Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 583–586

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Experimental investigation on strength and durability properties of

concrete using bauxite residue and metakaolin
Abdul bilal shaik ⇑, Hemantha raja Kommineni
Civil Engineering Department, K L Educational Foundation, Guntur 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: From the previous barely any decades, various scientists are dealing with concrete by diffusing a few sub-
Received 19 February 2020 stances, for example, modern squanders and regular pozzolanic material to diminish the contamination
Received in revised form 18 April 2020 just as efficient. Consequently, to decrease the natural’ sway because of modern waste, the present work
Accepted 19 May 2020
is started. This exploration paper educates about the alteration of concrete by adding two diverse mineral
Available online 12 June 2020
admixtures to it and inspects how mechanical properties of cement. Bauxite buildup (B&R) and
Metakaolin (M&K), which are better than customary Portland concrete, are presented as optional and ter-
Keywords:
tiary mineral admixtures. Aside from typical solid, four [BR&MK concrete blends are set up by in part sup-
Bauxite Residue (BR)
Metakaolin (MK)
planting the concrete with BR&MK mix at interims of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%. BR&MK mix is
Workability set up by including bauxite buildup and metakaolin in equivalent extents. Droop cone test, compressive,
Mechanical Properties flexural and split elasticity tests are directed to realize the usefulness just as mechanical obstruction of
Durability cement. Results are demonstrating that BR&MK solid blend in with a 10% substitution level has indicated
a more prominent improvement in mechanical properties of cement.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Future Generation Functional Materials and Research 2020.

1. Introduction lands due to its high alkalinity. It is expected that approximately

Usage of commercial pollutants as building substances grow to
be a current fashion so one can produce sustainable concretes [1]
due to the subsequent motives: With 25 billion tons of annual
intake, concrete is the most normally used creation fabric, which
needs a big amount of cement and aggregates. In the current few
a long time the manufacturing of waste has been increased
because of diverse commercial sports around the world that have
a poor impact on surroundings. Disposal of industrial pollutants
is a huge mission as it might contaminate the natural resources.
In the construction sector, cement is a maximum power ingesting
fabric and causes worldwide warming. It is expected that the quan-
tity of CO2 emitting is identical to the number of clinkers produced.
Bauxite Residue is a caustic spinoff of the Bayer manner of bauxite
refining to supply alumina. The predominant chemical elements of
pink mud are Fe2O3, Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, and Na2O. Iron oxide is the
only which offers it a darkish red color that’s why it’s also known
as crimson dust. No flowers can live on Bauxite Residue disposed of
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: skabdulbilal147@gmail.com (A.bilal shaik).
1.6 tons of Bauxite Residue is produced in the course of the produc-
tion of alumina. Metakaolin is a green pozzolanic material gained
by using heating kaolin to the temperature of 650 to 900 °C with-
out CO2 emission, The chemical materials of Metakaolin [2] are
Fe2O3, Al2O3, MgO, K2O, SiO2, and Na2O. It is a silica-rich fabric,
which improves the pozzolanic reaction of concrete. It can be used
to produce high strength and excessive-performance concrete. It is
the use of mixture with a business by way of merchandise by way
of no. Of researchers as it has good compatibility with industrial
wastes.
Cement is a fundamental ingredient for producing concrete
however big amount of carbon dioxide is being emitted each year
due to the fact of its production, so carbon dioxide emission min-
imization is presently an important problem of study. It is esti-
mated that the quantity of carbon dioxide emitting from the
cement enterprise is equal to the number of clinkers produced
[3,4]. Hence decreasing the cement manufacturing decreases the
emission of carbon dioxide and it can be executed by the usage
of supplementary cementitious substances (any material having
pozzolanic properties) as a partial or full replacement to cement.
From a previous couple of many years, a lot of lookup work is going

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.481
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Future Generation Functional Materials and Research 2020.
584 A.bilal shaik, H.raja Kommineni / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 583–586

Table 1 IS: 456-2000. Bauxite buildup is a side project of the Bayer Process.
Chemical compositions of the material. It is made out of the insoluble division of the bauxite metal that
Material OPC’ (%) RM’ (%) MK’ (%) stays after the extraction of the aluminium-containing segments.
SiO2 20.88 17.60 51.35 [7,8] The greater part of these clue factors remains with the
Al2O3 4.8 28.56 43.43 build-up after the extraction of the alumina.
CaO 63.5 2.87 0.07 Metakaolin is the anhydrous calcined structure of the clay min-
Fe2O3 3.87 23.90 0.65 eral kaolinite. Minerals that are wealthy in kaolinite are recognized
Na2O 0.25 10.55 0.14
K2O – – 2
as china clay or kaolin, historically used in the manufacture of
TiO2 2.56 7.80 6.12 porcelain. The particle dimension of metakaolin [9,10] is smaller
LOI 0.03 0.56 1 than cement particles but no longer as first-rate as silica fume.

on to find out quite a several techniques and methodologies for
producing supplementary cementitious substances from numer-
ous industrial wastes.
As metakaolin is an Al-Si rich material, it is suitable for produc-
ing excessive electricity excessive-performance concretes, and self-
compacting concrete with excellent ample electricity [5]. Many
experimental papers had been published on metakaolin as a mix-
ture with the industrial wastes, due to the fact of its precise com-
patibility with them. As Metakaolin and bauxite residue is finer
than cement, incorporation of these two mineral admixtures into
the concrete result in enhancement of im-permeability [6].
3. Specimen coaching
Three types of specimens, cube, cylindrical and rectangular
moulds are used to cast test specimens. After 24 h all the casted
test specimens are taken out from moulds and placed in normal
tap water for curing. The cubes of size 150 mm are used to behav-
ior compressive energy check and cylinder of one hundred fifty
mm Ø and 300 mm height are used to perform break up tensile
strength, where rectangular prism with width and thickness of
100 mm and top is 500 mm are used as take a look at specimens
for the flexural power test.

