Renewable Energy penetration, wind and Renewable

Energy Concern
Solar variations in generations
Why ?

Present major power comes from

fossil fuel based power plant

Fast depletion of fossil fuel

Energy shortage by about 3.9 %
and peak power shortage by 4.7 %

Reduce the gap between demand &
supply

Less pollution
Dr. Rajashekar P. Mandi, Professor & Director
RES are infinite energy sources
School of EEE, REVA University, Bangalore

Top Two m[jor worl^’S

worl^’S pro\l_m
2) En_rgy
1) Clim[t_ ]h[ng_ Energy sources we have!
CO2 _mission Non r_n_w[\l_ _n_rgy sour]_s

World electricity generation by fuel, 2007-2035

(trillion kilowatthours)
30
liqui^s Nuclear
Eff_]ts
N[tur[lNatural
g[s_s gas
Coal
Co[l
20
Liquids

Nu]l_[r fu_l

10

0
2007 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

1
Renewable energy sources:

World energy consumption in

2050 would be 30TWh

2
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 National Solar Mission National Solar Mission

National Solar Mission (NSM), launched on 11th Jan., 2010, had set
a target for development and deployment of 20 GW solar power by
the year 2022.

The Cabinet in its meeting held on 17/6/2015 had approved revision
of target under NSM from 20 GW to 100 GW.

1000 MW capacity grid-connected solar power projects
implemented through NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd., (NVVN)
under National Solar Mission Phase-I

Based upon availability of land and solar radiation, the potential
solar power in the country has been assessed to be around 750
GWp

SPV Power generation: 28,180.66 MW

National Solar Mission

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 SPV Power generation: 28,180.66 MW

Solar Rooftop power generation: 1436.26 MW

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 Solar Pumping system: 212 MW

Solar Off-grid: 212 MW

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Wind Power Potential: 302.25 GW Wind Power Installed Capacity: 35.626 GW

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Wind Power purchase cost

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Technology efficiencies

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 Wind Generator Technology
Wind Energy Generators

Wind Generator Technology Wind Generator Technology

Rotor Hub
MW Name
Manufactu Market Swept
diameter height
Geare Largest capacity: Enercon E-126 has a rated capacity of
rer date area m2 d 7.58 MW, overall height of 198 m, a diameter of 126 m , 2007
(meters) (meters)

8.0 MW V164-8.0 MW Vestas 2015 Q1 21,124 164 105 x Largest swept area: Siemens SWT-6.0-154, with a diameter of
7.580 MW E-126 Enercon 2011 12,668 127 135 -
154 m, giving a total sweep of 18,600 m2
Site-
6.0 MW SWT-6.0-154 Siemens 2012 18,600 154 -
specific
6.0 MW SL6000 Sinovel 2011 12,868 128 x Tallest: Paproc, Poland, 210 meters tall, also constructed by
5.0 MW SL5000 Sinovel 2010 12,868 128 x Fuhrlaender in late 2012.
5.0 MW G128-5.0 MW Gemesa 2013 12,868 128 80-94 x
4.5 MW G136-4.5 MW Gemesa 2011 14,527 136 120 x
Largest vertical-axis: Cap-Chat, Quebec has a vertical axis wind
81, 120,
4.5 MW G128-4.5 MW Gemesa 2012 12,868 128
140
x turbine (VAWT) named Éole, which is the world's largest at 110
4.1 MW 4.1-113 GE Energy 9,940 113 - m. It has a nameplate capacity of 3.8 MW.

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Wind Turbines in India Wind Generator Classes

IEC Class I IEC Class II IEC Class III

Turbine Class IEC Class IV
High Wind Medium Wind Low Wind

Annual average
10 m/s 8.5 m/s 7.5 m/s 6.0 m/s
wind speed

Extreme 50-year
70 m/s 59.5 m/s 52.5 m/s -
gust

Turbulence
A 18% A 18% A 18% A 18%
classes

B 16% B 16% B 16% B 16%

WIND TURBINE GENERATOR

TECHNOLOGIES
DC GENERATOR

WIND TURBINE DC BUS AC BUS

COMPOUND WOUND DC
GENERATOR
GEAR
BOX

INVERTER

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 Induction Generator
CAPACITOR EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR

WIND TURBINE
SQUIRREL CAGE AC BUS
INDUCTION GENERATOR

GEAR BOX

CAPACITOR
BANKS

Doubly fed Induction Generator Synchronous Generator

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 Specification of 1 MW Machine

Sun energy is enough for our needs

Solar radiation:

Standard incident light power (AM1.5) : 1000W/m2

Mean solar resource per year : 0.8MWh/m2-3MWh/m2

Equivalent 550TWh/an: 5000Km2 for PV(10% efficiency)

Infrastructures(roofs, roads etc.,): 30000Km2(3300TWh/an)

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How solar cell works?

Built-in field

N-type

P- type

Solar cell I-V Characteristics:

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Solar Lantern Home Lighting System

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SPV Home Lighting System

Solar water heater

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SOLAR STEAM GENERATOR Parabolic Trough Concentrator

Solar Thermal Power Generation Dish Concentrating Collectors

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 SOLAR STIRLING Fresnel Concentrator
ENGINE

Central receiver system in Spain

Solar
Furnace

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Solar One - Central Tower Heliostat System

Solar
Chimney

Building Integrated PV (BIPV)

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 PV thin film, modules & BIPV MICROTURBINE

High frequency AC power

Power ratings: 25 – 500 kW

Capital costs: 500 –1000 $/kW range

Electrical efficiencies: 27 – 32 %.

