GS - HYDRO - Technical Information

INFORMATION
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
GENERAL
SAE 6000 PSI

Product Page
Introduction 427
HYDRAULIC PIPES
Process Design:
Introduction, Fluid velocities 428
Pressure loss 429
Mechanical Design:
Introduction, Pipe & tube materials 431

10-40 BAR
Fittings & flanges, Pipe supports 432
Cleanliness:
ISO 4406:1987 and ISO 4406:1999 433
NAS 1638 434

SAE 50 BAR
SAE AS4059 435
Attachments:
1. Oil flow rates at recom. max. velocities 437
2. Pressure drop in pipes 439

SAE 3000 PSI
3. Typical values of resist. coefficients 440
4. Pressure drop in sharp-edged holes 442
5. Pressure drop in bends etc. 443
6. Hose size 444

SAE 6000 PSI
7. Pressure drop 445

1
8. Calculation rules, DIN 2413I & III 446
8. Calculation rules, DNV 447
8. Calculation rules, ANSI 448

DIN 350-400 BAR
9. Working- and burst pressures for pipes 449
10. Recommended jointing technology 455
11. Spacing for clamps 460
12. Linear expansion of steel pipes 461

SCHEDULE SERIE
13. Viscosity 462

SAE 3000 PSI
14. Special alloys 464
15. Threads 466
16. Units 467
17. Survey of SI-units 468

SCHEDULE SERIE
SAE 6000 PSI
TECHNICAL INFO
DIN 350-400 BAR
SCHEDULE SERIE
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Introduction
TUBES & PIPES

Hydraulic piping systems can be divided into non-welded and welded piping systems.
Non-welded technologies include a range of flange and fitting solutions. Flanged
technologies are availabe both welded and non-welded (GS-Flange Systems). The
range of fittings include conventional bite type fittings, advanced fittings which
CLAMPS
involve tube end forming, JIC 37o flare fittings etc. Also the range of tube and pipe
materials utilised in hydraulic piping systems is wide: from carbon steel to stainless
steel and from hot rolled to cold-drawn (seamless) precision carbon steel tubes and
pipes etc.
VALVES
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
GS-Hydro recommends...
• Non-welded technologies for all tube and pipe sizes
• Seamless precision carbon steel tubes and pipes
and/or austenitic stainless steel tubes and pipes
HOSE COUPLINGS
• GS-Flange Systems for tube and pipe sizes including
HOSES &
and above 25 mm and
• Advanced, Bite type (profile ring) and/or JIC 37o
flare fittings (depending on specific application in
question) for tube and pipe sizes below 25 mm
...due to: ADAPTORS

• Cleanliness
• Quality and reliability
• Overall cost
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
This technical information is provided as general guidelines how to design hydraulic

piping systems. In the design of a specific piping system the environment, the customers
specifications as well as local rules, regulations and laws must be followed at all times.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
427
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Process Design
TUBES & PIPES
Introduction – Process Design

Hydraulic systems are designed for such a working pressure that the required forces and torques are achieved. The
machinery, equipment and components of a hydraulic system are typically designed so that a 15% increase in the working
pressure is possible. The components of the system has to be selected in such a manner that the working parameters
CLAMPS
(pressure, flow rate etc.) are not exceeded taking into account the possible increase in the working pressure.
The normal operating temparture indoors is typically +35...+50oC and the design tempearture +40oC. In outdoor
applications the normal operating temparture is typically -20...+50oC and the design temperature +10oC. In extreme
conditions the variation can be as large as from –40oC to +85oC.
VALVES
All design paramaters have to be selected specifically for each case taking into account the customers requirements as
well as local rules, regulations and laws.
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
The pipes are dimensioned in such a manner that the pressure loss in the system does not exceed the maximum
allowable value (pressure) at the maximum (or design) flow rate. The pressure loss in a piping system is related to the
square of the velocity of the fluid ( p ~ v2). Therefore, the initial design is typically done based on the velocity of the fluid. If
required, the pressure loss in the systems is then checked in order to verify that the maximum acceptable pressure loss
FLARE FITTINGS
(and the maximum allowable working pressu re of the piping) is not exceeded.
SAE J514 JIC
Fluid (oil) Velocities

GS-Hydro’s recommendation in regards to the oil velocities to be utilised for intial pipe sizing are as follows:
a) Suction lines
HOSE COUPLINGS
Viscosity
HOSES &
Maximum velocity
ν (mm2/s = cSt) v (m/s)
150 0.6
100 0.75
50 1.2
30 1.3
ADAPTORS
The suction line is typically dimensioned so that the velocity does not exceed 1.3 m/s.
b) Pressure lines
Maximum velocity Maximum velocity

Pressure oil flow < 10 l/min oil flow > 10 l/min
p (bar) v (m/s) v (m/s)
SOLUTIONS
25 1—2 2.5—3
SPECIAL
50 1—2 3.5—4
100 1—2 4.5—5
200 2—3 5—(6)
> 200 2—3 5—(6)
The pressure line is typically dimensioned so that the velocity does not exceed 5 m/s.
MACHINES
c) Return lines
The recommended return line velocity is 1...3 m/s. The return line is typically dimensioned so that the velocity does not
exceed 3 m/s.
The oil flow rates at the recommended velocities are presented in attachment 1.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
428
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Process Design
TUBES & PIPES

Pressure Loss
The acceptable pressure losses in the overall piping system, inclduing all components such as blocks, valves, elbows etc.
are typically in the range of 5...15% of the working pressure of the system.
CLAMPS
The overall pressure loss in a piping system consists of friction (∆pfriction) as well as resistance (∆presistance) caused by for
instance elbows and tees, valves as well as exit and entrance losses. The total pressure loss can be calculated as by
adding the sum of the resistance losses to the friction loss in the system:
∆p = ∆pfriction + � ∆presistance (1)
VALVES
The friction losses (∆pfriction ) can be calculated according to the following formulae:
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
∆pfriction = λ l/ds ρ v2 /2 (2)
where, ∆p = pressure loss [N/mm2 = Pa]

λ = friction factor
FLARE FITTINGS
l = pipe lenght [m]
SAE J514 JIC

ρ = density [kg/m3]
v = fluid (oil) velocity [m/s]
The friction factor [λ] depends on the so called Reynolds number [Re], which can also be utilised to determine
HOSE COUPLINGS
the type of flow – laminar or turbulent. The Reynolds number [Re] is calculated as follows:
HOSES &
Re = ds · v / ν (3)
where, v = velocity [m/s]
ADAPTORS
ds = internal diameter [m]
ν = kinematic viscosity [m2/s]
The type of flow can be determined as follows:

SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
Re ≤ 2300 laminar
2300 < Re ≤ 3000 both laminar and turbulent
Re > 3000 turbulent
In laminar flow the friction factor can be determined as follows:

MACHINES
λ = 64/Re (4)
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
429
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Process Design
TUBES & PIPES
In turbulent flow, which is also dependent on the roughness [k] of the pipe (or hose), the friction factor can be determined
utilising Colebrook’s formula, which is based on experience:
√1/λ = 0,86 ln[(k/ds)/3,7 + 2,51/(Re√λ)] (5)

CLAMPS
where, k = roughness
The roughness depends on for instance the pipe / hose material. Typical absolute roughness values are as follows:
Material k
VALVES
(mm)
seamless precision steel pipe* 0.01—0.04
hot rolled steel pipe 0.05—0.10
hydraulic hose 0.02—0.03
Note! GS-Hydro recommends the use of seamless cold drawn tubes according to DIN 2391.
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
When the Reynolds number is between 2300 < Re � 3000 the friction factor is determined utilising the formulas for
turbulent flow. An easy way to determine the friction factor is to use ready made charts in which � = f(RE, ds/k) (for instance
Moody’s charts).
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
The pressure loss in a straight pipe can be estimated from attachment 2.
The change in direction and velocity of the fluid (elbow, adaptares, valves, exit and entrance of accumulators/tanks etc)
HOSE COUPLINGS
causes resistance losses (∆presistance) which can be calculated as follows

HOSES &
∆presistance = ζ ρ v2 /2 (6)
where, ζ = resistance coefficient

ADAPTORS
Typical resistance coefficients are presented in attachment 3.
Typical resistance coefficients for valves and joints are as follows:
Resistance coefficient, ζ
SOLUTIONS
seamless precision steel pipe* 0.01—0.04

SPECIAL
hot rolled steel pipe 0.05—0.10

hydraulic hose 0.02—0.03
The pressure drop in sharp-edged holes can be estimated utilising attachment 4 and in bends, couplings etc utilising
attachment 5.
MACHINES
The selection of hose sizes and the pressure drop in hoses are presented in attachments 6 and 7.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
430
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Mechanical Design
TUBES & PIPES

Introduction – Mechanical Design
When designing the piping system the following has to be taken into account:
• pipe & tube material
• jointing technology: fittings, flanges, welding
CLAMPS
• hoses and hose fittings
• pipe supports
The pipe and tube material is selected based on the working pressure of the hydraulic system as well as the environment.
The jointing technology (non-welded system) is chosen based on the working pressure, environment, hydraulic system
VALVES
equipment, tube and pipe size and material. Hoses are selected based on the working pressure and environment whereas
the pipe supports have to be designed to withstand the forces encountered (weight, pressure shocks etc). In the design
of the pipe supports possible thermal expansions, vibrations and noise has to be taken into account.
Most importantly the piping shall be leak-free. A leak-free piping is dependent on the proper overall design of the
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
system, the quality of manufacture/prefabrication, the selection of correct jointing technologies as well as on the correct
and careful (on-site) installation.
Pipe & Tube Materials
FLARE FITTINGS
GS-Hydro recommends the use of cold-drawn, seamless precision (carbon) steel tubes & pipes (St37.4 NBK and St52.4
SAE J514 JIC

NBK) and austentic stainless steel (AISI316L) tubes and pipes due to quality (precision in dimension and shape) and
cleanliness reasons (no scale). As a comparison hot rolled tubes will always have some scale both inside and out due to
the manufacturing process; by cold forming there will not be any scale inside the tube after the manufacturing.
The recommended pipe & tube materials to be used in hydraulic applications are as follows:
HOSE COUPLINGS
Carbon Steel
HOSES &
Material Specification DIN 1630 –
Manufacturing Tolerances DIN 2391-1 EN 10305-4
Technical Terms of Delivery DIN 2391-2/C EN 10305-4
Stainless Steel (mm) Stainless Steel (sch)
Material Specification ASTM A269/A213 (A.W.) AST A312
Manufacturing Tolerances ASTM A269 ASTM A530 ADAPTORS
GS-Hydro recommends the use of cold drawn seamless high tensile hydraulic tube according to DIN 2391C ST52.4 NBK
(E 355N) because the higher tensile strength means higher permissible working pressures and reduced wall thickness,
leading to reduced overall weight in both the tube and pipe itself as well as in the necessary supporting steel structures.
SOLUTIONS
The use of DIN 2391C ST37.4 NBK (E 255N) – which is also recommendable material grade - leads to thicker tube and
SPECIAL
pipe walls and thus more weight (and potentially costs). The final selection between St.37.4 and St 52.4 is, however, an
economical decision.
Carbon steel tubes are supplied in an annealed condition. External phosphating gives corrosion protection and a good
base for a paint finish. Tubes up to typically an OD (Outer Diameter) of 75 mm can be supplied electric zinc plated +
MACHINES
yellow passivated or blue passivated (Cr VI-free alternative) for additional corrosion protection.
The required wall thickness (s) and/or maximum allovable working pressure is calculated either according to DIN,
ANSI or Det Norske Veritas rules. The calculation rules are presented attachment 6. The maximum allowable working
pressures for the various materials and tube and pipe sizes are shown attachment 7 (as well as in the Tubes and Pipes-
section of this catalogue).
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
431
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Mechanical Design
TUBES & PIPES
Fittings and Flanges