2. Materials and its properties 4. Methodology and calculations

The materials utilized in our undertaking and their physical Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the materials which
properties are as per the following are used in metakaolin and bauxite residue. Table 2 shows the mix
calculation of the materials used in the project. The % of materials
Concrete which are used in the project. The used materials used are like
Coarse aggregate bauxite, cement. Metakaolin, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate.
Fine aggregate
Water
5. Results and discussion
bauxite residue
metakaolin
Compression is an individual of the concrete’s significant prop-
erties. Concrete is pressurized solid. Here 150  150 mm 3D solid
Concrete is a fabricating plant made through a very estimated
squares were tried using a pressing machine after 28 days of
component mix of calcium, silicon, aluminium, iron, and disparate
restoration. During pressure testing, stress is applied on the sides
components. Fundamental materials used to age solid consolidate
of the shapes with the end goal that the heap was added opposite
limestone, shells, and chalk or marl got together with shale, mud,
to the throwing path. Normal estimates of three 3D shapes were
record, sway warmer slag, silica sand, and iron metal. Assessment
taken as compressive content. The Table 3 shows the compression
53 cement is used in the errand work. This analysis used local
strength test values of bauxite and metakaolin residue.
usable coarse aggregate with the extreme size of 20 mm and
10 mm. They are used Corsican aggregate may be crushed with
dirt, gravel, and broken bricks. Crushed granite chips are usually Table 3
used in concrete-filled with cement. Compression test values.
The sand acquired from stream beds is utilized as a fine aggre-
% of BR-MK 7 days 28 days
gate. The fine aggregate alongside the hydrated concrete glue fills
0% 30 42
the space between the coarse aggregate. The regular shape of
2.5% 31 45
waterway sand is cubical or adjusted with a smooth surface. Get- 5% 33 49
ting water together with a cementitious material structure a solid 7.5% 35 50
paste by the technique of hydration. The solid paste glues the totals 10% 40 53
together, fills voids inside it, and makes it stream even more unin- 12.5% 36 49
15% 32 45
hibitedly. The water should satisfy the essentials of Section 5.4 of

Table 2
Mix calculation of the materials.

S.No’ Mix Id Cement’ BR-MK Blend’ Water’ Fine aggregate’ Coarse aggregate’ Admixture
1. 0% 386.15 0 154.32 683.48 1293.60 3.82
2. 2.5% 377.03 9.12 154.32 683.48 1293.60 3.82
3. 5% 367.91 18.24 154.32 683.48 1293.60 3.82
4. 7.5% 358.79 27.36 154.32 683.48 1293.60 3.82
5. 10% 349.84 36.48 154.32 683.48 1293.60 3.82
6 12.5% 340.55 45.6 154.32 683.48 1293.60 3.82
7. 15% 331.43 54.72 154.32 683.48 1293.60 3.82
 A.bilal shaik, H.raja Kommineni / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 583–586 585

Fig. 1. Compression Strength Values.

Table 4 Table 5
Split tensile strength values. Flexural strength test values.

% of BR-MK 7 days 28 days % of BR-MK 7 days 28 days

0% 3 4.1 0% 3.3 4.4
2.5% 2.8 4.3 2.5% 3.4 4.5
5% 3.1 4.5 5% 3.5 4.7
7.5% 3.4 4.6 7.5% 3.7 4.9
10% 3.6 4.8 10% 4.0 5.3
12.5% 3.2 4.5 12.5% 3.8 5.1
15% 2.9 4 15% 3.6 4.8

Fig. 2. Tensile Strength Values.

586 A.bilal shaik, H.raja Kommineni / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 583–586
Fig. 3. Flexure Strength Values.
From the Fig. 1, explain about the compression strength values
of bauxite and metakaolin reside for 7 & 28 days.
Strength is exclusive of the concrete’s elementary and crucial
assets. The immediate pressure can’t be avoided because of the
low strength property and hard concrete structure. The parting is
a kind of frustration from pressure. Tests on 150  300 mm cham-
bers are completed to achieve the split force after 28 days of relief.
At the moment, the chamber is positioned on a level plane between
testing machine plates. From the Table 4, shows the test values for
split tensile strength of bauxite and metakaolin for 7 & 28 days
From the Fig. 2, explain about the tensile strength of bauxite
and metakaolin residue for the 7 days and 28 days. The flexural
power of a cloth is described as its capability to fight bend below
load. For material that bends substantially, however, do not break,
the load at yield, naturally measured at 5% bend/straining of the
outer surface, is stated as the flexural strength’ or flexural’ yield
electricity. From the Table 5, shows the flexure strength test values
of the bauxite and metakaolin for 7 &28 days. Fig. 3 explains about
the different % of bauxite and metakaolin residue used in flexure
strength for 7 days and 28 days.
6. Conclusion
Based on the modern-day experimental work a few vital con-
clusions arrived are given underneath
1. Slump cone test results reveals that the workability of concrete
goes on decreasing with increase in the quantity of Bauxite resi-
due and metakaolin.
2. At ages of 7 days and 28 days BR-MK concrete mix with 10%
replacement level have highest mechanical properties such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength than normal concrete.
3. Compressive and flexural strength test results also reveals that
even though results are falling down beyond 10% dosage, the
BR-MK concrete with 12.5% replacement have strength proper-
ties greater than normal concrete.
4. The resistivity of concrete against acid attack increases with
increasing the dosage of bauxite residue and metakaolin.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Abdul bilal shaik: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Method-
ology. Hemantha raja Kommineni: Supervision, Visualization,
Writing - review& editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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