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Heritage Paper
Heritage Paper
of Short Duration Disturbances
in Distribution Systems using Wavelet
Transform
Aritra Dasgupta Dr. Sudipta Nath
Dept of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Dept of Electrical Engineering,
Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Netaji Subhash Engineering College,
Kolkata, India Kolkata, India
(aritradgupta@yahoo.co.in). (nath_sudipta@yahoo.com).
Abstract— The ability to detect and classify the type of short Alternative computing methods for related quantities using
duration disturbances is a fundamental task in any power quality wavelet transforms have been presented in [5]. Also a
studies. Quantifying that disturbance with a suitable index is the totally different method using complex wavelet transforms,
ultimate goal of power quality analysis. This paper describes an allowing the formulation of power definitions in the time
exclusive method of quantifying short duration disturbances in frequency domain itself, were developed. A power quality
power signals at the distribution level. It has been shown that the measure based on Shannon’s entropy have been introduced
standard deviation and the entropy obtained from discrete wavelet in [6]. This measure expresses the magnitude deviation of
transform of the distorted signals can be used as a suitable power the signal from the ideal one and also incorporates the
quality indicator. The entropy considered here is Shannon’s effects of the harmonics in the signal. The two entropies,
entropy. Another type of entropy based on log energy of the spectral and the probabilistic entropy has been calculated
distorted signals defined by the wavelet packet transform has been for every voltage cycle and properly combined to provide
used as a power quality indicator in this paper. the power quality measure. The ability of multiresolution
signal decomposition technique, by plotting standard
Keywords— Power quality, wavelet transform, entropy, log
deviations of the decomposed signal at different resolution
energy, standard deviation.
levels, to classify and quantify the power quality
disturbance have been presented in [7]. It has been also
shown that the curve obtained by plotting the entropy of the
I. INTRODUCTION decomposed signal at different levels provides clear
The prospect of power quality studies came into the limelight information for the detection and quantification of the
of the power engineers as well as those specializing in signal power quality disturbances. An exclusive method of
processing techniques due to increasing complexity of power monitoring short duration disturbances in the presence of
electronic devices in the overall power system. The theoretical harmonics in power signals at the distribution level have
basis and practical applications of power /energy and rms been shown in [8]. The standard deviation obtained from
measurements were provided directly from the wavelet discrete wavelet transform analysis has been used as the
transform data associated with each voltage current element power quality indicator for the harmonic intrusion. In [9]
pair [1]. The wavelet based power measurement algorithms, wavelet transform was used to analyze power system
which has been developed and tested, indicate the distribution transients. A novel classification method for power
of power and rms with respect to the individual sub bands. The distribution line disturbances using a rule based method and
notional basis for the measurement of reactive and distortion a wavelet packet based hidden Markov model (HMM) have
powers from wavelet transforms were provided in [2]. This been developed in [10]. The rule based method has been
study demonstrated the extension of the wavelet transform to utilized for the classification of time characterized feature
the measurement of reactive power through the use of a broad disturbances, and the wavelet packet based HMM has been
band quadrature phase shift networks. The use of continuous utilized for the frequency characterized feature power
wavelet transform to detect and analyze voltage sags and disturbances. It has been shown in [11] that the wavelet
transients has been shown in [3]. A comparison between analysis together with wavelet entropy principle can be used
measured characteristics and benchmark values has been shown as a powerful tool in fault detection purpose. Jafarian et al.
in this paper which detects the presence of disturbances in [12] described a travellingwavebased protection scheme
analyzed signals and characterizes the type of disturbances. A for power transmission lines. The scheme used PCA
methodology based on digital signal processing architecture (principal component analysis) to identify the dominant
capable of simultaneous and automated detection and pattern of the signal pre processed by the wavelet transform.
classification of transient signals have been presented in [4]. This paper focuses its attention on the quantification aspects
The basic unit of the afore mentioned architecture is the of short duration disturbances in distribution systems using
wavelet network , which combines the ability of the wavelet standard deviation, shannon’s entropy and entropy based on
transform of analyzing non stationary signals with the log energy of the distorted signals.
classification capability of artificial neural networks.
II. FEATURE EXTRACTION OF POWER QUALITY and interruption respectively. It has been seen that the peak
DISTURBANCE USING DWT values of the curves given in figures 1, 2 and 3 detect the
In this section we briefly review the essence of discrete wavelet type of the disturbance. For example the peak value of stan
transform in the analysis of short duration disturbances in dis dard deviation curve in Fig. 3(a) is less than that at figure 1
tribution systems. For this purpose the following signals have indicating that there is sag in the disturbed signal. For inter
been considered, viz. pure sinusoidal signal, sinusoidal signal ruption, the peak value of standard deviation curve in Fig
with intermediate sag, swell and interruption. The signals are 3(c) is still less than that in sag. Similarly for swell, the
voltage signals with a 50 Hz frequency having amplitude of peak value of standard deviation curve in Fig 3(b) is higher
220V. All these signals have been analyzed using the discrete than that of the ideal signal in Fig 1.Hence the standard de
wavelet transform. The mother wavelet chosen for this analysis viation curves obtained from discrete wavelet transform
is Daubechies 4. However, the choice of the mother wavelet is clearly detects the type of the disturbance.