In hydraulic and other piping systems with high quality requirements GS-Hydro recommends the use of non-welded
connection technologies (fittings, flanges etc.) for all tube and pipe sizes due to the reliability and inherent cleanliness.
The type of jointing technology is selected based on the working pressure and the tube or pipe size. The material is
CLAMPS
selected based on the environment (and/or the customer’s specifications).
For tube and pipe sizes above and including 25 mm GS-Hydro recommends the use of the GS-37o Flare Flange and/or
GS-Retain Ring Systems. For tube and pipe sizes below 25 mm GS-Hydro recommends advanced fitting solutions, 37o
JIC flare or high quality bite type (profile ring) fittings depending on the application and specific design requirements.
VALVES
The recommended jointing technology for various pipe sizes is shown in attachment 10.
The details of the recommended GS-Flange Systems and -fittings are presented in the GS-Flange System-, Bite Type
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
Fittings- and JIC 37o Flare Fittings-sections of this catalogue.
Pipe Supports
When designing the piping system supports the following should be taken into account:
FLARE FITTINGS
• The pipes shall not be supported from other pipes nor should the pipes be utilised to support other components
SAE J514 JIC
• The transfer of vibration from other equipment and machinery should be avoided to the extent possible
• Thermal expansions shall be taken into account when designing the supports
• A pipe bend should be supported as close to the bend as possible (whenever needed on both sides of the bend)
• The support should be located as close to the end of the pipe as possible when connecting to hose.
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
The pipe clamps should be made of both a muffling material and a which resists wear (when the pipe moves). Pipe
clamps conforming to DIN 3015-1...3 should be utilised.
The recommended (typical) maximum spacing between clamps in Marine and Industrial applications is shown in
attachment 11. The final spacing of the clamps has to be selected based on the specific requirements of the application
ADAPTORS
in question.
There can be large varioations in tempearture in hydraulic systems, especially in marine and offshore applications. Under
certain conditions the temperature can vary from for instance –40oC during periods in the winter to +40oC in the summer.
SOLUTIONS
This results in the thermal expansion of the pipes. For instance with a temperature difference of 80oC the lenght will vary
SPECIAL
almost 1.0 mm per 1 meter of pipe. The linear expansion of steel pipes is presented in attachment 12.
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
432
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Cleanliness
TUBES & PIPES

Introduction – Cleanliness
The cleanliness of hydraulic piping systems is of utmost importance. Research shows that in average 80% of the
operational problems of hydraulic systems are related to impurities in the system. An important cause of the impurties
are the welds in a welded piping system (or when utilising welded flanges).
CLAMPS
The oil purity is typically presented in accordance with the following standards: ISO 4406 or NAS 1638.
ISO 4406:1987 and ISO 4406:1999

Standards ISO 4406:1987 and ISO 4406:1999 define the oil purity class based on the cumulative particle count in three
different particle size ranges (≥2 / ≥5 / ≥15 µm and ≥4 / ≥6 / ≥14 µm respectively). The purity class is defined for each
VALVES
size range based the number of particles which are of the specified size or larger. ISO 4406:1999 defines the oil purity
on scale from 0-28 (:1987 is otherwise the same but class 0 is missing)
ISO 4406:1999-oil purity classes and particle count (no. of particles per 100 ml) for particle size ranges ≥4 / ≥6 / ≥14 µm
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
Particle count / 100 ml
> ≤ ISO-class
130 000 000 250 000 000 28
64 000 000 130 000 000 27
FLARE FITTINGS
32 000 000 64 000 000 26
SAE J514 JIC

16 000 000 32 000 000 25
8 000 000 16 000 000 24
4 000 000 8 000 000 23
2 000 000 4 000 000 22
1 000 000 2 000 000 21
500 000 1 000 000 20
HOSE COUPLINGS
250 000 500 000 19
HOSES &
130 000 250 000 18
64 000 130 000 17
32 000 64 000 16
16 000 32 000 15
8 000 16 000 14
4 000 8 000 13
2 000 4 000 12
1 000 2 000 11 ADAPTORS
500 1 000 10
250 500 9
130 250 8
64 130 7
32 64 6
SOLUTIONS
16 32 5
SPECIAL
8 16 4
4 8 3
2 4 2
1 2 1
0 1 0
MACHINES
example
ISO 4406:1999 15/13/10 is equal to :
• the no. of particles ≥4 µm corresponds to class 15 ie. 16,001–32,000 / 100 ml
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
433
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Cleanliness
TUBES & PIPES
NAS 1638
The NAS 1638 standard utilises five (5) particle size ranges and thirteen (13) oil purity classes between 00–12. The oil
purity (particle count) is measured and the oil purity class defined independently for all five size ranges. The NAS 1638
oil purity class is then given with a single figure which is the lowest (impurest) of the measured five size ranges. A more
CLAMPS
precise view of the purity is obtained if the NAS-class is provided separately for all five size ranges.
NAS 1638-oil purity classes (no. of particles per 100 ml)

VALVES
5–15 µm 15–25 µm 25–50 µm 50–100 µm > 100 µm NAS-class

125 22 4 1 0 00
250 44 8 2 0 0
500 89 16 3 1 1
1 000 178 32 6 1 2
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
2 000 256 63 11 2 3
4 000 712 126 22 4 4
8 000 1 425 253 45 8 5
16 000 2 850 506 90 16 6
32 000 5 700 1 012 128 32 7
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
64 000 11 400 2 025 360 64 8

128 000 22 800 4 050 720 128 9
256 000 45 600 8 100 1 440 256 10
512 000 91 200 16 200 2 880 512 11
1 024 000 182 400 32 400 5 760 1 024 12
HOSE COUPLINGS
example
HOSES &
NAS 7 is equal to (for instance):

• the no. of particles 5–15 µm is 25,000/100 ml
• the no. of particles 15–25 µm is 1,400/100 ml
• the no. of particles 25–50 µm is 63/100 ml
ADAPTORS
• the no. of particles 50–100 µm is 45/100 ml

• the no. of particles > 100 µm is 4/100 ml
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
434
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Cleanliness
TUBES & PIPES

SAE AS4059
The SAE AS4059-standard is based on the NAS 1638-standard. The SAE AS4059-standard utilises particle sizes defined
in the ISO 11171-standard. The oil purity class is based on the cumulative particle count (in a similar fashion as in the
ISO-4406 standard).
CLAMPS
SAE AS4059 oil purity classes (no. of particles per 100 ml)
VALVES
> 4 µm > 6 µm > 14 µm > 21 µm > 38 µm > 70 µm
A B C D E F AS4059-class
195 76 14 3 1 0 000
390 152 27 5 1 0 00
780 304 54 10 2 0 0
BITE TYPE
1 560 609 109 20 4 1 1
FITTINGS
3 120 1 220 217 39 7 1 2
6 250 2 430 432 76 13 2 3
12 500 4 860 864 152 26 4 4
25 000 9 730 1 730 306 53 8 5
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
50 000 19 500 3 460 612 106 16 6
100 000 38 900 6 920 1 220 212 32 7
200 000 77 900 13 900 2 450 424 64 8
400 000 156 000 27 700 4 900 848 128 9
800 000 311 000 55 400 9 800 1 700 256 10
HOSE COUPLINGS
1 600 000 623 000 111 000 19 600 3 390 512 11
HOSES &
3 200 000 1 250 000 222 000 39 200 6 780 1 020 12
example
According to the SAE AS4506-standard the oil purity can be defined:
• with a single class; for instance 6 or 6B
ADAPTORS
• with a independent class for each size; for instance 6B/5C/4D/3E
• with the maximum oil purity class of a larger range; for instance 6 B-F SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
435
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Cleanliness
TUBES & PIPES
The oil purity is dependent on the application and equipment. All manufacturer’s have their own recommendations for
their own, specific equipment and machinery. The following table provides the general guidelines for various types of
hydraulic systems as well as a comparison between the various standards.
CLAMPS
ISO 4406: 1987 (ACFTD) ISO 4406: 1999 NAS 1638

≥2 / ≥5 / ≥15 µm ≥4 / ≥6 / ≥14 (c) µm
Servosystems (17)/13/10 18/13/10 NAS 4
Proportional systems (18)/15/12 20/15/12 NAS 6
Other systems (19)/16/13 22/16/13 NAS 7
VALVES
According to the ISO 4402-standard the size of an ACFT-particle is defined in accordance with the maximum dimension
of the particle. In the newer ISO 11171-standard the ISO MTD particle size is defined as the diameter of a circle with the
same area (as the actual particle). The designation ’c’ (certified) is utilised to identify the particle size.
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
A= 176.7 µm
Particle
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
ACFTD ISO MTD

Standard ISO 4402 (1991) ISO 11171 (1999)
A= 176.7 µm
A= 176.7 µm
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
d= 16.9 µm d= 15 µm
Definition of particle size
Particle size 16.9 µm 15 µm (c)
ADAPTORS
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
436
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 1. Oil Flow Rates at Recommended Max. Velocities
Oil flow rate (l/min.)

Suction line Pressure line Return line
O.D. x ds v= 1.3 m/s v= 5 m/s v= 3 m/s
CLAMPS
6 x 1.0 1.0 3.8 2.3
6 x 1.5 0.6 2.1 1.3
8 x 1.0 2.2 8.5 5.1
8 x 1.5 1.5 5.9 3.5
8 x 2.0 1.0 3.8 2.3
VALVES
8 x 2.5 0.6 2.1 1.3
10 x 1.0 3.9 15.1 9.0
10 x 1.5 3.0 11.5 6.9
10 x 2.0 2.2 8.5 5.1
10 x 2.5 1.5 5.9 3.5
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
12 x 1.5 5.0 19.1 11.4
12 x 2.0 3.9 15.1 9.0
12 x 2.5 3.0 11.5 6.9
14 x 1.5 7.4 28.5 17.1
14 x 2.0 6.1 23.6 14.1
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
15 x 1.5 8.8 33.9 20.3
15 x 2.0 7.4 28.5 17.1
16 x 1.5 10.3 39.8 23.9
16 x 2.0 8.8 33.9 20.3
16 x 2.5 7.4 28.5 17.1
HOSE COUPLINGS
16 x 3.0 6.1 23.6 14.1
HOSES &
18 x 1.5 13.8 53.0 31.8
18 x 2.0 12.0 46.2 27.7
20 x 2.0 15.7 60.3 36.2
20 x 2.5 13.8 53.0 31.8
20 x 3.0 12.0 46.2 27.7
ADAPTORS
20 x 4.0 8.8 33.9 20.3
22 x 1.5 22.1 85.0 51.0
22 x 2.0 19.8 76.3 45.8
22 x 2.5 17.7 68.1 40.8
25 x 2.0 27.0 103.9 62.3
25 x 2.5 24.5 94.2 56.5
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
25 x 3.0 22.1 85.0 51.0

25 x 4.0 17.7 68.1 40.8
Continue next page
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
437
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 1. Oil Flow Rates at Recommended Max. Velocities
Oil flow rate (l/min.)

