/IL
and transmits motion (force) from the motion to the valve positioner (figure
actuator to the valve. 1-7).
Actuator Stem Extension: An ex- Actuator Stem Force: The net force
tension of the piston actuator stem to from an actuator that is available for
provide a means of transmitting piston actual positioning of the valve plug.
8
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
INTEGRALLY
MOUNTED VALVE
POSITIONER
ACTUATOR STEM
EXTENSION SEAL
PISTON
ACTUATOR STEM
CYLINDER ACTUATOR
STEM SEAL
CYLINDER CYLINDER SEAL
CLOSURE SEAL
RUBBER BOOT SEAL BUSHING
YOKE
STEM CONNECTOR
TRAVEL
INDICATOR SCALE
TRAVEL INDICATOR
W0319-1/IL
W0957/IL
W0958/IL W0959/IL
the control valve. Various cage styles Diaphragm Plate: A plate concentric
are shown in figure 1-8. with the diaphragm for transmitting
force to the actuator stem.
Closure Member: The movable part
Direct Actuator: A diaphragm actua-
of the valve that is positioned in the
tor in which the actuator stem extends
flow path to modify the rate of flow
with increasing diaphragm pressure.
through the valve.
Extension Bonnet: A bonnet with
Closure Member Guide: That por- greater dimension between the pack-
tion of a closure member that aligns ing box and bonnet flange for hot or
its movement in either a cage, seat cold service.
ring, bonnet, bottom flange, or any
two of these. Globe Valve: A valve with a linear
motion closure member, one or more
Cylinder: The chamber of a piston ports, and a body distinguished by a
actuator in which the piston moves globular shaped cavity around the port
(figure 1-7). region. Globe valves can be further
classified as: two-way single-ported;
two-way double-ported (figure 1-9);
Cylinder Closure Seal: The sealing angle-style (figure 1-10); three-way
element at the connection of the pis- (figure 1-11); unbalanced cage-guided
ton actuator cylinder to the yoke. (figure 1-3); and balance cage-guided
(figure 1-12).
Diaphragm: A flexible, pressure re-
sponsive element that transmits force Lower Valve Body: A half housing
to the diaphragm plate and actuator for internal valve parts having one
stem. flow connection. The seat ring is nor-
mally clamped between the upper
Diaphragm Actuator: A fluid pow- valve body and the lower valve body
ered device in which the fluid acts in split valve constructions.
upon a flexible component, the dia-
Offset Valve: A valve construction
phragm.
having inlet and outlet line connec-
tions on different planes but 180 de-
Diaphragm Case: A housing, con- grees opposite each other.
sisting of top and bottom section,
used for supporting a diaphragm and Packing Box (Assembly): The part
establishing one or two pressure of the bonnet assembly used to seal
chambers. against leakage around the closure
10
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
W0467/IL W0665/IL
W0992/IL
STANDARD
TFE VĆRING GRAPHITE PACKING ARRANGEMENTS
B2565 / IL 1 LOCATION OF SACRIFICIAL ZINC WASHER,
IF USED.
Figure 1-13. Comprehensive Packing Material Arrangements
for Globe-Style Valve Bodies
Trim, Soft-Seated: Valve trim with an Valve Stem: In a linear motion valve,
elastomeric, plastic or other readily the part that connects the actuator
deformable material used either in the stem with the closure member.
closure component or seat ring to pro-
vide tight shutoff with minimal actuator Yoke: The structure that rigidly con-
forces. nects the actuator power unit to the
valve.
Upper Valve Body: A half housing
for internal valve parts and having one
flow connection. It usually includes a
means for sealing against leakage Rotary-Shaft Control Valve
along the stem and provides a means Terminology
for mounting the actuator on the split
valve body. The definitions that follow apply spe-
cifically to rotary-shaft control valves.
Valve Body: The main pressure
boundary of the valve that also pro-
vides the pipe connecting ends, the Actuator Lever: Arm attached to
fluid flow passageway, and supports rotary valve shaft to convert linear ac-
the seating surfaces and the valve tuator stem motion to rotary force to
closure member. Among the most position disk or ball of rotary-shaft
common valve body constructions valve. The lever normally is positively
are: a) single-ported valve bodies connected to the rotary shaft by close
having one port and one valve plug; b) tolerance splines or other means to
double-ported valve bodies having minimize play and lost motion.
two ports and one valve plug; c) two-
way valve bodies having two flow con- Ball, Full: The flow-controlling mem-
nections, one inlet and one outlet; d) ber of rotary-shaft control valves using
three-way valve bodies having three a complete sphere with a flow pas-
flow connections, two of which can be sage through it. The flow passage
inlets with one outlet (for converging equals or matches the pipe diameter.
