Proposed Synopsis

on

“Effect of bio-fertilizers on growth and flowering characters of

Lupin”

SUBMITTED BY
Prajal Pradhan
Roll no: 19MSHT14
M.Sc. Horticulture
[Floriculture and Landscaping]

SUBMITTED TO
Department of Horticulture
School of Life Sciences
Sikkim University

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 PERFORMA OF RESEARCH PLAN

Name of the Student : Prajal Pradhan

Registration No. : 15SU23136

Degree for which Enrolment : MSc Horticulture

Major Field for Specialization : Floriculture and Landscaping

Minor Subject : Plant Physiology

Title of the Research project : Effect of bio-fertilizers on growth and

flowering characters of Lupin

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INTRODUCTION

Lupinus, commonly known as lupin or lupine, is a genus of flowering plants in the

legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity

in North and South America. Smaller centers occur in North Africa and the

Mediterranean. They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental

plants, although in New Zealand's South Island, introduced lupins are viewed as a severe

environmental threat.

The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3–1.5 m (0.98–4.92 ft) tall, but

some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall. Lupins have soft green

to grey-green leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf

blades are usually palmately divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a single leaflet

in a few species of the southeastern United States and eastern South America.The flowers

are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1–2 cm long. The

pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral wings, and two lower

petals fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired common names such as

bluebonnets and quaker bonnets. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds that weight in

average 24,8 mg each (n=50).

Biofertilizers or more appropriately called "microbial inoculants" are the preparations

containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms. When biofertilizers

are applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the

plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to

the host plant.The biofertilizers are cost effective renewable energy source and play a

crucial role in reducing the inorganic chemical or fertilizer application and at the same

time increasing the flowering growth, quality and yield of flowers. Indiscriminate and

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term use of chemical fertilizers has not only led to imbalance of nutrients in soil resulting

in degradation of soil structure but has also affected the growth and production of

flowers. Now days, a lot of emphasis is being paid on the use of bio-fertilizer to increase

the production of flower crops. Biofertilizer usually consists of live or latent cells of

micro-organisms which include biological nitrogen fixers, P-solubilizing, mineralization

of nitrogen and transformation of several elements into available forms.

Keeping above in the mind the present experiment will be conducted with the following

objectives:

1. To study the effect of selected bio fertilizers on vegetative growth of Lupin.

2. To study effect of selected bio fertilizers on flowering of Lupin.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Bhalla et al. (2007) reported the effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on growth and

flowering of Carnation. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design on two

cultivars namely, Raggio-de-sole and Murcia with 14 treatments, replicated thrice.

Carnation cultivar Raggio-de-Sole when grown in sand + soil + vermicompost (1:1:1) +

biofertilizers@ 2g/plant (Azospirillum and Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms)

produced maximum plant height (73.20 cm), number of flowers (6.06), length of flower

stem (68.70 cm), flower size (7.30 cm), earliness in flowering (130.80 day), maximum

percentage of A grade flowers (97.33) and vase life (11.00 d).

Abbasniayzare et al. (2012) study the effects of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers on

growth indices of Spathiphyllum illusion. This trial was carried out in a Randomized

complete block design in 3 replications. Treatments were control (without fertilizer),

Nitrokara (nitrogen biofertilizer), urea, Nitrokara + urea, Barvar-2 (phosphate

biofertilizer), triple super phosphate, triple super phosphate + Barvar-2, Barvar-2 +

Nitrokara. The results showed that "triple super phosphate + Barvar 2" treatment resulted

in increasing leaves number, dry and fresh weight of leaves and the size of spadix.

"Barvar-2 + Nitrokara" has the best effect on leaf size, height of flower stalk and

chlorophyll content. The maximum amount of absorbing nitrogen was obtained under

urea application.

Kumar et al. (2012) experimented on the effect of biofertilizer and micronutrient on

growth and flowering of Tuberose. The experiment was laid out with two levels of PSB

inoculation (PSB @ 100 g/l and 200 g/l), three levels of boron (boron @ 0.2 %, 0.4 %

and 0.6 %) and their six interactions and one control. There were total 12 treatment

combinations. Application of PSB and boron gave the better performance in comparison

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to control, while best were recorded under the combined application of PSB inoculation

and boron at higher doses (PSB @ 200g/l + boron @ 0.6 %).