Suction line Pressure line Return line
O.D. x ds v= 1.3 m/s v= 5 m/s v= 3 m/s
CLAMPS
28 x 2.0 35.3 135.6 81.4

28 x 2.5 32.4 124.6 74.7
28 x 3.0 29.6 114.0 68.4
30 x 2.0 41.4 159.2 95.5
30 x 3.0 35.3 135.6 81.4
VALVES
30 x 4.0 29.6 114.0 68.4

35 x 2.0 58.8 226.3 135.8
35 x 3.0 51.5 198.1 118.8
38 x 2.5 66.7 256.5 153.9
38 x 3.0 62.7 241.2 144.7
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
38 x 4.0 55.1 212.0 127.2

38 x 5.0 48.0 184.6 110.8
42 x 2.0 88.4 340.1 204.0
42 x 3.0 79.4 305.2 183.1
42 x 4.0 70.8 272.2 163.3
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
50 x 3.0 118.5 455.9 273.6

50 x 5.0 98.0 376.8 226.1
56 x 8.5 93.1 358.2 214.9
60 x 3.0 178.5 686.7 412.0
60 x 5.0 153.1 588.8 353.3
HOSE COUPLINGS
65 x 8.5 141.1 542.6 325.6

HOSES &
66 x 8.5 147.0 565.4 339.3

75 x 3.0 291.5 1121.2 672.7
75 x 5.0 258.7 995.0 597.0
80 x 10 220.4 847.8 508.7
90 x 3.5 421.8 1622.4 973.4
ADAPTORS
90 x 5.0 391.9 1507.2 904.3

97 x 12 326.3 1255.0 753.0
115 x 4.0 701.0 2696.2 1617.7
115 x 15 442.4 1701.5 1020.9
130 x 15 612.3 2355.0 1413.0
140 x 4.5 1050.8 4041.4 2424.8
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
150 x 15 881.7 3391.2 2034.7

165 x 5.0 1471.1 5657.9 3394.7
220 x 6.0 2649.1 10188.7 6113.2
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
438
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 2. Pressure Drop in Pipes
Laminar
∆p bar x m Re
d1 mm
1
CLAMPS
60
V m/sek
Q l/min. 50
Turbulent 10000
∆p bar x m 100 40
0.5
5000
10
VALVES
0.4 50
5 30
1000
0.3
500
1
10
BITE TYPE
20
FITTINGS
Turbulent
0.2 Example A
0.5 100
5 50
15
Laminar
0.1
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
0.1 Example B 10
0.05
1 5 10
9
0.5
0.01 8
1
HOSE COUPLINGS
0.05 0.001 7
HOSES &
6
0.04
0.5 5
0.03 0.001
4
ADAPTORS
0.02
Q = 80 l/min., pipe 22/19 At another viscosity a correction is to be made as follows:

Pressure drop per meter pipeline is searched for. ν
∆p ≈ √ x ∆pnomogr
SOLUTIONS
Example A is drawn from d1 = 19 mm through Q = 80 l/min. νnomogr

SPECIAL
It crosses the Re-line in the turbulent area and the result ν

∆p = x ∆pnomogr
can be read on the turbulent scale. ∆p = 0.23 bar x m νnomogr
ν = the oil viscosity in cSt.
Example B is drawn from d1 = 15 mm through Q = 10 l/min. At another density a correction is to be made as follows:
MACHINES
It crosses the Re-line in the laminar area and the result can
ς
be read on the laminar scale. ∆p = 0.038 bar x m ∆p ≈ √ x ∆pnomogr
ςnomogr
The nomographic chart applies to the viscosity 25 cSt ≈
3.5°E and the density 900 kg/m3. ς = the oil density in kg/m3.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
439
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 3. Typical Values of Resistance Coefficients
Abrupt enlargement
CLAMPS
d1 d1
ξ = (1 - d12/d22)2
Abrupt contraction
VALVES
d1 d1
ξ = 0.5(1 - d1/d2)
Conical expansion
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
A2
A1
β
FLARE FITTINGS
ξ = k(1 - A1/A2)2
SAE J514 JIC
β° k β° k β° k β° k
5 0.13 30 0.71 60 1.12 100 1.06
10 0.17 40 0.90 70 1.13 120 1.05
15 0.26 45 0.93 80 1.10 140 1.04
20 0.41 50 1.05 90 1.07 160 1.02
HOSE COUPLINGS
Flow to tank
HOSES &
ADAPTORS
ξ = 1.0 ξ = 1.0 ξ = 1.0

Rounded edge Sharp edge Pipe inside
Flow from tank to pipe
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
ξ = 0.05 ξ = 0.025 ξ = 0.5 ξ = 0.8

Well rounded edge Lightly rounded edge Sharp edge Pipe inside
Continue next page
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
440
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 3. Typical Values of Resistance Coefficients
Pipe elbows
CLAMPS
D
α
R
R/D
α° 1 2 4
VALVES
20 0.07 0.03 0.03
40 0.13 0.06 0.06
60 0.20 0.10 0.09
80 0.27 0.13 0.12
90 0.32 0.15 0.13
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
120 0.39 0.19 0.17
140 0.46 0.23 0.20
160 0.52 0.26 0.23
180 0.60 0.30 0.26
Pipe tees
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
Separating flows Combining flows
Qh Qh
α α
Q Q Qs
Qs
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
α = 90° α = 45° α = 90° α = 45°
Qh/Q ξh ξs ξh ξs ξh ξs ξh ξs
0.0 0.95 0.04 0.90 0.04 -1.00 0.04 -0.09 0.04
0.2 0.88 -0.08 0.68 -0.06 -0.40 0.17 -0.38 0.17
0.4 0.89 -0.05 0.50 -0.04 0.08 0.30 0.00 0.19
0.6 0.95 0.07 0.38 0.07 0.47 0.41 0.22 0.09 ADAPTORS
0.8 1.10 0.21 0.35 0.20 0.72 0.51 0.37 -0.17
1.0 1.28 0.35 0.48 0.33 0.91 0.60 0.37 -0.54
Sequential pipe bends
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
ξ = 3 x ξ90° ξ = 4 x ξ90°
ξ90° is single resistance of 90° pipe bend
MACHINES
Design values ξ Design values ξ

Ball valve 0—0.5 Non-return valve 5—10
Cone valve 5—10 Hose coupling 0.5—1.5
Angle valve 2—5 Pipe fitting 0.1—1
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
441
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 4. Pressure Drop in Sharp-edged Holes

Ql/min.
300
CLAMPS
200
d mm
15
100
∆p bar
VALVES
10
3
4
50
40 5
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
30 5
4
20
10
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
10
2
20
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
5 30
40
1
50
ADAPTORS
0.5 100
1
SOLUTIONS
The nomographic chart applies to an oil density of:

SPECIAL
d Q 900 kg/m3
If oil of another density is used a correction has to be
made.
∆p
ς
∆p = x ∆p nomogr
MACHINES
ςnomogr
Q2 where: ς = oil density in kg/m3
Dp = 4.0 x
d4 ∆p = pressure drop in bar
Q = flow in l/min. Example: If 20 l/min. flows through a hole with diame-
d = the diam. of the hole in mm ter of 2 mm there will be a pressure drop of 100 bar.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
442
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 5. Pressure Drop in Bends, Couplings etc.
The nomographic chart applies to turbulent flow and a density of the oil of 900 kg/m3.
CLAMPS
∆p[bar]
ξ
1.3 1 v[m/s]
d [mm] 0.8
1.2 0.6 10
90 0.4 9
1.1
8
VALVES
1.0 70 7
0.2
60 6
0.9 Q[l(min.]
50 0.1 5
0.8 400 0.08
40 0.06 4
200 0.04
BITE TYPE
0.7
FITTINGS
30 3
100 0.02
0.6 2
20 40 0.01
0.5 0.008
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
20
15
1
0.004
10
0.4
10
R= 2.5xd 9 4
0.35
8
HOSE COUPLINGS
2
7
HOSES &
0.3
6 1
5
0.25
4
0.2 ADAPTORS
900
∆p = ξ x x v2 x 10-5 [bar]
2
0.15
R= 4xd
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
Q = 100 l/min. and inside diameter of the pipe

d = Ø20 mm.
This gives v = 5.4 m/s.
For T-connection with a coefficient of resistance

MACHINES
ξ = 1.3
the pressure drop is ∆p = 0.17 bar.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
443
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 6. Hose Size
To determine the recommended hose assembly size whe- sembly bore size, the right hand edge of the straight edge
re the flow rate is known, lay a straight edge across the may be adjusted up or down, within the recommended ve-
CLAMPS
three colums so that the edge registers with the flow rate locity range, until the straight edge registers with a stan-
figure in the left hand scale, and the recommended velo- dard bore size in the centre scale.
city range in the right hand scale. The point at which the Example: Where flow rate is 100 litres per minute and re-
straight edge intersects the centre scale indicates the recommended flow velocity is 4.5 metres per second a 25
commended hose bore size. mm (1 inch) bore size hose assembly is indicated.
VALVES
Should this reading not coincide with a standard hose as-

Hose Bore Centimeters
Hose Bore Inches

BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
m/s
ft/s
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
HOSE COUPLINGS
Imp. – gallons per minute

Flow – Litres per minute
HOSES &
Flow velocity
ADAPTORS
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
Note:
Flow velocities in range A are recommended for suction and return lines.
Flow velocities in range B are recommended for delivery lines.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
444
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 7. Hose Pressure Drop
The pressure drop in hoses is determined based on the following information: type of application, fluid type and viscosity
(at desired temperature), fluid temperature, fluid flow rate, hose size and length, number and type of fittings.
CLAMPS
VALVES
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
Imperial gallons per minute
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
Pressure loss in millibars per metre
Pressure loss in PSI per metre
ADAPTORS
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
Litres per minute
Based on: fluid viscosity 20 cSt

specific gravity 0.875
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
445
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 8. Calculation Rules: DIN 2413/I and DIN 2413/III

All working pressures are based on DIN 2413/I and DIN 2413/III for straight tubes and pipes.
The yield and tensile stress values utilised to determine the maximum allowable working pressure/required wall thickness
CLAMPS
are based on GS-Hydro’s expertise. When tubes and pipes are delivered the actual yield and tensile stress values are
always verified from the material certificates. The following yield and tensile stress values are utilised to determine the
allowable stress:
Material Yield (σft) Tensile (σb) Allowable (σl)

VALVES
Stainless steel
ASTM A269/A213 (A.W.) – Grade TP316L 276 530
• static 184 (yield)
• dynamic 212 (yield)
ASTM A312/A530 – Grade TP316L 234 515
BITE TYPE
Carbon steel
FITTINGS
DIN 2391C(EN 10305-4) ST52.4(E 355N) 355 533

DIN 2391C(EN 10305-4) ST37.4(E 235N) 235 390
The max. allowable static stress (σl) is determined as following:
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
σft σft = yield stress or 0.2 proof stress of the material

σl = when A ≥ 25%
1.5
at design temperature
σft
σl = when A = 20% A = Elongination
1.6
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
The required wall thickness is calculated as follows:
DIN 2413/I
c = corrosion tolerance for hydraulic piping = 0.3
to
tn =
a
[1] p = pressure [bar]
1–
100 O.D. = outside diameter of pipe [mm]
ADAPTORS
σb = tensile strength at 20°C [N/mm2]

p x O.D.
to =
2 x σl x e
[2] e = stregth ratio (seamless pipe) = 1
R = bending radius [mm]
a = manufacturing tolerance [%] = ±10%
SOLUTIONS
tn = nominal wall thickness (= W.T. in tables)