13
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
W6957/IL
CONVENTIONAL DISK
BUTTERFLY VALVE
W6213/IL
ECCENTRIC DISK VALVE
W5471/IL
CONTOURED DISK BUTTERFLY VALVE
14
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
Ball, Segmented: The flow–control- ANSI-class flanges by long through-
ling member of rotary shaft control bolts (sometimes also called wafer-
valves using a partial sphere with a style valve bodies).
flow passage through it. Plug, Eccentric: Style of rotary con-
Ball, V-notch: The most common trol valve with an eccentrically rotating
type of segmented ball control valve. plug which cams into and out of the
The V-notch ball includes a polished seat, which reduces friction and wear.
or plated partial-sphere surface that This style of valve has been well
rotates against the seal ring through- suited for erosive applications.
out the travel range. The V-shaped Reverse Flow: Flow from the shaft
notch in the ball permits wide range- side over the back of the disk, ball, or
ability and produces an equal percent- plug. Some rotary-shaft control valves
age flow characteristic. are capable of handling flow equally
well in either direction. Other rotary
Note:
designs might require modification of
The balls mentioned actuator linkage to handle reverse
above, and the disks flow.
which follow, perform a
Rod End Bearing: The connection
function comparable to
often used between actuator stem and
the valve plug in a
actuator lever to facilitate conversion
globe-style control
of linear actuator thrust to rotary force
valve. That is, as they
with minimum of lost motion. Use of a
rotate they vary the size
standard reciprocating actuator on a
and shape of the flow-
rotary-shaft valve body commonly re-
stream by opening more
quires linkage with two rod end bear-
or less of the seal area
ings. However, selection of an actua-
to the flowing fluid.
tor specifically designed for
Disk, Conventional: The symmetri- rotary-shaft valve service requires
cal flow-controlling member used in only one such bearing and thereby re-
the most common varieties of butterfly duces lost motion.
rotary valves. High dynamic torques Rotary-Shaft Control Valve: A valve
normally limit conventional disks to 60 style in which the flow closure mem-
degrees maximum rotation in throttling ber (full ball, partial ball, disk or plug)
service. is rotated in the flowstream to control
the capacity of the valve (figure 1-14).
Disk, Dynamically Designed: A but-
terfly valve disk contoured to reduce Seal Ring: The portion of a rotary-
dynamic torque at large increments of shaft control valve assembly corre-
rotation, thereby making it suitable for sponding to the seat ring of a globe
throttling service with up to 90 de- valve. Positioning of the disk or ball
grees of disk rotation. relative to the seal ring determines the
flow area and capacity of the unit at
Disk, Eccentric: Common name for that particular increment of rotational
valve design in which the positioning travel. As indicated above, some seal
of the valve shaft/disk connections ring designs permit bi-directional flow.
causes the disk to take a slightly ec- Shaft: The portion of a rotary-shaft
centric path on opening. This allows control valve assembly corresponding
the disk to be swung out of contact to the valve stem of a globe valve.
with the seal as soon as it is opened, Rotation of the shaft positions the disk
thereby reducing friction and wear. or ball in the flowstream and thereby
Flangeless Valve: Valve style com- controls capacity of the valve.
mon to rotary-shaft control valves. Sliding Seal: The lower cylinder seal
Flangeless valves are held between in a pneumatic piston-style actuator
15
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
designed for rotary valve service. This area of a diaphragm might change as
seal permits the actuator stem to it is stroked, usually being a maximum
move both vertically and laterally with- at the start and a minimum at the end
out leakage of lower cylinder pres- of the travel range. Molded dia-
sure. phragms have less change in effective
area than flat sheet diaphragms; thus,
Standard Flow: For those rotary- molded diaphragms are recom-
shaft control valves having a separate mended.
seal ring or flow ring, the flow direction
in which fluid enters the valve body Equal Percentage Flow Character-
through the pipeline adjacent to the istic: (See Process Control Terminol-
seal ring and exits from the side oppo- ogy: Equal Percentage Flow Charac-
site the seal ring. Sometimes called teristic.)
forward flow. (See also Reverse
Flow.) Fail-Closed: A condition wherein the
valve closure member moves to a
Trunnion Mounting: A style of closed position when the actuating en-
mounting the disk or ball on the valve ergy source fails.
shaft or stub shaft with two bearings
diametrically opposed. Fail-Open: A condition wherein the
valve closure member moves to an
open position when the actuating en-
Control Valve Functions ergy source fails.
and Characteristics Fail-Safe: A characteristic of a valve
Terminology and its actuator, which upon loss of
actuating energy supply, will cause a
Bench Set: The calibration of the ac- valve closure member to be fully
tuator spring range of a control valve closed, fully open, or remain in the
to account for the in-service process last position, whichever position is de-
forces. fined as necessary to protect the pro-
Capacity: Rate of flow through a cess. Fail-safe action can involve the
valve under stated conditions. use of auxiliary controls connected to
the actuator.
Clearance Flow: That flow below the
Flow Characteristic: Relationship
minimum controllable flow with the
between flow through the valve and
closure member not seated.
percent rated travel as the latter is
Diaphragm Pressure Span: Differ- varied from 0 to 100 percent. This
ence between the high and low values term should always be designated as
of the diaphragm pressure range. This either inherent flow characteristic or
can be stated as an inherent or installed flow characteristic.
installed characteristic.