Moghadam and Shoor (2013) studied the effect of vermicompost and two biofertilizers

application on growth, yield and quality of Petunia. The experiment laid out in

randomized block design with 3 replication and 9 treatment combinations composing of

vermicompost, biofertilizers and NPK fertilizer. The treatment receiving Azospirillum sp.

+ Phosphate solubilizing bacterium + vermicompost + NPK (25% of recommended dose)

recorded the highest plant height, number of branches, plant spread, leaf area index,

number of flower per pot, flower yield/plant, flower yield/plot. The early flower bud

initation, 50 percent flowering and more flowering duration was achieved in the treatment

receiving Azospirillum sp. + Phosphate solubilizing bacterium + vermicompost + NPK

(25% of recommended dose). Application of Azospirillum sp. + Phosphate solubilizing

bacterium + vermicompost + NPL (25% of recommended dose) registered significantly

higher quality parameters such as flower diameter.

Idan et al. (2014) investigation oneffect of Organic manures on flower Yield of African

Marigold (Tageteserecta L.) CV. Pusa Narangi Gainda. The experiment was laid out in

R.B.D. with three replications and nine treatments separately. Studies showed that,

significant effect on fresh weight of flower (9.20gm), (number of flowers per plant

(39.75), flower yield per plant (366.02g), flower yield per plot (3.29kg), flower yield per

hectare (32.94 t ha-1), maximum gross return (Rs. 329,418 t ha-1), net return (Rs

238,549) and cost of benefit ratio (3.63) was recorded maximum in treatment with T7

(poultry manure) under Allahabad agro climatic conditions.

Sardoei et al. (2014) experimented on the effect of vermicompost of an animal manure

origin on the growth and flowering of Marigold grown under glasshouse condition were

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determined. Marigold seeds were germinated, transplanted into media and grown on for

150 days. The traditional base medium (control) was a mixture of 70% farm soil and 30%

sand (v/v). Treatment were either vermicompost incorporated at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60

% into the base medium. Vermicompost had significant (P<0.05) positive effects on

flower numbers, leaf growth and shoot fresh and dry weights compared to both control

amended media. Plant performance was the best at the 60% vermicompost medium.

Results indicated that the vermicompost had significant effect on photosynthetic pigment

(P<0.05). The highest content of Chl. (a), total Chl. a+b, Carotenoids and total pigments

was achieved in 60% vermicompost.

Srivastava et al.(2014) studied the effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on growth,

flowering and post harvest attributes of Tuberose. The experiment was conducted in

Randomized Block Design with four replications. The maximum plant height, number of

leaves/plant, rachis length and yield of spikes/m² was obtained with the use of 2 kg

vermicompost/m² whereas application of 0.5 kg poultry manure/m² in tuberose registered

the maximum spike weight, number of florets/plant and minimum number of unopened

florets/plant. This treatment also found best for maximizing the weight and diameter of

mother bulb and number of bulblets/m².

Sisodia and Singh (2015) reported the effect of farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost

and Trichoderma alone and in combination on flowering and corm yield in Gladiolus.

Application of vermicompost + Trichoderma resulted in early spike emergence, floret

colour show, opening of first floret and increased diameter of first, third and fifth floret.

Maximum length of spike, no. of florets/spike and duration of flowering was registered

with application of farmyard manure. Treatment FYM + vermicompost significantly

enhanced shelf life of first and third floret. However, maximum weight of corms/plant

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and diameter of corm recorded with FYM + vermicompost + Trichoderma and FYM +

vermicompost treatments, respectively.

Khan et al. (2017) elucidated the effects of biofertilizers on plant growth and yield

characters of Pea. The data were recorded on 11 characters. Based on the mean

performance the treatment – 8(100% RDF + Rhizobium 30g/kg) was found best treatment

for plant growth and seed yield. This obtained high in plant height (cm), number of

primary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, days to 50% flowering, number

of pods per plant, days to maturity, pod length (cm), number of seed per pod, seed index,

seed yield per plant, nodules per plant. Interaction effect of biofertilizers was significant

for all characters. Thus, it indicates that the process of biofertilizers may be better option

for seed growers to achieve seed yield components in Pea.

