3/18/2017

TOPIC 6:
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
IN TRAINING

SEMINAR 4
DR LIM PECK CHOO

TOPIC OUTLINE

• Technology-Based Training (TBT)

• Emerging technologies
• Types of training
 Computer-based training
 Web-based training
• Electronic performance support systems
(EPSS)

THINK ABOUT IT
• What is technology-based training?

• Compare and contrast between the two main types

of e-training solutions?

• What technology integration initiatives will ensure

effective training?

• Describe the advantages of computer-based training

as compared to traditional classroom training.

1
 3/18/2017

TECHNOLOGY-BASED TRAINING (TBT)

Technology-Based Training (TBT) is a form of training in
which digital technology is purposefully applied as a tool to
deliver:
• Knowledge
• Skills
• Abilities
required for the

• improvement of on-the-job performance

• enhance work efficiency
• capture and share learning
• improve productivity
(Salas & Cannon-Bowers, 2001; Schreiber & Berge, 1998)

PROLIFERATION OF TBT: REASONS

Environmental Globalization
factors • Training costs can be prohibitive for highly decentralized organizations
• Centralized classroom training is not an efficient means of delivering timely
training to a global workforce
• Technology is more responsive to training needs in this environment

Economic pressures
• Organizations must rely on workplace learning and continuous
improvement to remain successful
• Companies face tremendous economic pressures to cut costs and increase
shareholder value
• Helps organizations reduce variable costs associated with the classroom
• Cost savings in other areas, such as program updating and employees’ time
off the job
• Involves significant upfront costs related to technology-related training

Work/Life Issues
• Employees increasingly desire flexible work arrangements, such as
telecommuting
• Technology-based training can address the logistical problems of the flexible
and telecommuting workforce

PROLIFERATION OF TBT: REASONS

Technological advances
• Recent advances in computing power and connectivity
• Greater bandwidth increases the multimedia capabilities of
technology-based training
• Today’s high-end technologies can increasingly approximate
conventional, instructor-led classroom training
• Media that support these advanced technologies have become
more cost-efficient, reliable, and accessible
Training Technologies • CD-ROM, DVD, and Interactive Video systems
• Web-based training
• Electronic performance support systems (EPSS) and intelligent
tutoring systems
• Distributed interactive simulation (DIS), game-based training
environments, and distributed mission training (DMT)

Benefits:

• Cost Reduction
• Reduction in Training Time
• Pedagogical Capabilities
• Diversity and Accessibility
• Other Benefits

2
 3/18/2017

PROLIFERATION OF TBT: REASONS

COST REDUCTION:
• Technology-based training can deliver a training program for lower cost than
more traditional training methods
• Reduces or eliminates many of the variable costs associated with the
classroom
• The up-front costs associated with technology-based training are significant

REDUCTION IN TRAINING TIME

• Technology-based training often leads to a reduction in the time that
individuals spend in training
• Less time off the job and greater employee productivity
• Employees can learn precisely what they need to know

PEDAGOGICAL CAPABILITIES
• Highly personalized learning experience
• Competency assessments can provide trainees with personalized feedback
that is immediate
• Training technology can give employees an opportunity to practice using
their skills and knowledge in realistic situations

PROLIFERATION OF TBT: REASONS

DIVERSITY & ACCESSIBILITY
• Online learning can level social barriers
• Increased access to individuals who otherwise may be unable to attend
training or classes

OTHER BENEFITS
• Makes it possible to deliver a consistent message companywide to all
trainees or employees
• Technology-based training can help create an environment in which
learners have more responsibility for their personal success

Bell and Kozlowski, 2007

TRAINING TECHNOLOGY: CHALLENGES

Learner Choices • Trainees exit training prior to achieving

mastery of the subject
• Training continues too long and becomes
inefficient
• Unwillingness to participate in online
courses

Social Environment • Minimal interactivity and communication

and Collaboration capabilities
• Does not provide employees with
opportunities to socialize and network with
their colleagues