Flow Coefficient (Cv): A constant
Double-Acting Actuator: An actua- (Cv) related to the geometry of a
tor in which power is supplied in either valve, for a given travel, that can be
direction. used to establish flow capacity. It is
the number of U.S. gallons per minute
Dynamic Unbalance: The net force of 60_F water that will flow through a
produced on the valve plug in any valve with a one pound per square
stated open position by the fluid pres- inch pressure drop.
sure acting upon it.
High-Recovery Valve: A valve de-
Effective Area: In a diaphragm ac- sign that dissipates relatively little
tuator, the effective area is that part of flow-stream energy due to streamlined
the diaphragm area that is effective in internal contours and minimal flow tur-
producing a stem force. The effective bulence. Therefore, pressure down-
16
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
stream of the valve vena contracta re- a valve having a more streamlined
covers to a high percentage of its inlet flowpath. Although individual designs
value. Straight-through flow valves, vary, conventional globe-style valves
such as rotary-shaft ball valves, are generally have low pressure recovery
typically high-recovery valves. capability.
19
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
Controller*: A device that operates as the International Society for Mea-
automatically to regulate a controlled surement and Control.
variable.
Instrument Pressure: The output
Enthalpy: A thermodynamic quantity pressure from an automatic controller
that is the sum of the internal energy that is used to operate a control valve.
of a body and the product of its vol- Loading Pressure: The pressure
ume multiplied by the pressure: H = U employed to position a pneumatic ac-
+ pV. (Also called the heat content.) tuator. This is the pressure that actual-
Entropy: The theoretical measure of ly works on the actuator diaphragm or
energy that cannot be transformed piston and it can be the instrument
into mechanical work in a thermody- pressure if a valve positioner is not
namic system. used.
NACE: Used to stand for National
Feedback Signal*: The return signal Association of Corrosion Engineers.
that results from a measurement of As the scope of the organization be-
the directly controlled variable. For a came international, the name was
control valve with a positioner, the re- changed to NACE International.
turn signal is usually a mechanical in- NACE is no longer an abbreviation.
dication of closure member stem posi-
tion that is fed back into the positioner. OSHA: Abbreviation for Occupational
Safety and Health Act. (U.S.A.)
FCI: Abbreviation for Fluid Controls
Institute. Operating Medium: This is the fluid,
generally air or gas, used to supply
Frequency Response Characteris- the power for operation of valve posi-
tic*: The frequency-dependent rela- tioner or automatic controller.
tion, in both amplitude and phase, be-
tween steady-state sinusoidal inputs Operative Limits*: The range of op-
and the resulting fundamental sinusoi- erating conditions to which a device
dal outputs. Output amplitude and can be subjected without permanent
phase shift are observed as functions impairment of operating characteris-
of the input test frequency and used to tics.
describe the dynamic behavior of the Range: The region between the limits
control device. within which a quantity is measured,
received, or transmitted, expressed by
Hardness: Resistance of metal to stating the lower and upper range val-
plastic deformation, usually by in- ues (for example: 3 to 15 psi; -40 to
dentation. Resistance of plastics and +212_F; -40 to +100_C).
rubber to penetration of an indentor
point into its surface. Repeatability*: The closeness of
agreement among a number of con-
Hunting*: An undesirable oscillation secutive measurements of the output
of appreciable magnitude, prolonged for the same value of the input under
after external stimuli disappear. the same operating conditions, ap-
Sometimes called cycling or limit proaching from the same direction, for
cycle, hunting is evidence of operation full range traverses. It is usually mea-
at or near the stability limit. In control sured as a non-repeatability and ex-
valve applications, hunting would ap- pressed as repeatability in percent of
pear as an oscillation in the loading span. It does not include hyesteresis
pressure to the actuator caused by (figure 1-15).
instability in the control system or the
valve positioner. Sensitivity*: The ratio of the change
in output magnitude to the change of
ISA: Abbreviation for the Instrument the input that causes it after the
Society of America. Now recognized steady-state has been reached.
20
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
Signal*: A physical variable, one or ues (for example: Range = 0 to
more parameters of which carry infor- 150_F; Span = 150_F; Range = 3 to
mation about another variable the sig- 15 psig, Span = 12 psig).
nal represents.
Supply Pressure*: The pressure at
Signal Amplitude Sequencing (Split the supply port of a device. Common
Ranging)*: Action in which two or values of control valve supply pres-
more signals are generated or two or sure are 20 psig for a 3 to 15 psig
more final controlling elements are ac- range and 35 psig for a 6 to 30 psig
tuated by and input signal, each one range.
responding consecutively, with or
without overlap, to the magnitude of Zero Error*: Error of a device operat-
that input signal (figure 1-15). ing under specified conditions of use
when the input is at the lower range
Span*: The algebraic difference be- value. It is usually expressed as per-
tween the upper and lower range val- cent of ideal span.
21
Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Valves
22