Dental students: I went through this

master checklist and highlighted the

structures in YELLOW that will
potentially be on the pintest. The
structures in BLUE are either unpinnable
or less relevant and therefore I will not
ask you directly about them. Prioritize
the yellow structures but at a minimum
Energetics & Homeostasis
read through the blue highlighted Human Form & Function
structures.

K.Rafferty

HFF Master Checklist

Note: Structures in brackets will not be tagged on pin tests but you
need to know them for conceptual or multiple choice questions.

Muscles of Mastication

SURFACE ANATOMY AND PALPABLE LANDMARKS

¨ Mastoid process
¨ Zygomatic arch
¨ Mandible
¨ Angle
¨ Posterior and inferior borders
¨ Masseter – between the zygomatic arch and the ramus and angle of the mandible
¨ Temporalis – above the zygomatic arch and behind the orbit
¨ Temporomandibular joint
¨ Mandibular condyle

OSTEOLOGY
¨ Temporal fossa – almost entirely occupied by the temporalis muscle
¨ Superior temporal line – highest point of the temporal fossa
¨ Zygomatic arch – lower boundary
¨ Bones of temporal fossa
¨ Temporal
¨ Frontal
¨ Sphenoid (greater wing)
¨ Parietal
¨ Pterion – landmark where those four bones meet

MANDIBLE
¨ Body
¨ Angle
¨ Ramus
¨ Coronoid process
¨ Mandibular notch
¨ Condylar process
¨ Head (condyle)
¨ Neck
¨ Lingula

E&H-HFF_Master Checklist 1
 ¨ Mandibular foramen
¨ Mylohyoid line
¨ Mylohyoid groove
¨ Mental foramen

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ)

The TMJ is the articulation between the mandibular condyle and the temporal bone.

¨ Condyle (ovoid in shape)

¨ Mandibular fossa of temporal bone
¨ Articular tubercle (eminence)

¨ TMJ capsule – has a lateral thickening which is the

¨ Temporomandibular ligament (lateral ligament)
¨ Articular disc – divides the joint into 2 synovial cavities:
¨ Upper joint cavity (for gliding movements of protrusion/retraction)
¨ Lower joint cavity (for hinge-like rotation)

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
¨ Temporalis
¨ Masseter
¨ Parotid gland
¨ Parotid duct
¨ Buccinator, a muscle of the cheek, pierced by the
¨ Parotid duct
¨ Lateral pterygoid muscle
¨ Medial pterygoid muscle
¨ Digastric muscle –
¨ Anterior belly – innervated by V3
¨ Posterior belly – innervated by CN VII

E&H-HFF_Master Checklist 2
Infratemporal Fossa and Mandibular Nerve
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA (ITF), located directly below and continuous with the temporal fossa
¨ Roof – greater wing of the sphenoid
¨ Anterior wall – posterior surface of the maxilla
¨ Medial wall – lateral pterygoid plate
¨ Lateral wall – ramus of the mandible
¨ Posterior border (no posterior wall) marked by the styloid process

FORAMINA AND FISSURES IN THE WALLS OF THE ITF

¨ Foramen ovale
¨ Foramen spinosum
¨ Inferior orbital fissure
¨ Pterygomaxillary fissure
¨ Mandibular foramen
¨ [Foramen for posterior superior alveolar nerve]

PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA (PTPF) FORAMINA, FISSURES, AND RELATIONS

¨ Pterygomaxillary fissure
¨ Inferior orbital fissure
¨ Middle cranial fossa through
¨ Foramen rotundum, transmits V2
¨ Palate/oral cavity through
¨ Greater palatine canal to
¨ Greater palatine foramen
¨ Lesser palatine foramen

CONTENTS OF THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA

¨ Pterygoid muscles –
¨ Lateral pterygoid
¨ Medial pterygoid
¨ Pterygoid venous plexus
¨ Mandibular nerve (V3) and its branches
¨ Maxillary artery – 1st and 2nd parts

MANDIBULAR NERVE (V3)

¨ Mandibular nerve
¨ Foramen ovale
¨ Inferior alveolar nerve
¨ Lingual
¨ Mandibular foramen
¨ Mandibular canal
¨ [Nerve to mylohyoid]
¨ [Sphenomandibular ligament]
¨ Lingual nerve
¨ [Chorda tympani nerve]
¨ Auriculotemporal nerve
¨ [(Long) buccal nerve – accompanies the buccal artery]
¨ [Deep temporal nerves – supply the temporalis muscle]

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 3
MAXILLARY ARTERY (1ST AND 2ND PARTS)
¨ Middle meningeal artery
¨ Inferior alveolar artery
¨ [Buccal artery]
¨ [Deep temporal arteries – supply the temporalis muscle]