the prerogative of the designer. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 shows the
standard deviation curve for 50 Hz. and 154.7 KHz. pure sinu Quantification is important for measuring the quality of the
soidal signals. The statistical data (namely the standard devia power. The changes in the magnitude and duration of the
tion) pertaining to all levels of decomposition for pure sinu short duration disturbance events can be calculated by
soidal signals as well as the signals with intermediate short du generating a group of curves which represent the above
ration disturbance (sag, swell & interruption) has been col variation. The measurement curves given by figures 4 and 5
lected and plotted against the levels. are generated as follows:
A group of signals, distorted with sag phenomena,
and swell phenomena for fixed duration, starting
from pure wave with frequency 50 Hz and
amplitude 220V to complete interruption in the
case of sag, and to a swell of 2.5 p.u., in the case
of swell, is generated.
Each signal is analyzed using discrete wavelet
transform and the maximum value of the standard
deviation is obtained.
The number of cycles has been changed and the
process is repeated again to generate other curves
for different duration.
The standard deviation curves in Fig 4 and Fig 5 shows the
quantification of sag and swell respectively. The horizontal
Figure 1. Standard deviation curve for low frequency signal
axis of Fig 4 and Fig 5 represents the maximum value of the
standard deviation obtained at level 4. The vertical axis of
figures 4 and 5 represent the magnitude of the distorted
signals in per unit. Fig 4 and Fig 5 indicate that lesser the
duration of a particular type of disturbance, steeper is the
distribution of the standard deviation for that signal vs. the
magnitude of the pure sine wave, expressed in p.u.
Figure 4. Standard deviation curve quantifying sag &
interruption
Figure 5. Standard deviation curve quantifying swell
(c)
Figure 3. Standard deviation curves for Sag and Swell and
Interruption (50 Hz)
Figure 6. Entropy curve for different power quality
disturbances at 50 Hz.
The quantification aspect with the help of entropy has been
achieved using the same procedure as has been used to quantify analysis, the details as well as approximations are splitted.
the disturbance with standard deviation. Fig 7 and Fig 8 shows The type of entropy used in this paper is based on log
the quantification curve of sag and swell having varying energy. The logarithm of energy, defined as the sum over all
degrees of disturbance duration. The vertical axis of Fig 7 and the samples: Σ log (si2), where si is the ith sample of the
Fig 8 represents the magnitude of the distorted signal in per signal. Fig. 9 shows the detection of short duration
unit. The horizontal axis of the Fig 7 and Fig 8 represents the disturbances using the log energy based entropy as defined
maximum entropy value obtained from discrete wavelet by the wavelet packet family. The mother wavelet used in
transform analysis. The entropy used in the formulation of Fig wavelet packet analysis is Daubechies 6. The signals taken
7 and Fig 8 is based on shannon’s entropy defined by the into consideration for Fig 9 are pure sinusoidal signals with
statutory wavelet transform. A very distinct quantification has and without intermediate sag, swell and interruption
been achieved between different durations of short duration respectively. The vertical axis of Fig 9 represents the
disturbance (sag/swell) signals. Lesser the duration of the entropy values obtained at different levels of
disturbance the more steeper is the curve, as is evident from Fig decomposition. The horizontal axis of Fig 9 represents the
7 and Fig 8. levels of decomposition. The point of concern is once again
the peak values of the multi resolution curve in Fig 9. It has
been shown in Fig 10 that at levels 2 and 3 a clear
distinction in entropy values between the different signals
considered for power quality analysis in this paper exists. It
has been shown in Fig 10 that with increasing magnitude of
sag there is a corresponding decrease in the maximum
entropy values. Again for swell, the maximum entropy
value overshoots that of the pure signal with no disturbance.
Figure 7. Entropy curves quantifying sag
Figure 9. Short duration disturbance detection using wavelet
packet.
Figure 8. Entropy curves quantifying swell
III. QUANTIFICATION OF SHORT DURATION Figure10. Magnified view of the peaks of fig 9.
DISTURBANCE USING WAVELET PACKET
In the wavelet packet framework, compression and denoising As for the quantification purpose, the method outlined in
ideas are exactly the same as those developed in the wavelet section II is repeated here; with the only difference that the
framework. The only difference is that wavelet packets offer a entropy values are based on log energy as opposed to
more complex and flexible analysis, because in wavelet packet Shannon’s entropy and wavelet packet is used instead of
discrete wavelet transform. Fig 11 and Fig 12 shows the disturbances that frequently occur in the power signals.
quantification of the sag and swell type of short duration
disturbances using the log energy based entropy of the wavelet
packet family. The horizontal axis of Fig 11 and Fig 12 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
represent the maximum value of entropy obtained from wavelet
packet analysis. The vertical axis of Fig 11 and Fig 12 The authors acknowledge the financial support given by All
represents the percentage of sag and swell magnitude. It has India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Govt. of
been shown in Fig 11 and fig 12 that the quantifying curves are India for sponsoring this research in the form of grantinaid
more flat with increasing degree of disturbance duration. to Career Award for Young Teachers to Dr. Sudipta Nath.
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