SPECIAL
DIN 2413/III
to = required wall without tolerances
to [3] t = required wall thickness with manufacturing
tn =
1– a tolerance
100
σf2 = max. permissible stress under fatigue
MACHINES
t = to + c [4] load considering safety factor. The value is

based on experience of GS-Hydro.
O.D.
to = [5]
2 x σf2
-1
p
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
446
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 8. Calculation Rules: Det Norske Veritas
All working pressures are based on Det Norske Veritas rules for classification of ships, newbuilding part 4, Chapter 1,
Section 6 and mobile offshore units drilling plant (drill) Part 6, chapter 5, Section 6 for bent tubes and pipes.
In the tables yield and tensile stress values which are based on GS-Hydro’s expertise are utilised. When delivered the
CLAMPS
actual yield and tensile stress values are always verified from the material certificates. The following yield and tensile
stress values are utilised to determine the allowable stress:
VALVES
Stainless steel
ASTM A269/A213 (A.W.) – Grade TP316L 276 530 172 (yield)
ASTM A312/A530 – Grade TP316L 234 515 146 (yield)
Carbon steel
DIN 2391C(EN 10305-4) ST52.4(E 355N) 355 533 197 (yield)
The allowable stress (σl) is based on the lower value of the following:
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
σb σft
stainless steel σl = or
2.7 1.6
σb = tensile strength at 20°C [N/mm2]
σb σft σft = yield stress or 0.2 proof stress of the material

carbon steel σl = or
2.7 1.8 at design temperature
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
c = corrosion tolerance for hydraulic piping = 0.3
t
tn = p = pressure [bar]
1– a [6]
100 O.D. = outside diameter of pipe [mm]
e = stregth ratio (seamless pipe) = 1
R = bending radius [mm]
t = to + c + b [7]
a = manufacturing tolerance [%] = ±10% ADAPTORS
tn = nominal wall thickness (= W.T. in tables)
p x O.D. to = required wall without tolerances
to = [8]
20 x σl x e + p t = required wall thickness with manufacturing
tolerance
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
b = bending allowance
1 O.D. x to
b= x = 0.1333 (R = 3 x O.D.)
2.5 R
MACHINES
The burst pressure presented is for a straight pipe and based on the tensile stress value. When determining the burst
pressure a manufacturing tolerance of 10% is included.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
447
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 8. Calculation Rules: ANSI

In the attached tables all working pressures are based on ANSI B31.3 304.1/3B.
In the tables yield and tensile stress values which are based on GS-Hydro’s expertise are utilised. When delivered the
CLAMPS
actual yield and tensile stress values are always verified from the material certificates. The following yield and tensile
stress values are utilised to determine the allowable stress:

VALVES
Stainless steel
ASTM A269/A213 (A.W.) – Grade TP316L 276 530 172 (yield)
ASTM A312/A530 – Grade TP316L 234 515 146 (yield)
Carbon steel
The allowable stress (σl) is based on the lower value of the following:
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
σb 2 x σft
σl = or
3 3
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
p = pressure [bar]
O.D. = outside diameter of pipe [mm]
p x O.D. σb = tensile strength at 20°C [N/mm2]
to =
2 x σl x e
[10]
HOSE COUPLINGS
σft = yield stress or 0.2 proof stress of the material

HOSES &
at design temperature
e = stregth ratio (seamless pipe) = 1
to a = manufacturing tolerance [%] = ±10%

tn = [11]
1– a tn = nominal wall thickness (= W.T. in tables)
100
to = required wall without tolerances
ADAPTORS
The burst pressure presented is for a straight pipe and based on the tensile stress value. When determining the burst
pressure a manufacturing tolerance of 12.5% is included.
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
448
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 9. Seamless Colddrawn Stainless Steel Tube - AISI 316
W. P. bar B.P. bar
1 2 3
Part No O.D. x W.T. DNV DIN 2413 I DIN 2413 I
6X1AISI316L 6 x 1.0 333 552 1590
8X1AISI316L 8 x 1.0 244 414 1193
CLAMPS
8X1.5AISI316L 8 x 1.5 451 621 1789
10X1AISI316L 10 x 1.0 192 331 954
10X1.5AISI316L 10 x 1.5 351 497 1431
10X2AISI316L 10 x 2.0 525 662 1908
12X1AISI316L 12 x 1.0 159 276 795
12X1.5AISI316L 12 x 1.5 288 414 1193
12X2AISI316L 12 x 2.0 426 552 1590
VALVES
12X2.5AISI316L 12 x 2.5 576 690 1988
15X1.5AISI316L 15 x 1.5 226 331 954
16X1.5AISI316L 16 x 1.5 211 311 894
16X2AISI316L 16 x 2.0 310 414 1193
16X2.5AISI316L 16 x 2.5 415 518 1491
16X3AISI316L 16 x 3.0 525 621 1789
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
18X1.5AISI316L 18 x 1.5 187 276 795
18X2AISI316L 18 x 2.0 273 368 1060
20X2AISI316L 20 x 2.0 244 331 954
20X2.5AISI316L 20 x 2.5 324 414 1193
20X3AISI316L 20 x 3.0 407 497 1431
22X1.5AISI316L 22 x 1.5 151 226 650
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
22X2AISI316L 22 x 2.0 220 301 867
25X1.5AISI316L 25 x 1.5 132 199 572
25X2AISI316L 25 x 2.0 192 265 763
25X2.5AISI316L 25 x 2.5 254 331 954
25X3AISI316L 25 x 3.0 318 397 1145
25X4AISI316L 25 x 4.0 453 530 1526
28X2AISI316L 28 x 2.0 195 263 757
HOSE COUPLINGS
28X2.5AISI316L 28 x 2.5 225 296 852
HOSES &
28X3AISI316L 28 x 3.0 281 355 1022
30X2AISI316L 30 x 2.0 159 221 636
30X2.5AISI316L 30 x 2.5 209 276 795
30X3AISI316L 30 x 3.0 261 331 954
30X4AISI316L 30 x 4.0 370 442 1272
35X2AISI316L 35 x 2.0 135 189 545
ADAPTORS
35X2.5AISI316L 35 x 2.5 178 237 681
35X3AISI316L 35 x 3.0 222 284 818
38X2.5AISI316L 38 x 2.5 163 218 628
38X3AISI316L 38 x 3.0 203 261 753
38X4AISI316L 38 x 4.0 285 349 1004
38X5AISI316L 38 x 5.0 372 436 1255
42X2AISI316L 42 x 2.0 112 158 454
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
42X2.5AISI316L 42 x 2.5 147 197 568

42X3AISI316L 42 x 3.0 183 237 681
42X4AISI316L 42 x 4.0 256 315 909
50X3AISI316L 50 x 3.0 152 199 572
50X5AISI316L 50 x 5.0 275 331 954
56X8.5AISI316L 56 x 8.5 451 503 1448
60X3AISI316L 60 x 3.0 126 166 477
MACHINES
60X5AISI316L 60 x 5.0 226 276 795

66X8.5AISI316L 66 x 8.5 375 427 1229
80X10AISI316L 80 x 10,0 365 414 1193
97X12AISI316L 97 x 12,0 363 410 1180
1 DNV: Bended pipe including manufacturing and corrosion tolerances.
2 DIN 2413 I static straight pipe including manufacturing tolerance.
INFORMATION
3 Burst pressure according to DIN 2413 I including manufacturing tolerance.

TECHNICAL
449
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 9. Hydraulic Tube St. 52.4 (E 355N) NBK To DIN 2391C (EN 10305-4)
W.P. bar B.P. bar
Part No O.D. x W.T. 1 2 3 4
DNV DIN 2413 I DIN 2413 III DIN 2413 I
CLAMPS
14X2ST52.4NBK 14 x 2.0 411 571 456 1371

15X1.5ST52.4NBK 15 x 1.5 259 400 330 959
15X2ST52.4NBK 15 x 2.0 381 533 429 1279
16X1.5ST52.4NBK 16 x 1.5 242 375 311 899
16X2ST52.4NBK 16 x 2.0 355 500 404 1199
16X2.5ST52.4NBK 16 x 2.5 475 624 493 1499
18X1.5ST52.4NBK
VALVES
18 x 1.5 214 333 279 800

18X2ST52.4NBK 18 x 2.0 313 444 364 1066
20X2ST52.4NBK 20 x 2.0 279 400 330 959
20X2.5ST52.4NBK 20 x 2.5 371 500 404 1199
20X3ST52.4NBK 20 x 3.0 467 599 476 1439
22X1.5ST52.4NBK 22 x 1.5 173 272 231 654
22X2ST52.4NBK 22 x 2.0 252 363 303 872
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
25X2ST52.4NBK 25 x 2.0 220 320 269 768

25X2.5ST52.4NBK 25 x 2.5 291 400 330 959
25X3ST52.4NBK 25 x 3.0 365 480 390 1151
28X2ST52.4NBK 28 x 2.0 195 285 242 685
28X3ST52.4NBK 28 x 3.0 322 428 352 1028
30X2ST52.4NBK 30 x 2.0 182 266 226 640
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
30X3ST52.4NBK 30 x 3.0 299 400 330 959

30X4ST52.4NBK 30 x 4.0 424 533 429 1279
35X2ST52.4NBK 35 x 2.0 155 228 196 548
35X3ST52.4NBK 35 x 3.0 254 343 286 822
38X3ST52.4NBK 38 x 3.0 233 315 265 757
38X4ST52.4NBK 38 x 4.0 327 421 346 1010
HOSE COUPLINGS
38X5ST52.4NBK 38 x 5.0 426 526 424 4262

39X7.5ST52.4NBK 39 x 7.5 673 768 590 1845
HOSES &
42X2ST52.4NBK 42 x 2.0 128 190 164 457

42X3ST52.4NBK 42 x 3.0 209 285 242 685
42X4ST52.4NBK 42 x 4.0 293 381 316 914
46X8ST52.4NBK 46 x 8.0 601 695 541 1669
50X5ST52.4NBK 50 x 5.0 315 400 330 959
56X8.5ST52.4NBK 56 x 8.5 516 607 481 1456
ADAPTORS
60X5ST52.4NBK 60 x 5.0 259 333 279 800

60X6ST52.4NBK 60 x 6.0 319 400 330 959
60X10ST52.4NBK 60 x 10.0 578 666 522 1599
66X8.5ST52.4NBK 66 x 8.5 429 515 415 1236
72X7ST52.4NBK 72 x 7.0 313 389 322 933
75X5ST52.4NBK 75 x 5.0 205 266 226 640
80X10ST52.4NBK 80 x 10.0 418 500 404 1199
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
90X5ST52.4NBK 90 x 5.0 169 222 190 533

97X12ST52.4NBK 97 x 12.0 416 494 401 1187
115X15ST52.4NBK 115 x 15.0 444 521 420 1251
130X15ST52.4NBK 130 x 15.0 388 461 376 1107
150X15ST52.4NBK 150 x 15.0 332 400 330 959
190X20ST52.4NBK 190 x 20.0 353 421 346 1010
250X25ST52.4NBK
MACHINES
250 x 25.0 335 400 330 959