Kumar and Kumar (2017) experimented on the effect of bio-fertilizers and nutrients on

growth and flower yield of summer season African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). The

experiment was conducted in randomized block design with 11 treatments replicated

thrice to assess the effect of bio-fertilizers and nutrients on growth and flower yield of

African marigold. Results reveal that the application of bio-fertilizers and nutrients had

left significant response on growth and yield of marigold. Azotobacter + PSB + 75%

NPK have resulted maximum plant height (72.46), plant spread (45.26 cm2 ) and number

of branches (26.60). Early flower bud initiation (38.93 days), duration of flowering (50.26

days), opening of first flower (47.60 days), length of flower stalk (7.46 cm), number of

flowers per plant (24.84), diameter of flower (7.11 cm2 ), weight of flower (7.80 g) and

yield of flower per plant and per hectare (178.55 g & 257.76 q) was recorded with the

application of Azotobacter + PSB + 75% NPK.

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Pandey et al. (2017). experimented on the effect of biofertilizer and organic manure on

plant growth, flowering and tuber production in Dahlia. The experiment was laid out in

randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The maximum plant

height (65.07 cm), number of primary branches (9.67), number of leaves (33.67), plant

spread (43.73 cm), number of flowers (8.13), duration of flowering (10.53), flower yield

ha-1 (33.65), weight of tuber (56.67 g), number of tubers (4.87) and tuber yield (13.80 t

ha-1) were produced in the treatment (T8) Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter @

2.0 kg ha-1 + Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria @ 2.0 kg ha-1.

Patel et al. (2017) studied on the effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on growth,

flowering and flower yield of Rose. Different treatments were significantly affected on

the growth, flowering and flower yield parameters. It is evident that significantly

maximum plant height (98.50 cm), plant spread (64.86 cm), number of branches per plant

(7.20) and stem diameter (1.18 cm) at peak flowering stage were recorded with Castor

cake @ 0.8 kg + Azotobacter @ 1ml + PSM @ 1 ml + KSB @ 1 ml/plant. Similarly,

significantly the minimum average days to first flower (37.95), maximum average days to

flowering span (118.18), diameter of flower (7.58 cm), number of petal per flower

(72.55), stalk length (30.03 cm), stalk diameter (0.30 cm), number of flower per plant

(64.83), number of flower per hectare (4.32 lac), flower yield per plot (5.82 kg) and

flower yield per hectare (7753.66) were recorded with Castor cake @ 0.8 kg +

Azotobacter @ 1 ml + PSM @ 1ml + KSB @ 1ml / plant.

Poudyal (2017) experimented on the effect of selected microbial Consortium on

vegetative and flowering parameters of Calendula. The different mode of application i.e

seed treatment, coco-peat enrichment, soil drenching, compost enrichment. All the

treatments have performed significantly superior in comparison to control. Among two

selected varieties of Calendula, FeistaYellow (V1) perform better in comparison to Glitter

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Orange (V2) as response to the AMC application. Among all the treatment, T2V1 (seed

treatment) recorded the maximum values in vegetative growth such as plant height, plant

spread, number of leaves as well as old content of the calendula, whereas, T3V1 (coco-

peat enrichment) was found superior in flowering parameters like number of flower per

plants.

Chandra et al. (2018) Conducted an experiment that carried out with an aim to identify

and standardize the most suitable doses of FYM to achieve higher yield of Marigold

flower. The experiment was laid out in randomize block design with three replicates and

five treatments i.e. T1 (11 tonne /ha), T2 (22 tonne /ha), T3 (27.50 tonne /ha), and

T4(Control). The maximum yield was obtained from treatment T1 (11 tonne /ha)

37.41±0.629 concentration of FYM 22 tonne /ha.

