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Design and Simulation of Small Scale Microgrid Testbed

Conference Paper · September 2011

DOI: 10.1109/CIMSim.2011.58

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 Design and Simulation of Small Scale Microgrid Testbed
Alias Khamis1, M.N.M. Nasir4
Department of Industrial Power,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka, Malaysia
Email: 1alias@utem.edu.my,
4
mohamad.naim@utem.edu.my
Abstract - microgrid systems is a new technology for
improving reliability and providing alternative energy
supplies to the grid system. Low voltage faults in the system
are one of the critical issues that require distributed
generating sources to disconnect from grid provide energy to
the load. Therefore the techniques used in the microgrid
system with microsoures can be important in reducing the
problems in the grid system. In this paper two different
microsources photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) with
battery storage for a small scale microgrid system are
simulated. The aim is to observe the effect of microsources
parameter on the outputs at the point of common coupling.
Most of the results can be used for develop a small scale
microgrid system for practical applications.
Keywords: Battery Storage, Inverter, Microgrid, Photovoltaic,
PSCAD, Wind Turbine.
I. INTRODUCTION
A small scale microgrid system is a low voltage
grid connected to the network that can improve the power
system failure and power quality in the system. Low vol-
tage single phase AC generating units in a small scale mi-
crogrid system become abundant in recent year. This sys-
tem includes the combination of distribution generation or
microsouces to connect to the load and grid system. The
microsources such as PV and WT comprising of battery
storage are designed to perform in both islanded and grid
mode of operation [1,2].
A typical PV and WT need to optimize design
with specific parameters. Effect of wind speed fluctuation
and irradiance for both microsources effect the result from
dynamic performance of microgrid [3]. The stability and
the performance hybrid WT, PV and battery system have
to be studied for the variable voltage, frequency and load-
ing effect [4]. Therefore the microgrid system need to be
modelled and controlled in grid connected system to show
the capability of - WT and PV hybrid generation system
[5]. To ensure stable operation during network distur-
bances, maintaining stability and power quality in the is-
landing mode operation require the sophisticated control
strategies for microgrid inverters in order to provide stable
frequency and voltage in the presence of arbitrarily varying
load [6].
Modeling and simulation of microgrid power
system is an important first step to any sort of physical
A. Mohamed2, H.Shareef3
Department of Electrical, Electronics and System Engi-
neering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
Email: 2azah@eng.ukm.my, 3shareef@eng.ukm.my
experimentation or field implementation. Models can be
used to predict performance issues and simulate anomalous
condition [7]. Modeling of a commonly used microsources
an a small scale microgrid system is studied using PSCAD
[8]. Therefore the objective of this paper is to design and
simulation a small scale microgrid system included each of
microsources PV, WT and battery storage with inverter are
simulated by PSCAD. The simulation showed the grid
connected and islanding mode performance varying by
load and effect of PV and WT microsources with battery
capacity storage.
II. SMALL SCALE MICROGRID SYSTEM
A. System Description
1) Grid Connection System
A small scale microgrid system architecture is as
shown in Figure 1. It is a single phase 60Hz, 240V AC
system connected to grid. It comprises of PV, WT and bat-
tery storage microsources. Where the DC output voltage
from PV is connected to inverter to change into AC voltage
before connected to the grid system. While AC voltage
output from WT and generator are connected to a bridge
rectifier change to DC voltage before converting to AC
again through an inverter. Finally the battery storage is
connected to bidirectional inverter to maintain output in
AC voltage charge and charging the battery.
Figure 1: Single diagram small scale microgrid system
2) The Load System
The load system are divided in three categories that
the first load are connected with PV where when islanding
mode this load are supplies from PV microsources. Then
the second load are connected with WT also when island-
ing happen this load are supplies from WT microsources.
Finally the third load are connected to the system where if
islanding happen this load are supplies from the micro-
sources also battery storage.
B. Distributed Generators
1) The PV system
The PV microsource is shown in Figure 2. Solar radi-
ation and cell temperature are input source to PV to con-
vert in current and voltage by PV panel then connected
with series diode and parallel capacitor. The function of the
diode is to block output from reverse side and capacitor is
used for charge the output from PV then generate to the
load.

Figure 2: PV system electrical circuit

The outputs from PV in DC voltage need to
change to AC voltage by inverter as shown in Figure 3.
The circuit have four gates that convert DC voltage from
PV to AC voltage and connected the system. This circuit
are control by PWM circuit where the square wave graph
injects to the gates in sine wave for AC voltage. AC vol-
tages out from inverter are used for generation to the load
and synchronies with the grid system.
Figure 4: WT system electrical circuit
Generator output from WT in there phase AC
voltage change to DC voltage by bridge rectifier before
change to AC voltage again by inverter as shown in Figure
5. DC voltages from bridge rectifier are single phase input
of inverter.