3 DIN 2413 III dynamic straight pipe including manufacturing tolerance.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
450
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 9. Hydraulic Tube St. 37.4 (E 235N) NBK to DIN 2391C (EN 10305-4)
W.P. bar B.P. bar
CLAMPS
4X1ST37.4NBK 4 x 1.0 397 707 555 1755
6X1ST37.4NBK 6 x 1.0 252 471 394 1170
6X1.5ST37.4NBK 6 x 1.5 475 707 555 1755
6X2ST37.4NBK 6 x 2.0 736 942 697 2340
8X1ST37.4NBK 8 x 1.0 184 353 305 878
8X1.5ST37.4NBK 8 x 1.5 341 530 436 1316
8X2ST37.4NBK 8 x 2.0 515 707 555 1755
VALVES
8X2.5ST37.4NBK 8 x 2.5 712 883 663 2194
10X1ST37.4NBK 10 x 1.0 145 283 249 702
10X1.5ST37.4NBK 10 x 1.5 265 424 359 1053
10X2ST37.4NBK 10 x 2.0 397 565 461 1404
10X2.5ST37.4NBK 10 x 2.5 540 707 555 1755
12X1.5ST37.4NBK 12 x 1.5 218 353 305 878
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
12X2ST37.4NBK 12 x 2.0 322 471 394 1170
12X2.5ST37.4NBK 12 x 2.5 435 589 477 1463
14X1.5ST37.4NBK 14 x 1.5 184 303 266 752
14X2ST37.4NBK 14 x 2.0 271 404 344 1003
15X1.5ST37.4NBK 15 x 1.5 171 283 249 702
15X2ST37.4NBK 15 x 2.0 252 377 324 936
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
16X1.5ST37.4NBK 16 x 1.5 160 265 235 658
16X2ST37.4NBK 16 x 2.0 234 353 305 878
16X2.5ST37.4NBK 16 x 2.5 313 442 372 1097
16X3ST37.4NBK 16 x 3.0 397 530 436 1316
18X1.5ST37.4NBK 18 x 1.5 141 236 211 585
18X2ST37.4NBK 18 x 2.0 206 314 275 780
HOSE COUPLINGS
20X2ST37.4NBK 20 x 2.0 184 283 249 702
20X2.5ST37.4NBK 20 x 2.5 245 353 305 878
HOSES &
20X3ST37.4NBK 20 x 3.0 308 424 359 1053
20X4ST37.4NBK 20 x 4.0 443 565 461 1404
22X1.5ST37.4NBK 22 x 1.5 114 193 175 479
22X2ST37.4NBK 22 x 2.0 166 257 228 638
22X2.5ST37.4NBK 22 x 2.5 221 321 280 798
25X2ST37.4NBK 25 x 2.0 145 226 203 562
ADAPTORS
25X2.5ST37.4NBK 25 x 2.5 192 283 249 702
25X3ST37.4NBK 25 x 3.0 241 339 294 842
25X4ST37.4NBK 25 x 4.0 343 452 380 1123
1 DNV: Bended pipe including manufacturing and corrosion tolerances. Continue next page
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
451
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 9. Hydraulic Tube St. 37.4 (E 235N) NBK to DIN 2391C (EN 10305-4)
W.P. bar B.P. bar
CLAMPS
28X2ST37.4NBK 28 x 2.0 129 202 182 501

28X2.5ST37.4NBK 28 x 2.5 170 252 225 627
28X3ST37.4NBK 28 x 3.0 213 303 266 752
30X2ST37.4NBK 30 x 2.0 120 188 171 468
30X3ST37.4NBK 30 x 3.0 197 283 249 702
30X4ST37.4NBK 30 x 4.0 279 377 324 936
35X2ST37.4NBK
VALVES
35 x 2.0 102 161 148 401

35X3ST37.4NBK 35 x 3.0 167 242 216 602
38X2.5ST37.4NBK 38 x 2.5 123 186 169 462
38X3ST37.4NBK 38 x 3.0 153 223 200 554
38X4ST37.4NBK 38 x 4.0 216 297 261 739
38X5ST37.4NBK 38 x 5.0 281 372 320 924
38X6ST37.4NBK 38 x 6.0 349 446 376 1108
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
42X2ST37.4NBK 42 x 2.0 85 135 124 334

42X3ST37.4NBK 42 x 3.0 138 202 182 501
42X4ST37.4NBK 42 x 4.0 194 269 238 669
50X3ST37.4NBK 50 x 3.0 115 170 155 421
60X3ST37.4NBK 60 x 3.0 95 141 130 351
75X3ST37.4NBK 75 x 3.0 76 113 105 281
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
90X3.5ST37.4NBK 90 x 3.5 75 110 102 273

100X4ST37.4NBK 100 x 4.0 78 113 105 281
115X4ST37.4NBK 115 x 4.0 68 98 92 244
140X4.5ST37.4NBK 140 x 4.5 63 91 85 226
165X5ST37.4NBK 165 x 5.0 60 86 80 213
220X6ST37.4NBK 220 x 6.0 54 77 72 191
HOSE COUPLINGS
273X6ST37.4NBK 273 x 6.0 44 62 59 154

HOSES &

ADAPTORS
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
452
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 9. Pipe to ANSI B36.19 ASTM – A – 312 – TP – 316 L
Nom. pipe size W.P. bar B.P. bar

Type O.D. x W.T.
NPS x SCH Size 1 2
21.34X2.11TP316L 1/2” SCH 10 21.34 x 2.11 270 891
CLAMPS
21.34X2.77TP316L 1/2” SCH 40 21.34 x 2.77 354 1170
21.34X3.73TP316L 1/2” SCH 80 21.34 x 3.73 477 1575
21.34X4.78TP316L 1/2” SCH 160 21.34 x 4.78 611 2019
21.34X7.47TP316L 1/2” SCH xxs 21.34 x 7.47 956 3155
26.67X2.11TP316L 3/4” SCH 10 26.67 x 2.11 216 713
26.67X2.81TP316L 3/4” SCH 40 26.67 x 2.81 288 950
26.67X3.91TP316L 3/4” SCH 80 26.67 x 3.91 400 1321
VALVES
26.67X5.56TP316L 3/4” SCH 160 26.67 x 5.56 569 1879
26.67X7.82TP316L 3/4” SCH xxs 26.67 x 7.82 800 2643
33.4X2.77TP316L 1” SCH 10 33.40 x 2.77 226 747
33.4X3.38TP316L 1” SCH 40 33.40 x 3.38 276 912
33.4X4.55TP316L 1” SCH 80 33.40 x 4.55 372 1228
33.4X6.35TP316L 1” SCH 160 33.40 x 6.35 519 1713
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
33.4X9.09TP316L 1” SCH xxs 33.40 x 9.09 743 2453
42.16X2.77TP316L 1 1/4” SCH 10 42.16 x 2.77 179 592
42.16X3.56TP316L 1 1/4” SCH 40 42.16 x 3.56 231 761
42.16X4.85TP316L 1 1/4” SCH 80 42.16 x 4.85 314 1037
42.16X6.35TP316L 1 1/4” SCH 160 42.16 x 6.35 411 1357
42.16X9.70TP316L 1 1/4” SCH xxs 42.16 x 9.70 628 2074
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
48.26X2.77TP316L 1 1/2” SCH 10 48.26 x 2.77 157 517
48.26X3.68TP316L 1 1/2” SCH 40 48.26 x 3.68 208 687
48.26X5.08TP316L 1 1/2” SCH 80 48.26 x 5.08 287 949
48.26X7.14TP316L 1 1/2” SCH 160 48.26 x 7.14 404 1333
48.26X10.16TP316L 1 1/2” SCH xxs 48.26 x 10.16 575 1897
60.3X2.77TP316L 2” SCH 10 60.30 x 2.77 125 414
HOSE COUPLINGS
60.3X3.91TP316L 2” SCH 40 60.30 x 3.91 177 584
60.3X5.54TP316L 2” SCH 80 60.30 x 5.54 251 828
HOSES &
60.3X8.74TP316L 2” SCH 160 60.30 x 8.74 396 1306
60.3X11.07TP316L 2” SCH xxs 60.30 x 11.07 501 1655
73X2.11TP316L 2 1/2” SCH 5 73.00 x 2.11 79 260
73X3.05TP316L 2 1/2” SCH 10 73.00 x 3.05 114 377
73X5.16TP316L 2 1/2” SCH 40 73.00 x5.16 207 684
73X7.01TP316L 2 1/2” SCH 80 73.00 x7.01 327 1079
ADAPTORS
73X9.53TP316L 2 1/2” SCH 160 73.00 x 9.53 356 1177
73X14.02TP316L 2 1/2” SCH xxs 73.00 x 14.02 524 1731
88.9X2.11TP316L 3” SCH 5 88.90 x 2.11 65 214
88.9X3.05TP316L 3“ SCH 10 88.90 x 3.05 94 309
88.9X5.49TP316L 3“ SCH 40 88.90 x 5.49 169 557
88.9X7.67TP316L 3“ SCH 80 88.90 x 7.67 236 778
88.9X11.13TP316L 3“ SCH 160 88.90 x 11.13 342 1128
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
88.9X15.24TP316L 3“ SCH xxs 88.90 x 15.24 468 1545

114.3X2.11TP316L 4” SCH 5 114.30 x 2.11 50 166
114.3X3.05TP316L 4“ SCH 10 114.30 x 3.05 73 240
114.3X6.07TP316L 4“ SCH 40 114.30 x 6.07 145 479
114.3X8.56TP316L 4“ SCH 80 114.30 x 8.56 204 675
114.3X13.49TP316L 4“ SCH 160 114.30 x 13.49 322 1064
114.3X17.12TP316L 4“ SCH xxs 114.30 x 17.12 409 1350
MACHINES
1 ANSI B313 straight pipe including manufacturing tolerance. Continue next page
2 Burst pressure including manufacturing tolerance.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
453
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 9. Pipe to ANSI B36.19 ASTM – A – 312 – TP – 316 L
Nom. pipe size W.P. bar B.P. bar

Type O.D. x W.T
NPS x SCH Size *1 *3
141.3X3.40TP316L 5” SCH 10 141.30 x 3.40 66 217
CLAMPS
141.3X6.55TP316L 5” SCH 40 141.30 x 6.55 127 418

141.3X9.53TP316L 5” SCH 80 141.30 x 9.53 184 608
141.3X15.88TP316L 5” SCH 160 141.30 x 15.88 307 1013
141.3X19.05TP316L 5” SCH xxs 141.30 x 19.05 368 1215
168.3X2.77TP316L 6” SCH 5 168.30 x 2.77 45 148
168.3X3.4TP316L 6” SCH 10 168.30 x 3.40 55 182
168.3X7.11TP316L 6” SCH 40 168.30 x 7.11 115 381
VALVES
168.3X10.97TP316L 6” SCH 80 168.30 x 10.97 178 587

168.3X14.27TP316L 6” SCH 120 168.30 x 14.27 231 764
168.3X18.26TP316L 6” SCH 160 168.30 x 18.26 296 978
168.3X21.95TP316L 6” SCH xxs 168.30 x 21.95 356 1175
219.1X3.76TP316L 8” SCH 10 219.10 x 3.76 47 155
219.1X8.18TP316L 8” SCH 40 219.10 x 8.18 102 336
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
219.1X12.70TP316L 8” SCH 80 219.10 x 12.70 158 522

219.1X18.26TP316L 8” SCH 120 219.10 x 18.26 228 751
219.1X23.01TP316L 8” SCH 160 219.10 x 23.01 287 946
219.1X22.00TP316L 8” SCH xxs 219.10 x 22.00 274 905
273X9.27TP316L 10” SCH 40 273.00 x 9.27 93 306
273X15.06TP316L 10” SCH 80 273.00 x 15.06 151 497
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
273X28.58TP316L 10” SCH 160 273.00 x 28.58 286 944

273X25.40TP316L 10” SCH xxs 273.00 x 25.40 254 839
323.9X9.53TP316L 12” SCH STD 323.90 x 9.53 80 265
323.9X10.31TP316L 12” SCH 40 323.90 x 10.31 87 287
323.9X17.45TP316L 12” SCH 80 323.90 x 17.45 147 486
323.9X33.32TP316L 12” SCH 160 323.90 x 33.32 281 927
HOSE COUPLINGS
355.6X9.53TP316L 14” SCH STD 355.60 x 9.53 73 242

355.6X11.13TP316L 14” SCH 40 355.60 x 11.13 85 282
HOSES &
355.6X19.05TP316L 14” SCH 80 355.60 x 19.05 146 483

355.6X35.71TP316L 14” SCH 160 355.60 x 35.71 274 905
406.4X9.53TP316L 16” SCH STD 406.40 x 9.53 64 211
406.4X12.70TP316L 16” SCH 40 406.40 x 12.70 85 282
406.4X21.41TP316L 16” SCH 80 406.40 x 21.41 144 475
406.4X40.46TP316L 16” SCH 160 406.40 x 40.46 272 897
ADAPTORS
457.4X9.53TP316L 18“ SCH STD 457.40 x 9.53 57 188