Tiwari (2019) experimented on seven treatment comparing biofertilizer such as

Trichoderma, VAM, PSB, Azotobacter, Arka Actino plus, Arka Microbial consortium

with Farmyard manure in China Aster. The treatment were done in complete randomized

design with three replication. Different growth parameters shown better performance like

in T1 (Tricoderma and FYM) the number of bud 18.17 and number of branches 19.00

were shown. In T3 (Arka Microbial Consortium and FYM) it showed number of leaves

283.00 and maximum fresh weight 151.4g and dry weight of 56.73g of areal plant part. In

T4 (VAM, PSB, Azotobacter and FYM) the longevity of first flower was recorded (7.17

days) and the total base life at 21.32. In T5 (Arka Actino Plus and FYM) leaf area 115.17

cm² and stalk length 36.43 cm was recorded. In T6 (VAM and FYM) maximum fresh

flower weight of 4.47 g was recorded.

Basant et al. (2020) investigated on effect of integrated nutrient management on growth,

flowering and flower yield of Tuberose. Ten treatment combinations of different fertilizer

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and organic manure nutrients were comprised with three replications. Result showed the

significant result and the maximum plant height, leaf length, fresh weight, dry weight,

number of florets spike-1, length of spike-1, length of rachis and flower yield were

recorded under T9 (75% RDF + FYM @ 3.5 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha-1 +

Poultry manure @ 2 t ha-1) followed by T7 (50% RDF + FYM @10 t ha-1 + Poultry

manure @ 2 t ha-1). The maximum number of leaves plant-1, and diameter of floret were

found under T7 (50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Poultry manure @2 t ha-1) whereas the

weight of 100 florets was recorded maximum under T8(50% RDF + Vermicompost @ 5 t

ha-1 + Poultry manure @ 2 t ha-1).

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METHODS AND MATERIALS

The present experiment entitled, “Effect of bio-fertilizer on growth and flowering

characters Lupin” will be carrying out at farmers’ field at Ranipool. Details of material

used and techniques employed during the course of studies are described below:

Experiment Detail:

Experiment Design: CRD

No. of treatment: 09

No. of replication: 03

No. of pot per replication: 05

Method of propagation: Through seed

Time of application of bio fertilizer: Seed treatment, 45 days and 75 days after full

germination as drenching.

Treatment Details:

T1- Soil (Control)

T2- Soil + Farmyard Manure (FYM) (@ 2:1)

T3- Soil +Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) (@ 2%)

T4- Soil +Trichoderma (@ 2%)

T5- Soil +Nalpak (@ 2%)

T6- Soil + Biosar NPK (2%)

T7- Soil + Arka Microbial Consortium (@ 2%)

T8- Soil + Humic Acid (@ 0.5%)

T9- Soil + Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) (@ 2%) + Trichoderma (@ 2%)

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Observations/ Parameters to be recorded:

1) Days taken for seed germination.

2) Days taken for 50% germination.

3) Days taken for 100% germination.

4) Days taken for first true leaves to appear.

5) Height (cm) 30 days, 45 days & 60 days after full germination.

6) Days taken for first bud emergence.

7) Days taken for 50% bud emergence.

8) Days taken for 100% bud emergence.

9) Days taken for first floret to opening.

10) Days taken for 50% floret to opening.

11) Days taken for 100% floret to opening.

12) Leaves number at the time of bud emergence.

13) Leaves area (cm²) at the time of bud emergence.

14) Stem diameter (cm) at the time of bud emergence.

15) Number of branches at the time of flowering.

16) Days taken first Flower wilting.

17) Days taken for 50% flower wilting.

18) Days taken for 100% flower wilting.

19) Total Chlorophyll analysis (mg/ml).

20) Carotenoids(mg/ml).

21) Fresh weight of plant (g).

22) Dry weight of plant (g).

23) Overall appearance.

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Statistical Analysis:

Mean value along with standard deviation will be presented in tabulated from. Data will

be analyzed by CRD will be compared by the least significant difference (LSD) test at the

0.05 probability level (P = 0.05).

Time Frame:

Experiment: 6 months

Data analysis and thesis writing: 1 months

Total time: 7 months

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REFERENCES

Abbaniayzare SK., Sedaghathoor S and Dahkaei MNP. (2012). Effect of biofertilizer

application on growth parameters of Spathiphtllum illusion. American-Eurasian

Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 12(5):669-673.

Basant DK., Verma LS., Singh R and Markam IR. (2020). Effect of nutrient management

on growth, flowering and flower yield of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.) under

chhattisgarh plain condition. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 9(2):249-

253.