3
 3/18/2017

FACTORS AFFECTING EFFECTIVENESS

Training • Content may repeat classroom information (not

content effective)
• Content may be heavily cognitive ignoring other
types of training
• Content may be a mix of classroom and
technology (more flexible)

Trainee • Cognitive ability

characteristics • Goal orientation of the trainee
• Prior achievement and knowledge
• Conscientiousness
• Openness to new experiences

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES:
CAPABILITIES

• Rich interactivity
• Total connectivity
• Accessible resources wherever you are
• Strong search capabilities rich interaction, powerful
support for effective learning
• Performance-based assessment

EFFECTIVE INTEGRATION OF
TECHNOLOGY INTO TRAINING
Rethinking the • Identifying present learning needs by providing a detailed account of
whole nature of social, cultural, work-based and knowledge-based processes,
learning • Identifying future learning needs based on changes in commercial,
competitive and operating environments.
• Addressing the gap between present and future learning needs through
structured learning opportunities,
• Harnessing the day-to-day work experiences in a programmed way
and learning from it,
• Capturing and classifying knowledge in a systematic fashion,
• Distributing the captured knowledge,
• Using different approaches to learning and changing accordingly when
required to do so, and
• Remaining focused on the end as well as the means.
Developing the • Promoting learning and developing competence will require a change
organisation’s total in management style at all levels.
learning power • E-learning and knowledge management strategies have to be
innovatively implemented within organisations to increase the
learning power of every individual within the organisation.
• Learning power can be further maximised if there is a high learning
tension and access to information.

4
 3/18/2017

EFFECTIVE INTEGRATION OF
TECHNOLOGY INTO TRAINING
Making Four (4) major characteristics of learning-on-demand
learning-on- are being:
demand part
of • Responsive;
organisational • Variable;
culture • Resilient; and
• Focused.

Emerging technologies can act as tools for:

• Work efficiency
• Training efficiency
• Knowledge sharing

EFFECTIVE EMERGING TOOLS FOR

TRAINING EFFICIENCY

Online Method Use for Types of Training

2013 Training Industry report

E-LEARNING/E-TRAINING SOLUTIONS

2 Major TYPES

Computer – Web-Based
Based Training Training
(CBT) (WBT)

5
 3/18/2017

COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING (CBT)

What is CBT?
• is any training that uses a computer as the focal
point for instructional delivery.
• is provided through the use of a computer and
software, which guides a learner through an
instructional program.
• Is also known as
 Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)
 Computer-Based Instruction (CBI)

Bixler, 2003

CBT TRAINING TECHNIQUES

CBT TRAINING TECHNIQUES

6
 3/18/2017

CBT TRAINING TECHNIQUES

FEATURES OF CBT
• Immediate feedback
 Provides on trainee progress allows both
instructors and trainees to monitor progress and
adjust instruction accordingly
• Placement
 Placement via online testing that matches a
trainee with needed training
• Integration of Text, Graphics, Video and Sound
 Facilitates the learning process

ADVANTAGES OF CBT
• Cost effective
• Suitable for adults
• Self-paced, flexible, and individualized
• Tireless- Can be-used anytime for revision
• Gives more control to trainers over training activities
• Can provide near to actual environments via
simulation
• Can increase level of thinking when appropriately
designed

7
 3/18/2017

ADVANTAGES OF CBT
Cost • Off-the shelf and "customizable" CBT programs can be cheap,
effective thus enrolling employees in computer-based learning labs
may be cost effective.
• Using CBT, a trainer can teach any number of trainees at the
same time.
• By customizing CBT programs to focus only on what trainees
need to learn, training time and costs can be significantly
reduced.
• CBT may reduce or eliminate travel for trainees, thus cutting
down on total training costs.
Suitable for • The trainee feels in control.
adults • The computer is non-judgmental and non-threatening.
• It provides privacy that reduces learners' embarrassment about
taking "remedial" classes or making mistakes while answering
questions in the training materials.
• The computer actively engages the trainee in the training
process, providing increased trainee satisfaction.