Figure 3: DC/AC inverter circuit

2) The Wind Energy System
The microsources of WT are shown in Figure 4. The
wind speed fluctuations is the wind sources input power to
the WT. The WT has there blade that is attached to the
rotor before connect to the induction generator. DC voltage
output from WT turbine and the induction generator are
used for changed to AC voltage.
Figure 5: AC/DC bridge rectifier and DC/DC inverter circuit
3) Energy Storage System
The battery storage is used in this microgrid system as
shown in Figure 6. The electrical circuit show the battery
source connected with series diode and parallel capacitor.
The DC/DC converter is used to convert from small vol-
tage to large voltage before change to AC voltage by in-
verter [13].
 The plots in Figure 9 shows the load power in three
types for this microgrid system. P1 and Q1 is the active
power and reactive power for load connected with PV sys-
tem. While P2 and Q2 is the active power and reactive are
load connected to the WT system. P3 and Q3 is the Active
power and reactive power for the load in this system.

Figure 6: Battery storage and DC/DC converter circuit

The output from battery storage in DC voltage as a input

for inverter as shown in Figure 7. This bidirectional inver-
ter can comprise with AC voltage in microgrid system for
backup when the operation system in grid connected or
islanding mode. Figure 9: Active power and reactive power microgrid load

1) PV system
Figure 10 shows the supply and load voltage and
current from PV system. Both of the voltage and current
from PV are variables that effect from solar irradiance
and temperature from the source. While the voltage and
current at the load or out from inverter is in the sinusoidal
waveform.

Figure 7: DC/DC inverter circuit

III. SIMULATION RESULT

A. Grid Connected Mode
The grid connected mode is the microgrid system with PV,
WT and battery storage microsources are connected to grid
AC system. The simulations result of the microgrid system
on grid connected mode are shown in Figure 8. The voltage
at the grid system showed 240V AC voltage while the cur-
rent output from PV, WT and battery are Ia, Ib and Ic.
Figure 10: Supply and load voltage and current PV system
2) WT system
Figure 11 shows the supply and load voltage and
current from WT system. Both of the voltage and current
from WT also are variables that effect from speed fluctu-
ation from the source. While the voltage and current at
the load or out from inverter is in the sinusoidalwave-
form.

Figure 11: Supply and load Voltage and current WT system

Figure 8: Voltage and current microgrid system
 3) Battery Storage
Figure 12 shows the supply and load voltage and
current from PV system. Both of the voltage and current
from PV is variable that effect from charge and discharge
from the bidirectional source. While the voltage and cur-
rent at the load or out from inverter is in the sinusoidal
waveform.

Figure 14: Active power and reactive power microgrid load

1) PV system
Figure 15 shows the supply and load voltage and
current from PV system. Both of the voltage and current
from PV are variables that effect from solar irradiance
and temperature from the source. While the voltage and
Figure 12: Supply and load voltage and current battery storage current at the load or out from inverter is in the sinusoidal
waveform.
B. Islanding Mode
The islanding mode is the microgrid system with PV,
WT and battery storage microsources are not connected
to grid AC voltage system. The simulations result of the
microgrid system on islanding mode are shown in Figure
13. The voltage at the grid system showed 240V AC vol-
tage while the current out from PV, WT and battery are
Ia, Ib and Ic.
Figure 15: Supply and load voltage and current PV system

2) WT system
Figure 16 shows the supply and load voltage and
current from WT system. Both of the voltage and current
from WT also are variables that effect from speed fluctu-
ation from the source. While the voltage and current at
the load or out from inverter is in the sinusoidal wave-
form.

Figure 13: Voltage and current microgrid system

The plots in Figure 14 shows the load power in three

types for this microgrid system. P1 and Q1 is the active
power and reactive power for load connected with PV
system. While P2 and Q2 is the active power and reactive
are load connected to the WT system. P3 and Q3 is the
Active power and reactive power for the load in this sys-
tem.
Figure 16: Supply and load Voltage and current WT system
3) Battery Storage
Figure 17 shows the supply and load voltage and
current from PV system. Both of the voltage and current
from PV are variables that effect from charge and dis-
charge from the bidirectional source. While the voltage
and current at the load or out from inverter is in the sinu-
soidal waveform.

Figure 17: Supply and load voltage and current battery storage
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper two different microsources photo-
voltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) with battery storage
for a small scale microgrid system are simulated. Simula-
tion is focus on the parameter of the each microsources to
consider the outputs and effectiveness of inverter. Most of
the results can be used for develop a small scale microgrid
system for practical applications.
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