Overall efficiency up to 80 %.

Footprint size is in 60 kW/m2 area

Operating costs: 6 – 8 ¢/kWh and

NOx emissions are around 0.1 lb/BTU.

How to use hydrogen to fuel a car?

What is a Fuel Cell?
Hydrogen Oxygen
Fuel Cell
Heat

Electric power
Water
• A fuel cell combines fuel and oxidant electrochemically to produce
electricity
• Two to three times more efficient that an internal combustion engine Unlike batteries, fuel cells
don’t need to be replaced. Let’s see a hydrogen
• Fuel cell stack is quiet, has no moving parts, produces zero emissions We just have to refill the fuel cell working!
tank with H2!

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PEM fuel cell
H2
Carbon
e- Platinum
Overview of Fuel Cells
black Catalyst Air
Anode

Four primary types of fuel cells which are based

on electrolyte employed
H+
Cathode
1. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
NIST

Bipolar Gas Diffusion Membrane Gas Diffusion Bipolar

2. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
plate Layer Electrode
Assembly
Layer plate 3. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Voltage = 0.6 V
4. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Anode Reaction Cathode Reaction 5. Alkaline Fuel cell
2H2  4H+ + 4e- O2 + 4H+ + 4e-  2H2O 6. Direct Methanol Fuel cell

FUEL CELL TYPES DG COMPARISONS

Efficiency Size Cost

Micro-turbine 28 ~ 33% 25 ~ $750 ~

300 kW 900 /kW

Recipro-cating
engines 28 ~ 37% 5 kW ~ $400 ~
20 MW 600 /kW

30 ~ 40% 2 kW ~ $750 ~
Fuel Cells 250 kW 900 /kW

Gas Turbines 25 ~ 40% 500 kW ~ $650 /kW

20 MW

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 Distributed Generation Technology Options. Distributed Generation Technology Options.
Gas Microturb
Engine Turbine ine Photovol Wind
Gas Microturb Fuel Cells
Generat Generat Generato taics Turbine
Engine Turbine ine Photovol Wind or or r
Fuel Cells
Generat Generat Generato taics Turbine
or or r Electrical
0.07- 0.06-
Energy Cost, 0.06-0.08 0.18-0.20 0.03-0.04 0.06-0.08
Dispatchable Yes Yes Yes -- -- Yes 0.09 0.08
$/kWh [c]
Diesel Gas Gas or Energy
Fuel Sun Wind Gas
or Gas Multiple Liquids Storage No No No Yes Yes No
Efficiency, % 35 29-42 27-32 6-19 25 40-57 Required
Energy NOx (lb/BTU)
0.3 0.01 0.01 N/A N/A 0.003-0.02
Density, 50 59 59 0.02 0.01 1-3 • Nat Gas
3.7 0.17 0.17 N/A N/A -
kW/m2 • Oil
500-1000 Heat Rates,
Capital Cost,
200-350 450-870 (500 in 6600 1000 3000 Mills 10-15 5-10 5-10 N/A N/A 5-10
$/kW
2001) BTU/kWh
O&M Cost, 0.005- 0.005- 0.001- Expected
0.01 0.01 0.0017 10,000-
$/kWh 0.0065 0.0065 0.004 Operating 40,000 40,000 40,000 -- --
40,000
Life, Hrs.
Technology Comme Comme Commerc Commer Commer Commerci
Status rcial rcial ial cial cial al in 2001

Grid Code 2010 for Wind Generation Grid Code 2010 for Wind Generation

Active power control

Frequency

Voltage and reactive power issues

Fault ride through capability

Protection

Power quality issues like flicker, harmonics etc.

IE Rule 54 : Declared voltage of supply to consumer Voltage Variation

LV +/- 6%,
HV + 6% and – 9%,
EHV + 10% & - 12.5%

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 Grid Code 2010 for Wind Generation Reactive Power Capability

Limits

International standards (EN-50160 or IEC 1000-3-x
VAR drawl from the grid at voltages below 97 % of nominal will be penalized.
series) < 2% for LV & MV system and < 1% for HV
VAR injection into the grid at voltages below 97 % of nominal will be given
system incentive.

VAR drawl from the grid at voltages above 103 % of nominal will be given
incentives.

VAR injection into the grid at voltages above 103 % of nominal will be
penalized.

Frequency range Active Power control

Frequency tolerance range: 47.5 – 51.5 Hz.

Ramp time: 0.5 Hz/sec

Wind turbine shall not be started above 51.5 Hz.

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 Low Voltage ride through Protection schemes

under/over voltage protection

under/over frequency protection

over current and earth fault protection

load unbalance (negative sequence) protection

differential protection for the grid connecting
transformer

capacitor bank protection

Voltage & Current Harmonics Voltage & Current Harmonics

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 REVA
University

GENERATORS
FOR
GENERATIONS
THANK YOU
Q? IF ANY PLEASE
Email:rajashekarmandi@yahoo.com

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