457.4X14.27TP316L 18“ SCH 40 457.40 x 14.27 85 281
457.4X23.80TP316L 18“ SCH 80 457.40 x 23.80 142 469
457.4X45.24TP316L 18“ SCH 160 457.40 x 45.24 270 891
508X9.53TP316L 20“ SCH STD 508.00 x 9.53 51 169
508X15.06TP316L 20“ SCH 40 508.00 x 15.06 81 267
508X26.19TP316L 20“ SCH 80 508.00 x 26.19 141 465
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
508X49.99TP316L 20“ SCH 160 508.00 x 49.99 269 887

609X9.53TP316L 24“ SCH STD 609.00 x 9.53 43 141
609X17.45TP316L 24“ SCH 40 609.00 x 17.45 78 258
609X30.94TP316L 24“ SCH 80 609.00 x 30.94 139 458
609X59.51TP316L 24“ SCH 160 609.00 x 59.51 267 881
1 ANSI B313 straight pipe including manufacturing tolerance.
2 Burst pressure including manufacturing tolerance.
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
454
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 10. Recommended Jointing Technology
50 bar – Section Table — Carbon Steel Pipes
Pipe Volume Flow* (l/min) Weight (kg/m) Connection Type Flange Size Flange Type
4X1ST37.4NBK 1 0.05
CLAMPS
6X1ST37.4NBK 2 0.07
8X1ST37.4NBK 5 0.17
10X1ST37.4NBK 9 0.22 Advanced/bite type/JIC –fittings
12X1.5ST37.4NBK 11 0.39
15X1.5ST37.4NBK 20 0.50
16X1.5ST37.4NBK 24 0.54
18X1.5ST37.4NBK 32 0.61
VALVES
20X2ST37.4NBK 36 0.89
22X1.5ST37.4NBK 51 0.76
25X2ST37.4NBK 62 1.13 37° Flare flange 1/2” 308F
35X2ST37.4NBK 136 1.63 37° Flare flange 1” 316F
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
42X3ST37.4NBK 183 2.89 37° Flare flange 1 1/4” 320F
90X3.5ST37.4NBK 974 7.47 37° Flare flange 3” 148F
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC

140X4.5ST37.4NBK 2415 15.0 37° Flare flange 5” 180F
165XST37.4NBK 3396 18.7 37° Flare flange 6” 196F
HOSE COUPLINGS
50 bar – Section Table — Stainless Steel Pipes
HOSES &
6X1AISI316L 2 0.07
8X1AISI316L 5 0.17
10X1AISI316L 9 0.22
12X1.5AISI316L 11 0.39 Advanced/bite type/JIC –fittings
15X1.5AISI316L 20 0.50
ADAPTORS
16X2AISI316L 20 0.69
18X2AISI316L 28 0.79
20X2AISI316L 36 0.89
22X2AISI316L 46 0.99
25X2.5AISI316L 57 1.39 37° Flare flange 1/2” 308F
28X2AISI316L 81 1.28 37° Flare flange 3/4” 312F
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
35X2.5AISI316L 127 2.00 37° Flare flange 1” 316F

38X3AISI316L 145 2.59 37° Flare flange 1” 316F
42X3AISI316L 183 2.89 37° Flare flange 1 1/4” 320F
*) v = 3 m/s
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
455
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

6X1ST37.4NBK 4 0.07
CLAMPS
8X1ST37.4NBK 8 0.17
10X1ST37.4NBK 15 0.22
12X1.5ST52.4NBK 19 0.39 Advanced/bite type/JIC –fittings
16X2ST52.4NBK 34 0.69
20X2.5ST52.4NBK 53 1.08
25X2.5ST52.4NBK 94 1.39 37° Flare flange 1/2” 308F
VALVES

BITE TYPE
FITTINGS

80X10ST52.4NBK 848 17.2 Retain ring flange 2 1/2” 340
97X12ST52.4NBK 1256 25.2 Retain ring flange 3” 348
FLARE FITTINGS

SAE J514 JIC


HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
6X1AISI316L 4 0.07
8X1AISI316L 8 0.17
10X1.5AISI316L 12 0.31
12X1.5AISI316L 19 0.39
Advanced/bite type/JIC –fittings
ADAPTORS
16X2AISI316L 34 0.69
18X2AISI316L 46 0.79
20X2.5AISI316L 53 1.08
22X2AISI316L 76 0.99
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL

80X10AISI316L 848 17.5 Retain ring flange 2 1/2” 340
MACHINES
97X12AISI316L 1256 25.5 Retain ring flange 3” 348

*) v = 5 m/s
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
456
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

6X1.5ST37.4NBK 2 0.17
CLAMPS
8X1.5ST37.4NBK 6 0.24
10X2ST37.4NBK 8 0.40
16X2ST52.4NBK 34 0.69
20X2.5ST52.4NBK 53 1.08
25X2.5ST52.4NBK 94 1.39 37° Flare flange 1/2” 308F
VALVES
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
72X7ST52.4NBK 37° Flare flange 2 1/2” 440F
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC

HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
6X1AISI316L 4 0.07
8X1.5AISI316L 6 0.24
10X1.5AISI316L 12 0.31
ADAPTORS
16X2AISI316L 34 0.69
20X2.5AISI316L 53 1.08
56X8.5AISI316L 358 9.96 Retain ring flange 1 1/2” 324
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
66X8.5AISI316L 566 12.2 Retain ring flange 2” 332

*) v = 5 m/s
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
457
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

6X1.5ST37.4NBK 2 0.17
CLAMPS
8X1.5ST37.4NBK 6 0.24
10X2ST37.4NBK 8 0.40
16X2.5ST52.4NBK 29 0.83
20X3ST52.4NBK 46 1.25
VALVES

39X7.5ST52.4NBK 136 5.86 Retain ring flange 1” 616
56X8.5ST52.4NBK 358 9.96 Retain ring flange 1 1/2” 624
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS

FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC

HOSE COUPLINGS

HOSES &
6X1AISI316L 4 0.07
8X1.5AISI316L 6 0.24
ADAPTORS
12X2AISI316L 15 0.49
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL

66X8.5AISI316L 566 12.2 Retain ring flange 2” 632
MACHINES
*) v = 5 m/s
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
458
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

6X1.5ST37.4NBK 2 0.17
CLAMPS
8X2ST37.4NBK 4 0.30
10X2ST37.4NBK 8 0.40
16X2.5ST52.4NBK 29 0.83
20X3ST52.4NBK 46 1.25
VALVES
56X8.5ST52.4NBK 358 9.96 Retain ring flange 1 1/2” 624
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
8X1.5AISI316L 6 0.24
10X2AISI316L 8 0.40
12X2AISI316L 15 0.49
Advanced/bite type/JIC –fittings
ADAPTORS
16X2.5AISI316L 29 0.83
20X3AISI316L 46 1.21
*) v = 5 m/s
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
459
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 11. Spacing for Clamps
Max. distances between clamps for GS-pipes

Pipe size (mm) Marine hydraulics* (m) Industrial hydraulics (m)
CLAMPS
20 X 2 1.1 1.2
25 X 2.5 1.3 1.5
30 X 3 1.4 2.1
38 X 4 1.5 2.1
42 X 4 1.6 2.3
50 X 3 1.7 2.7
VALVES
50 X 5 1.8 2.7
56 X 8.5 1.9 2.8
60 X 3 1.9 3.0
60 X 5 2.0 3.0
66 X 8.5 2.0 3.2
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
75 X 3 2.1 3.5
80 X 10 2.2 3.6
90 X 3.5 2.3 3.7
90 X 5 2.4 3.7
97 X 12 2.5 4.0
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
100 X 4 2.4 4.0

115 X 4 2.6 4.3
115 X 15 2.7 4.3
130 X 15 2.9 4.6
140 X 4.5 2.8 4.9
HOSE COUPLINGS
150 X 15 3.1 5.0

HOSES &
165 X 5 3.0 5.2

190 X 20 3.5 5.4
220 X 6 3.5 5.8
250 X 25 4.0 6.0
273 X 6 3.5 5.4
ADAPTORS
* = Vibration calculations are based on ships with

max. propeller speed 2 rev/sec and max. number of
propeller blades 6 (frequence 12 Hz)
Note! Detailed engineering performed by GS-Hydro is recommended in order to ensure proper clamp locations and
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
spacing. GS-Hydro’s engineering services can also include a FEM-analysis of the stresses in the piping system (the
FEM analysis is performed upon separate order).
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
460
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 12. Linear Expansion of Steel Pipes
Pipe lenght, m
CLAMPS
100
80
63
Variation in lenght, mm
50 160
VALVES
40 100
31.5 63
Temperature difference, °C
25 40 125
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
20 27.5 100
16 16 80
FLARE FITTINGS
12.5 10 63
SAE J514 JIC

10 6.3 50
8 4 40
6.3 2.5 31.5
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
5 1.6 25
4 1 20
3.15 0.63 16
ADAPTORS
2.5 0.4 12.5
2 0.25 10
1.6 0.16 8
1.25 0.1
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
1
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
461
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 13. Viscosity

Ns
Dynamic absolute viscosity, η measured in [ ]
m2
Ns
[ ]
CLAMPS
Common units is P = 10-3 in hydraulic technology, oil viscosity is normally expressed as kinematic viscosity V:
m2
η
ν= (ς is density)
ς
m2
SI-unit = [ ]
VALVES
s
mm2
Common unit is cSt (centistoke) =
s
m2
1 cSt = 10-6
s
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
For commercial purpose viscosity is expressed in Engler (Europe) or Saybolt second (US).
E° SSU
6.31
ν ≈ 7.32 x E° – E° cSt
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
ν ≈ 0.226 x SSU – 195 [cSt] for SSU < 100

SSU
ν ≈ 0.220 x SSU – 195 [cSt] for SSU > 100

SSU
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
ADAPTORS
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
Continue next page

INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
462
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 13. Viscosity Diagram
CLAMPS
Viscosity [cSt]
200000
100000
50000
SH68
VALVES
20000
10000
5000
3000 SHS32
2000
SH15
1000
BITE TYPE
500
FITTINGS
400
300
200
150
100
70
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
50
40
30
20
14
12
HOSE COUPLINGS
10
HOSES &
9
8
7
6
5
4
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110 120 130140 150160
Temperature [°C] ADAPTORS
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
Viscosity Temperature
Viscosity
Max. Min. Max. Min. Nominal
Product cSt cSt °C °C cSt
Axial Piston Pumps 160 10 80 –18 30
MACHINES
Axial Piston Motors 160 10 80 –18 30

Radial Piston Motors - High Torque Motors 20 70 –30 40
Marathon 10 000 30 40
Vane Pumps 108 10 80 –18 30