Oral Cavity Lab Guide

OSTEOLOGY
¨ Mandible (Review)
¨ Body, ramus, angle, lingula
¨ Mandibular foramen and canal
¨ Mental foramen
¨ Mylohyoid line
¨ Alveolar process
¨ Hyoid bone
¨ Body
¨ Greater and lesser horns
¨ Hard Palate
¨ Palatine process of maxilla
¨ Horizontal plate of the palatine bone
¨ Greater and lesser palatine foramina
¨ Incisive foramen
PERMANENT DENTITION
¨ Root, crown, and cusps
¨ 2 incisors
¨ 1 canine
¨ 2 premolars
¨ 3 molars
¨ Gingivae and mucosa
ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY
¨ Labial frenulum (upper and lower)
¨ Sublingual caruncle
¨ Sublingual folds
¨ Ostium of parotid duct
¨ Parotid gland
¨ Buccinator muscle
¨ Masseter muscle
¨ Hard palate
¨ Greater palatine n. & a. (with mucoperiosteum removed)
¨ Oral Fauces
¨ Palatoglossal folds – anterior pillars/arches
¨ [Palatoglossus muscle]
¨ Palatopharyngeal folds – posterior pillars/arches

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 4
 ¨ [Palatopharyngeus muscle]
¨ Tonsillar fossa
¨ Palatine tonsil
¨ [Pterygomandibular fold]
¨ [Pterygomandibular raphe, location]
¨ Soft palate
¨ Uvula
¨ Tongue
¨ Apex, body, root, dorsum
¨ Sulcus terminalis
¨ (Circum)vallate papillae
¨ Foramen cecum
¨ [Fungiform, foliate and filiform papillae]
¨ Lingual tonsil

ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY – DEEP STRUCTURES (MUCOSA REMOVED)

¨ Muscles of soft palate (Review)
¨ [Palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, musculus uvulae]
¨ Levator veli palatini
¨ Tensor veli palatini
¨ Genioglossus muscle
¨ Hyoglossus muscle
¨ Styloglossus muscle
¨ [Palatoglossus muscle]
¨ [Intrinsic muscles – superior and inferior longitudinal, vertical, and transverse]

FLOOR OF THE MOUTH AND SUBMANDIBULAR REGION

¨ Mylohyoid muscle
¨ Geniohyoid muscle
¨ Digastric muscle
¨ Anterior belly
¨ Posterior belly
¨ Intermediate tendon
¨ Submandibular gland
¨ Submandibular duct
¨ Sublingual gland
¨ Lingual nerve
¨ Submandibular ganglion
¨ Hypoglossal nerve
¨ Lingual artery and vein

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 5
HFF: Trachea, Esophagus, and Thyroid Lab Guide
¨ Hyoid bone
¨ Thyroid cartilage located between C4-C5
¨ Superior notch
¨ Laryngeal prominence (“Adam’s apple”)
¨ Cricothyroid membrane
¨ Cricoid cartilage
¨ 1st tracheal ring
¨ Trachea
¨ Esophagus
¨ Esophageal hiatus (diaphragm)
¨ Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
¨ Cricopharyngeus muscle (upper esophageal sphincter, UES)
¨ Tracheoesophageal groove
¨ Recurrent laryngeal nerve
¨ Inferior thyroid artery
¨ [Inferior laryngeal artery]
¨ Sternohyoid
¨ Omohyoid (superior belly)
¨ Sternothyroid
¨ Thyrohyoid
¨ Digastric – anterior and posterior bellies
¨ Stylohyoid
¨ Mylohyoid
¨ Geniohyoid
¨ Thyroid gland
¨ Lobes
¨ Isthmus
¨ Pyramidal lobe, if present
¨ Pretracheal fascia
¨ Retropharyngeal space
¨ Prevertebral fascia
¨ [Parathyroid glands]

Blood vessels of thyroid gland: Two arteries and 3 veins

¨ Superior thyroid artery from
¨ External carotid artery
¨ Inferior thyroid artery from
¨ Thyrocervical trunk from
¨ Subclavian artery
¨ Superior thyroid vein
¨ Middle thyroid vein
¨ Inferior thyroid vein(s)

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 6
Upper GI Checklist
Overview of digestive organs:

¨ Abdominal esophagus
¨ Stomach
¨ Greater curvature with:
¨ Greater omentum
¨ Lesser curvature with:
¨ Lesser omentum
¨ Small intestine
¨ Duodenojejunal junction
¨ Duodenum
¨ Jejunum
¨ Ileum
¨ Ileocecal junction
¨ Large intestine
¨ Cecum
¨ Appendix
¨ Ascending colon
¨ Transverse colon
¨ Descending colon
¨ Sigmoid colon
¨ Rectum

Overview of accessory digestive organs:

¨ Liver
¨ Inferior margin
¨ Visceral surface
¨ Diaphragmatic surface
¨ Gall bladder
¨ Pancreas
¨ Spleen (not an accessory digestive organ)

PERITONEUM
Mesenteries, ligaments, and omenta are structures generally composed of 2 layers of
peritoneum. Mesenteries attach to the posterior abdominal wall. Omenta attach along the
borders of the stomach.

