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Analog Electronics
Tutorial
Introduction to BJT
True/False
 A bipolar junction transistor has three terminals.
 The three regions of a BJT are base, emitter, and cathode.
 For operation in the linear or active region, the base-emitter junction of a transistor is
forward biased.
 Two types of BJT are npn and pnp.
 The base current and collector current are approximately equal.
 The dc voltage gain of a transistor is designated βDC.
 When a transistor is saturated, the collector current is maximum.
 βDC and hFE are two different transistor parameters.
 A transistor in cutoff acts as an open switch.
Bipolar Junction Transistor structure
1. What are the majority carriers in the base region of an npn transistor called?
2. Explain the purpose of a thin, lightly doped base region.
Basic BJT operation
3. Why is the base current in a transistor so much less than collector current?
4. In a certain transistor circuit, the base current is 2 percent of the 30 mA emitter
current. Determine the collector current.
5. For normal operation of a pnp and npn transistor, the base must be (+ or -) with
respect to the emitter, and (+ or -) with respect to the collector.
6. What is the value of IC for IE = 5.34 mA ad IB = 475 uA.
BJT characteristic and parameters
7. What is the αDC when IC = 8.23 mA and IE = 8.96 mA?
8. A certain transistor has an IC = 25 mA and an IB = 200 uA. Determine the βDC.
9. What is the βDC of a transistor if IC = 20.3 mA and IE = 20.5 mA?
10. What is the αDC if IC = 5.35 mA and IB = 50 uA?
11. A certain transistor exhibits an αDC of 0.96. Determine IC when IE = 9.5 mA.

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12. A base current of 50 uA is applied to the transistor in Figure 1, and a voltage of 5 V is

dropped across RC. Determine the βDC of the transistor.

Figure 1
12. Calculate αDC for the transistor in the Problem 12.
13. Assume that the transistor in the circuit of Figure 1 is replaced with one having a βDC
of 200. Determine IB, IC, IE, and VCE given that VCC = 10 V and VBB = 3 V.
14. If VCC is increased to 15 V in Figure 1, how much do the currents and V CE change?
15. Determine each current in Figure 2. What is the βDC?

Figure 2
16. Find VCE, VBE and VCB in both circuits of Figure 3.

Figure 3

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17. Find IB, IE, IC in Figure 4, αDC =0.98.

Figure 4
18. Determine the terminal voltages of each transistor with respect to ground for each
circuit in Figure 5. Also determine VCE, VBE and VCB.

Figure 5
19. If the βDC in Figure 5 changes from 100 to 150 due to a temperature increase, what
is the change in collector current?
20. Determine the value of the collector resistor in an npn transistor amplifier with βDC =
250, VBB = 2.5 V, VCC = 9 V, VCE = 4 V, and RB = 100 kohm.
The BJT as a Switch
21. Determine IC(sat) for the transistor in Figure 6. What is the value of I B necessary to
produce saturation? What minimum value of VIN is necessary for saturation? Assume
VCE(sat) = 0 V.

Figure 6

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