Vane Motors 80 –18 30
108 10
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
463
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 14. Special Alloys: Requirements for chemical composition

and mechanical properties
Iden- Composition %
tifica-
tion UNS Phos- Min. Min. Elon-
CLAMPS
Sym- Desig- Manga- phorus Silfur Chro- Molyb- Tensil Yield gation
bol nation Carbon nese Max. Max. Silicon Nickel mium denum MPa MPa Min%
Austenitic Steels
F304 S30400 0,08max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 8,0-11 18-20 515 205 30
F304H S30409 0,04-0,10 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 8,0-11 18-20 515 205 30
F304L S30403 0,035max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 8,0-13 18-20 485 170 30
F304N S30451 0,08max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 0,75max 8,0-10,5 18-20 550 240 30
VALVES
F304LN S30453 0,03max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 0,75max 8,0-10,5 18-20 515 205 30
F310 S31000 0,15max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 19-22 24-26 515 205 30
F316 S31600 0,08max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 10-14 16-18,3 2,0-3,0 515 205 30
F316H S31609 0,04-0,10 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 10-14 16-18 2,0-2,0 515 205 30
F316L S31603 0,035max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 10-15 16-18 2,0-3,0 485 170 30
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
F316N S31651 0,08max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 0,75max 11-14 16-18 2,0-3,0 240 30
F316LN S31653 0,03max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 0,75max 11-14 16-18 2,0-3,0 515 205 30
F317 S31700 0,08max 2,0max 0,045 0,03 1,0max 11-15 18-20 3,0-4,0 515 205 30
F317L S31703 0,03max 2,0max 0,045 0,03 1,0max 11-15 18-20 3,0-4,0 485 170 30
F321 S32100 0,08max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 9,0-12 17max 515 205 30
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
F321H S32109 0,04-0,10 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 9,0-12 17max 515 205 30
F347 S34700 0,08max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 9,0-13 17-20 515 205 30
F347H S34706 0,04-0,10 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 9,0-13 17-20 515 205 30
F348 S34800 0,08max 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 9,0-13 17-20 515 205 30
F348H S34809 0,04-0,10 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0max 9,0-13 17-20 515 205 30
FXM-11 S21904 0,04max 8,0-10,0 0,06 0,03 1,0max 5,5-7,5 19-21,5 620 345 45
HOSE COUPLINGS
FXM-19 S20910 0,06max 4,0-6,0 0,04 0,03 1,0max 11,5-13,5 20,5-23,5 1,5-3,0 690 380 35
HOSES &
F 10 S33100 0,10-0,20 0,5-0,8 0,04 0,03 1,0-1,4 19-22 7,0-9,0 550 205 30
6 Mo S31254 0,02max 1,0max 0,03 0,01 0,80max 17,5-18,5 19,5-20,5 6,0-6,5 650 300 35
F 45 S30815 0,05-0,10 0,8max 0,04 0,03 1,4-2,0 10-12 20-22 600 310 40
F 48 S31736 0,03max 2,0max 0,045 0,03 0,75max 13,5-17,5 17-20 4,0-5,0 550 240 40
Ferritic – Austenitic Steels
S31200 0,03max 2,0max 0,045 0,03 1,0max 5,5-6,5 24-26 1,2-2,0 690-900 450 25
ADAPTORS
Duplex S31803 0,03max 2,0max 0,03 0,02 1,0max 4,5-6,5 21-23 2,5-3,5 620 450 25
Super S32750 0,03 1,2 0,035 0,02 0,8 7,0 25 4,0 750 550 25
Duplex S32750 0,03 2,0 0,03 0,01 1,0 8,0 26 4,0 750 550 25
Gr 660 S66286 0,08 2,0max 0,04 0,03 1,0 24-27 13,5-16 1,0-1,5 895 855 25
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
Continue next page

INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
464
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 14. Special Alloys: Requirements for chemical composition
and mechanical properties
Titan
Min Min Elon-
CLAMPS
Grade UNS Fe O N C H Pd At V Tensile Yield gation
1 0,20max 0,18max 0,03max 0,10max 0,015max 0 0 0 295-410 195 30
VALVES
Minimum Tensile, Yield and Elongation for Carbon Steel Alloy Pipe
Identification Symbol Min. Tensile (MPa) Min. Yield (MPa) Min. Elongation
A106 Gr A 330 205 35
A106 Gr B 415 240 30
A333 Gr I 387 211 28
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
St.37.4 340 - 480 235 25
St.52.4 490 - 650 355 21
API-5L-X52 464 358 22
API-5L-X56 499 386 19
API-5L-X60 527 413 18
FLARE FITTINGS
A 519-4130 Hot Rolled 621 483 20
SAE J514 JIC

A 519-4140 Hot Rolled 855 621 15
HOSE COUPLINGS
HOSES &
ADAPTORS
SOLUTIONS
SPECIAL
MACHINES
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
465
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 15. Threads
Threads Tubes to ASTM A269 and DIN 2391.C/2445

Permissible Variations in Dimensions (Metric)
Outside Inside Type of Ovality shall be Permissible
CLAMPS
Diameter Diameter Thread Tolerance double permissible variation in cut

Tolerance
8,00 6,92 MM 8x1 Size O.D. in Wallthick- variation in O.D length
O.D. ness % when wallthickness
9,73 8,57 R 1/8”x28 is: Over Under
10,00 8,92 MM 10x1
Up to 1/2 ±0.13 mm ±15 — 3.18 mm 0
10,27 8,77 NPTF 1/8”x27
1/2 to 1 1/2 excl. ±0.13 mm ±10 Less than 1.66 mm 3.18 mm 0
11,11 9,74 JIC 7/16”x20
1 1/2 to 3 1/2 excl. ±0.25 mm ±10 Less than 2.41 mm 4.78 mm 0
12,00 10,38 MM 12x1.5
3 1/2 to 5 1/2 excl. ±0.38 mm ±10 Less than 3.81 mm 4.78 mm 0
VALVES
12,70 11,33 JIC 1/2”x20

13,16 11,45 R 1/4”x19 5 1/2 to 8 excl. ±0.76 mm ±10 — 4.78 mm 0
13,57 11,31 NPTF 1/4”x18 Calculation of the weight in kilos per metre of tubes and pipes
(O.D - W.T) x W.T x 24.61 = kg/m O.D= Outside dia. tube/pipe
14,00 12,38 MM 14x1.5 1000 W.T= Wallthickness
14,27 12,76 JIC 9/16”x18
15,88 14,35 SAE 5/8”x18
16,00 14,38 MM 16x1.5
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
16,66 14,95 R 3/8”x19 Pipes to ASTM A312

17,06 14,80 NPTF 3/8”x18 Permissible Variations in Dimensions (Metric)
18,00 16,38 MM 15x1.5 Permissible Variation
Nomimal in Outside Diameter Thickness
19,05 17,33 JIC 1/4”x16 Diameter in.
Over Under
20,00 18,38 MM 20x1.5
1/8 to 1 1/2 incl. 0.38 mm 0.79 mm
20,96 18,63 R 1/2”x14
Over 1 1/2 to 4 incl. 0.79 mm 0.79 mm The minimum wall thickness at any
21,22 18,32 NPTF 1/2”x14
FLARE FITTINGS
point shall not be more than 12.5%

SAE J514 JIC
Over 4 to 8 incl. 1.57 mm 0.79 mm

22,00 20,38 MM 22x1.5 under the nominal wall thickness
22,23 20,26 JIC 7/8”x14 Over 8 to 18 incl. 2.36 mm 0.79 mm specified.
22,91 20,59 R 5/8”x14 Over 18 to 24 incl. 3.18 mm 0.79 mm
24,00 22,38 MM 24x1.5 Calculation of the weight in lbs per foot of tubes and pipes
26,00 24,38 MM 26x1.5 (D - t) x 10.85 where D= outside dia. in inches
t= wallthickness in inches
26,44 24,12 R 3/4”x14
26,57 23,67 NPTF 3/4”x14
HOSE COUPLINGS
26,99 25,10 JIC 1 1/16”x12

HOSES &
28,00 26,38 MM 28x1.5

30,00 27,83 MM 30x2 A.P.I American Petroleum Institute Taper Thread
30,16 28,20 JIC 1 3/16”x12 A.S.A.E. American Society of Agricultural Engineers
A.S.S.P.T. American National Straight Pipe Thread
30,20 27,88 R 7/8”x14
31,23 29,61 NPTF 1”x11.5 B.S.P. British Standard Parallel Pipe Thread
33,25 30,29 R 1”x11 B.S.T.P. British Standard Taper Pipe Thread
33,34 31,40 JIC 1 5/16”x12 F.I.E.I. Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute
ADAPTORS
36,00 33,83 MM 36x2 G.H.T. Garden Hose Threads/F.P.T.- Female Pipe Thread
41,28 39,30 JIC 1 5/8”x12 I.P.T. American Iron Pipe Thread - Straight
41,91 38,95 R 1 1/4”x11.5 J.I.C. Joint Industry Conferance (SAE 37)
41,99 38,95 NPTF 1 1/4”x11.5 J.I.S. Japaneese Industrial Standard
42,00 39,83 MM 42x2
M. Metric Thread
45,00 42,83 MM 45x2 M.M. Metric thread
47,63 45,80 JIC 1 7/8”x12
N.P.S. American National Pipe Thread - Straight
SOLUTIONS
47,80 44,85 R 1 1/2”x11

SPECIAL
N.P.S.M. American National Pipe Thread - Straight Mechanical

48,05 44,52 NPTF 1 1/2”x11.5
N.P.T. American National Pipe Thread - Taper
52,00 49,83 MM 52x2 N.P.T.F American National Pipe Thread - Taper /Dry seal)
59,61 56,66 R 2”x11 N.S.T. American National Standard Thread - Straight
60,09 56,56 NPTF 2”x11.5
R. Rörgjenger - BSP
6,20 60,80 JIC 2 1/2”x12
R.T. British Round Thread
65,71 62,75 R 2 1/4”x11 S.A.E. Society of Automative Engineers (45)
73,00 68,80 NPTF 2 1/2”x8
MACHINES
75,18 72,23 R 2 1/2”x11 U.R.T. Dennis Urban Round Thread

87,88 84,93 R 3”x11 U.N.C. Unified Coarse Thread
U.N.F. Unified Fine Thread
89,00 85,00 NPTF 3”x8
113,03 110,07 R 4”x11 VEE Shelvoke Drewry “VEE” Round Thread
114,35 110,30 NPTF 4”x8 W. Withworth Thread
NOTE: NPTF thread have to be measured
INFORMATION
outside on the 4. thread from the end.

TECHNICAL
466
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 16. Units
Unit in hydraulic
Quantity Symbol SI-unit practice “metric” American unit
CLAMPS
Length (stroke) L m mm ft, in
Mass m kg kg slug, lb(m)
Time t s s sec
Area A m2 cm2 ft2, in2
Volume V m3 cm3, l in3, gallon
Displacement Vi m3/rad cm3/rev in3, rev
VALVES
Velocity v m/s m/s ft/s
Angular speed n (ϖ) rad/s r/min rpm
Flow rate Q m3/s l/min gpm
Force F N= kgm/s2 N lb(f)
Pressure (diff.) p( ) N/m2=Pa bar=105Pa psi
BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
Torque T Nm Nm lbf x ft
Specific torque Ts Nm/Pa Nm/bar lbf x ft/psi
Work, energy W Nm=J=Ws Nm lbf x lb
Power P W kW hp
Power, hydraulic Ph W kW hp
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
Power, shaft Ps W kW hp
Density ς kg/m3 kg/m3 lb/in3
Viscosity, dynamic η Ns/m2 cP
Viscosity, kinematic ν m2/s cSt SSU
Mass, moment of inertia J kgm2 kgm2 lbm x in2
HOSE COUPLINGS
Efficiency, over-all ηoa
HOSES &
Efficiency, mechanical ηm
Efficiency, hydromech ηhm
Efficiency, volumetric ηv
Loss, volumetric Ql m3/s l/min gpm
Loss, pressure ∆pl Pa bar psi
Friction coeff. tube λ ADAPTORS
Friction coeff. elbow ξ
Temperature υ °C °C °F
Temperature (diff) ∆υ °C °C °F
Frequency f Hz s-1
SOLUTIONS
Bulk modulus β N/m2 bar psi

SPECIAL
Spec. heat c J/kg x °C J/kg x °C Btu/lbm x °F

Therm. length coeff. α 1/m°C 1/°C 1/°F
Therm. volume coeff. 3α 1/m3 x °C 1/m3 x °C 1/in3 x °F
Mod. of elasticity E N/m2 N/mm2 psi
MACHINES
Continue next page

INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
467
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES
Attachment 16. Survey of SI–Units
The Seven Basic Units Multiple Prefix

Length 1m (meter) 1012 T = terra (10-2) (C = centi)
CLAMPS
Mass 1 kg (kilogram) 109 G = giga 10-3 m = milli

Time 1s (second) 106 M = mega 10-6 µ = micro
Electric current 1A (Ampere) 103 k = kilo 10-9 n = nano
Temperature 1K (Kelvin) (102) (h = hekto) 10-12 p = piko
Luminance 1 cd (candela) (10) (da = deka) 10-15 f = femto
VALVES
Particle amount 1 mol (mol) (10-1) (d = deci) 10-18 a = atto

Two Supplementary Units ( ) is secondary used
Plane angle 1 rad (radian)
Solid angle 1 st (steradian) Length
Fifteen Derived Units with Specific Names 1 in 25.4 x 10-3 m 39.37 in

BITE TYPE
FITTINGS
Frequency 1 Hz (Hertz) = 1/s 1 ft. 0.3048 m 3.281 ft.
Force 1N (Newton) = 1 kg x m/s2 1 yd. 0.9144 m 1m 1.094 yd.
Pressure 1 Pa (Pascal) =1 N/m2 1 mile 1.609 x 103 m 0.6214 x 10-3 mile
Energy 1J (Joule) = 1 Nm 1 nautic 0.5400 x 10-3 nautic

mile 1.852 x 103 m mile
Power 1W (Watt) = 1 J/s
FLARE FITTINGS
SAE J514 JIC
Electric charge 1C (coulomb) = 1 As

Area
Electric potential,
electric voltage 1V (Volt) = 1 W/A 1 in2 0.6452 x 10-3 m2 1.550 x 103 in2
Capacitance 1F (Farad) = 1 C/V 1 ft.2 92.90 x 10-3 m2 10.76 ft.2
Resistance 1Ω (ohm) = 1 V/A 1 yd2 0.8361 m2 1m 1.196 yd2.

1 acre 4.047 x 103 m2 0.2471 x 10-3 acre
HOSE COUPLINGS
Conductance 1S (Siemens) = 1 A/V

Magnetic flux 1 Wb (Weber) = 1 Vs. 1 square 0.3861 x 10-6 square
HOSES &
mile 2.590 x 106 m2 mile

Magnetic flux
density 1T (Tesla) = 1 Wb/m2
Self inductance 1H (Henry) = 1 Wb/A Volume
Luminous flow 1 lm (lumen) = 1 cd x sr 1 in3 16.39 x 10-6 m3 61.02 x 103 in3
Illumination 1 lx (luxe) = lm/m2 1 ft3 28.32 x 10-3 m3 35.31 ft.3

yd3 m3 1.308 yd3.
ADAPTORS
1 0.7646
1 gallon 1 m3
UK 4.546 x 10-3 m3 220.0 gallon UK
1 gallon
US 3.785 x 10-3 m3 264.2 gallon US
Additional Units
1l (liter) = 10-3 m3 ; 1 register ton = 2.832 m3 = 100 ft3
Except the fifteen derived units with specific names, some more
currently used units have been permitted. Among those follow-
SOLUTIONS
ing can be mentioned.

SPECIAL
Speed
π
= rad 1 km/h 0.2778 m/s 3.6 km/h
1° (degree) 180 = 17.45 x 10-3 rad
1m/s
1 ft./s 0.3048 m/s 3.281 ft./s
1°
= 1 mile/h 0.4470m/s 2.237 mile/h.
1’ (minute) 60 = 0.2909 x 10-3 rad
1 knot 0.5144 m/s 1.944 knot
1’
MACHINES
=
1” (second) 60 = 4.848 x 10-6 rad
Temperature
π
= rad °C – F F – °C
1g (gon) 200 = 15.71 x 10-3 rad
Volume 1l (liter) = 10-3 m3 5 9
F= x C + 32 C= x (F - 32)
9 5
Pressure 1 bar = 105 Pa
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
468
GS-FLANGE
SYSTEM
Attachments
TUBES & PIPES

Attachment 16. Survey of SI–Units
Force Pressure
1 dyn 10 x 10-6 N 0.1 x 106 dyn 1 bar 100 x 103 Pa 10 x 10-6 bar
CLAMPS
1 kp 9.807 N 1N 0.1020 kp 1 kp/cm2=at 98.07 x 103 Pa 10.20 x 10-6 kp/cm2=at
1 lbf 4.448 N 0.2248 lbf 1 kp/mm2 9.807 x 106 Pa 0.1020 x 10-6 kp/mm2
The unit kilo pond (kp) has also been called kilogram force (kgf) 1 psi 6.895 x 103 Pa 0.145 x 10-3 psi
1 Nm
1 torr 133.3 Pa 7.501 x 10-3 torr
Energy 1 atm 101.3 x 103 Pa 9.869 x 10-6 atm
VALVES
1 erg 0.1 x 10-6 J 10 x 106 erg 1 lbf/in2 6.895 x 103 Pa 0.1450 x 10-3 lbf/in2
1 kWh 3.6 x 106 J 0.2778 x 10-6 kWh 1 ton/in2UK 15.44 x 106 Pa 64.6 x 10-9 ton/in2 UK
1 eV 0.1602 x 10-18 J 6.242 x 1018 eV 1 ton/in2US 13.78 x 106 Pa 72.3 x 10-9 ton/in2 US
1 kpm 9.807 J 0.1020 kpm 1 Pa 10-5 bar 105 Pa
1J 1 bar
1 kcal 4.187 x 103 J 0.2388 x 10-3 kcal 1 kp/cm2=at 0.9807 bar 1.02 kp/cm2
2.648 x 106 J 0.3777 x 10-6 hkh
BITE TYPE
1 khk
FITTINGS
1 psi 68.95 x 10-3 bar 14.5 psi
1 ft. x lbf 1.356 J 0.7376 ft. x lbf 1 torr 1.333 x 10-3 bar 750.1 torr
1 Btu 1.055 x 103 J 0.9478 x 10-3 Btu 1 atm 1.013 bar 0.987 atm
1 torr= 1 mm Hg at 0°C and 9.81 m/s2; 1 dyn/cm2 = 10-1 Pa; 1
Power mm water column = 9.81 Pa
FLARE FITTINGS
1 kpm/s 9.807 W 0.1020 kpm/s
SAE J514 JIC

1 kcal/s 4.187 x 103 W 238.8 x 10-6 kcal/s Density
1 kcal/h 1.163 W 0.860 kcal/h 1 g/cm3

1W = kg/dm3 103 kg/m3 10-3 g/cm3 = kg/dm3
1 hk 735.5 W 1.360 x 10-3 hk
1 lb./in3 27.68 x 103 kg/m3
1 hp 745.7 W 1.341 x 10-3 hp 1 kg/m3
1 lb./ft.3 16.02 kg/m3 62.43 x 10-3 lb./ft.3
HOSE COUPLINGS
1 ft. x lbf/s 1.356 W 0.7376 ft. x lbf/s
1 lb./yd3 0.5933 kg/m3 1.686 lb./yd3
1 Btu/h 0.2931 W 3.412 Btu/h
HOSES &
m3/kg is called volymity or specific volume
Mass Heat Conductivity

1 lb. 0.4536 kg 2.205 lb. Thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal conductivity
1 slug 14.594 kg 68.52 x 10-3 slug 1 kcal/mh°C 1.163 W/mK 0.8599 kcal/mh°C
1 oz 28.35 x 10-3 kg 35.27 oz
ADAPTORS
1
1 kg cal/cm s°C 418.7 W/mK 2.388 x 10-3 cal/cm s°C
1 cwt. 50.80 kg 19.68 x 10-3 cwt.
1 1 W/mK
1 ton UK 1.016 x 103 kg 0.9842 x 10-3 ton
Btu/ft. h°F 1.731 W/mK 0.5778 Btu/ft. h°F
1 sh cwt.US 45.36 kg 22.05 x 10-3 sh cwt.
1
1 sh tn US 907.2 kg 1.102 x 10-3 sh ton Btu in/ft2 h°F 0.1442 W/mK 6.933 Btu in/ft2 h°F
SOLUTIONS
Torque Surface Coefficient of Heat Transfer

SPECIAL
and Thermal Transmittance

1 kpm 9.807 Nm 0.1020 kpm
1
1 lbf x in 0.1130Nm 8.851 lbf x in kcal/m2h°C* 1.163 W/m2K 0.8598 kcal/m2h K*
1 Nm 1 41.87 x 103
1 lbf x ft. 1.356 Nm 0.7376 lbf x ft.
cal/cm2s°C W/m2K 23.88 x 10-6 cal/cm2s K
1 ton x ft.UK 3037 Nm 0.3293 x 10-3 ton x ft. 1 W/m2K
1
1 ton x ft.US 2711 Nm 0.3688 x 10-3 ton x ft. Btu/ftm2h°F 5.678 W/m2K 0.1761 Btu/ftm2h°F
MACHINES
* The numerical values have so far been called α-value and

k-value. 1 K = 1°C at temperature difference.
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
469

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INFORMATION

SAE 6000 PSI

Introduction, Fluid velocities 428

Pressure loss 429

Introduction, Pipe & tube materials 431

Fittings & ﬂanges, Pipe supports 432

ISO 4406:1987 and ISO 4406:1999 433

NAS 1638 434

SAE AS4059 435

1. Oil ﬂow rates at recom. max. velocities 437

2. Pressure drop in pipes 439

3. Typical values of resist. coefﬁcients 440

4. Pressure drop in sharp-edged holes 442

5. Pressure drop in bends etc. 443

6. Hose size 444

7. Pressure drop 445

8. Calculation rules, DNV 447

8. Calculation rules, ANSI 448

9. Working- and burst pressures for pipes 449

10. Recommended jointing technology 455

11. Spacing for clamps 460

12. Linear expansion of steel pipes 461

13. Viscosity 462

14. Special alloys 464

15. Threads 466

16. Units 467

17. Survey of SI-units 468

TUBES & PIPES

...due to: ADAPTORS

This technical information is provided as general guidelines how to design hydraulic

Introduction – Process Design

Fluid (oil) Velocities

Maximum velocity Maximum velocity

TUBES & PIPES

∆p = ∆pfriction + � ∆presistance (1)

where, ∆p = pressure loss [N/mm2 = Pa]

SAE J514 JIC

where, v = velocity [m/s]

The type of ﬂow can be determined as follows:

In laminar ﬂow the friction factor can be determined as follows:

√1/λ = 0,86 ln[(k/ds)/3,7 + 2,51/(Re√λ)] (5)

The pressure loss in a straight pipe can be estimated from attachment 2.

causes resistance losses (∆presistance) which can be calculated as follows

where, ζ = resistance coefﬁcient

Typical resistance coefﬁcients are presented in attachment 3.

Typical resistance coefﬁcients for valves and joints are as follows:

seamless precision steel pipe* 0.01—0.04

hot rolled steel pipe 0.05—0.10

TUBES & PIPES

Pipe & Tube Materials

SAE J514 JIC

Fittings and Flanges

selected based on the environment (and/or the customer’s speciﬁcations).

Fittings- and JIC 37o Flare Fittings-sections of this catalogue.

TUBES & PIPES

ISO 4406:1987 and ISO 4406:1999

SAE J514 JIC

NAS 1638-oil purity classes (no. of particles per 100 ml)

Particle count / 100 ml

5–15 µm 15–25 µm 25–50 µm 50–100 µm > 100 µm NAS-class

64 000 11 400 2 025 360 64 8

NAS 7 is equal to (for instance):