ADVANTAGES OF CBT
Self-paced, • Trainees work at their own pace.
flexible, and • CBT can sequence training to match the trainee's needs.
individualized • The computer can always match the trainee's schedule.
• CBT can reach trainees outside the traditional classroom,
providing instruction on the job or at home.
• CBT provides immediate feedback to trainees on their
progress.
• CBT does not have to be delivered to all employees at the
same time, thus allowing the company to maintain
coverage of critical positions.
Tireless-: • It never needs a break.
Can be-used • It is always there.
anytime for • It can train greater numbers of trainees in a given time
revision frame compared to other methods.
• It meets the need for round-the-clock (continuous)
training.

ADVANTAGES OF CBT
Gives more • It provides management systems for tracking trainees' progress
control to and location.
trainers over • It provides on-line testing to match a trainee with needed training.
training • It provides consistency of training in terms of quality and
activities information presented.
• It provides standardization of training when training occurs in
several work locations simultaneously.
CBT can • You can have a higher trainee-to-trainer ratio, where the instructor
reduce serves as facilitator, assisting trainees as needed.
resource • There is less need for a centralized training facility.
requirements • Facilitators can serve more than one company with a CBT
program, lessening the investment each company would have to
make.
CBT can • It trains people in specific skills for specific performance.
improve job • It trains people in general skills that broadly affect general
performance performance.
• It provides increased access to information tools for decision
making.

8
 3/18/2017

ADVANTAGES OF CBT
CBT can be a change • CBT may be the catalyst for a paradigm shift to
agent new training approaches within an organization.
• Companies might begin to look beyond
traditional classroom instruction to meet their
training needs.
• CBT can provide computer literacy skills to
employees, resulting in improved personal and
organizational productivity.
Can provide near to
actual environments via
simulation

Can increase level of

thinking when
appropriately designed

WEB-BASED TRAINING (WBT)

What is WBT?
• is a new, creative method for delivering training over the
Internet and accessible through the world wide web.

• The WWW uses the Internet - a vast, worldwide collection

of computer networks which share information - to delivery
information to the local computer. Via a computer program
called a browser, the information is displayed to the user.
This information consists of text, graphics, audio, video,
animation, and so on (Bixler, 2003).

CBT vs WBT
CBT WBT
Mode of CD-ROM/ DVD World Wide Web
instruction
Download Able to incorporate Need to pay
flexibility multimedia elements in attention to file size
storage and can download on the Internet
easily

Hyperlinks Not available Available

Retrieval of Limited Unlimited
information

9
 3/18/2017

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CBT & WBT

• Cost effective
• Flexible learning and self-directed learning
• Improved technology capabilities with multimedia
elements
• Enhance creativity and critical thinking
• Interactive

Issues in WBT

VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)

VR is a term that applies to:
• computer-simulated environments that can simulate
physical presence in places in the real world, as well as in
imaginary worlds
• VR allows people to be totally immersed in an artificial or
simulated environment yet retain the feeling that the
environment is real
• VR gives learners a realistic, three dimensional and
interactive experience
• A learner immersed in a virtual environment, interact with
the objects surrounding and experiences the results through
visual, aural and sometimes tactile feedback

VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)

• A distinctive feature of VR is that learners are an integral
part of the synthetic VR world.
• Users can simultaneously interact with computers in
complex ways (Education for a digital world, p.363)
• Is a powerful tool that enhances learning by allowing
students to perform skills in a realistic, engaging simulation
of a real life environment

10
 3/18/2017

ELECTRONIC PERFORMANCE
SUPPORT SYSTEMS (EPSS)
• EPSS is an integrated electronic environment that is
available to and easily accessible by each employee and is
structured to provide immediate, individualized on-line
access to the full range of information, software,
guidance, advice and assistance, data, images, tools, and
assessment and monitoring systems to permit job
performance with minimal support and intervention by
others (Gery, 1991).
• a computer-based system that improves worker productivity
by providing on-the-job access to integrated information,
advice, and learning experiences (Raybould, 1991).

11