Bhalla R., Kumar MHS and Jain R. (2007). Effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on

growth and flowering in carnation(Dianthus carypohyllusLinn.).Journal of

Ornamental Horticulture. 10(4):229-234.

Chandra N., Badoni A., Chamoli V., Khaan J., Joshi N and Muruglatha N. (2018). Affect

ofdifferent doses of FYM on flower yield of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv.

Hawaii. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5(8):154-156.

Gawade NV., Varu DK., Dishaben P and Aghera SR. (2018). Efficacy of biofertilizers to

improve flower production: A review. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology

and Life Sciences. 8(1):9-17.

Idan RQ., Prasad VM and Saravanan S. (2014). Effect of organic manures on flower yield

of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. PusaNarangiGainda. International

Journal of Agricultural Science and Research. 4(1):7-18.

Khan I., Singh Dand Jat BL. (2017). Effects of biofertilizers on plant growth and yield

characters of Pea. Advance Research Journal of CropImprovement. 8(1):99-108.

Kumar A and Kumar A. (2017). Effect of biofertilizers and nutrients on growth and

flower yield of summer season African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Plant

Archives. 17(2):1090-1092.

15
Kumar J., Kumar P and Pal K. (2012). Effect of biofertilizer and micronutrient on growth

and flowering of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cv. Pearl Double.

Agricultural Research Communication Centre. 32(2):164-167.

Moghadam MZ and Shoor M. (2013). Effects of Vermi-compost and two Bacterial Bio-

fertilizers on some quality parameters of Petunia. National Scientia Biologicae,

5(2):226-231.

Pandey SK., Kumari S., Singh D., Singh VK and Prasad VM. (2017). Effect of

biofertilizer and organic manure on plant growth, flowering and tuber production

of Dahlia. International journal of pure and applied bioscience. 5(2):549-555.

Patel VS., Malam VR., Nurbhanej KH.,Vihol AN and Chavada JR. (2017). Effect of

organic manure and biofertilizer on growth, flowering and flower yield of Rose

(Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Gladiator. International Journal of Chemical Studies.

5(5):24-27.

Poudyal S. (2017). Effect of selected microbial Consortium on flowering and vegetative

growth of calendula. MSc Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University.

Sardoei AS., Roien A., Sadeghi T., Shahadadi F and Mokhtari TS. (2014). Effect of

Vermicompost on the growth and flowering of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta).

American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.

14(7):631-635.

Sisodia A and Singh AK. (2015). Effect of Farmyard Manure, Vermicompost and

Tricoderma on flowering and corm attributes in Gladiolus. Indian Journal of

Horticulture. 44(2):309-314.

Srivastava R., Preetham SP and Chand S (2014).Effect of organic manure and

biofertilizer on vegetative, floral and post harvest attributes in Tuberose

16
 (Polianthes tuberosa) var. Shringar. Asian journal of biological and life science.

3(1):6-8.

Tiwari A. (2019). Effect of biofertilizer on growth and flowering of China Aster. MSc

Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University.

Date: Signature of the Student

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Form-I
Sikkim University
(A Central University established by an Act of Parliament of India, 2007)
6th Mile, Samdur, Tadong, Gangtok

PROPOSAL FOR FORMATION OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE

1 Name of Student Prajal Pradhan

2 Registration No. 15SU23136
3 Name of the Department Horticulture
4 Degree for which enrolled M Sc Horticulture
5 Major field of Floriculture and Landscaping
specialization
6 Minor filed Plant Physiology
7 Advisory Committee Name Designation & Signature
Department
7.1 Chairperson Dr Manju Rana Assistant Professor,
Department of
Horticulture
7.2 Member Dr Laxuman Associate Professor,
Sharma Department of
Horticulture
8.3 Member Dr Rajesh Kumar Assistant Professor,
Department of
Horticulture

Approved by:

[Head of Department]

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Approval from student Advisory Committee

Chairperson Dr Manju Rana

Assistant Professor,
Department of Horticulture

Member Dr Laxuman Sharma

Associate Professor,
Department of Horticulture

Member Dr Rajesh Kumar

Assistant Professor,
Department of Horticulture

Approved by:

[Head of Department]

19