¨ Parietal peritoneum
¨ Visceral peritoneum
¨ Lesser omentum composed of:
¨ Hepatogastric ligament
¨ Hepatoduodenal ligament

Ligaments formed in development from the dorsal mesentery of the stomach:

¨ Greater omentum
¨ Gastrocolic ligament
¨ Gastrosplenic ligament

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 7
 ¨ Splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament

Identify the ligaments of the intestines:

¨ Transverse mesocolon
¨ “The mesentery” proper = mesentery of the jejunum-ileum
¨ Mesoappendix
¨ Sigmoid mesocolon

Ligaments of the liver:

¨ Falciform ligament
¨ Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis)
Identify the following spaces of the:

¨ Peritoneal cavity (abdomen + pelvis)

¨ Greater sac and pouches/gutters
¨ [Subphrenic spaces]
¨ Hepatorenal recess – aka Morison’s pouch
¨ Paracolic gutters, right and left
¨ [Retrocecal recess]
¨ Rectovesical pouch (male pelvis)
¨ Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas) and:
¨ Vesicouterine pouch (female pelvis)
¨ Lesser sac (omental bursa)
¨ Omental (epiploic) foramen (of Winslow)

LESSER OMENTUM AND PORTAL TRIAD

Palpate the structures of the
¨ Portal triad in the
¨ Hepatoduodenal ligament
¨ Hepatic artery proper (anterior, left side)
¨ Common bile duct (anterior, right side)
¨ Portal vein (posterior)
LIVER RELATIONSHIPS
¨ Porta hepatis and contents above
¨ Duodenum
¨ IVC passing up into the diaphragm behind
¨ Hepatic veins as they enter the IVC posterior to the liver

CELIAC TRUNK & BRANCHES

¨ Celiac trunk
¨ Left gastric artery
¨ Common hepatic artery
¨ Gastroduodenal artery
¨ [Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a.]
¨ [Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a.]
¨ [Right gastro-omental (gastroepiploic) artery]
¨ [Right gastric artery]
¨ Hepatic artery proper
¨ Right hepatic artery
¨ Cystic artery
¨ Left hepatic artery

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 8
 ¨ Splenic artery
¨ [Short gastric arteries]
¨ [Left gastro-omental (gastroepiploic) artery]

LIVER & GALLBLADDER

Anatomical features and relationships:
¨ Right lobe
¨ Left lobe
¨ Quadrate lobe
¨ Caudate lobe
¨ Right sagittal fissure
¨ Left sagittal fissure
¨ [Ligamentum venosum]
¨ Round ligament (ligamentum teres) of the liver
¨ Porta hepatis (cross bar of the “H”)
¨ Falciform ligament
¨ [Coronary ligament]
¨ Bare area of liver surrounded by coronary ligament
¨ Hepatic artery proper
¨ Right and left hepatic arteries (be aware of variations)
¨ Cystic artery in the hepatobiliary triangle of Calot
¨ Common bile duct (CBD) formed by:
¨ Common hepatic duct and
¨ Cystic duct
¨ Portal vein
Identify the parts of the:
¨ Gallbladder
¨ Fundus
¨ Body
¨ Neck
¨ Gallbladder relationships
¨ Liver
¨ Transverse colon
¨ Duodenum
STOMACH
¨ Cardia
¨ Fundus
¨ Body
¨ Antrum
¨ Pyloric part
¨ Greater and lesser curvatures
¨ Cardiac notch
¨ Angular incisure

Anatomical relations:

¨ Anterior –
¨ Diaphragm
¨ Left lobe of liver
¨ Anterior abdominal wall
¨ Anterior vagal trunk

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 9
 ¨ Posterior –
¨ Lesser sac (omental bursa)
¨ Pancreas
¨ Spleen
¨ Left kidney
¨ Left adrenal gland
¨ Posterior vagal trunk

¨ Inferior –
¨ Transverse colon
SPLEEN
¨ Diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces
¨ Hilum
¨ [Inferior border]
¨ [Superior border] (it usually has a notch or two)

DUODENUM
¨ Gastroduodenal artery behind the duodenal bulb
¨ Duodenal bulb = superior (1st part)
¨ Descending (2nd part)
¨ Inferior (horizontal, 3rd part)
¨ Ascending (4th part)

PANCREAS
¨ Head
¨ Uncinate process
¨ Neck
¨ Body
¨ Tail

PORTAL VEIN
Study the formation of the
¨ Portal vein
¨ Splenic vein
¨ Superior mesenteric vein
¨ Inferior mesenteric vein

INTERIOR OF THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM

¨ Stomach
¨ Rugae
¨ Pyloric sphincter
¨ Descending duodenum
¨ Circular folds
¨ Major duodenal papilla
¨ Hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)
¨ Common bile duct and
¨ Main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung)

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 10
Small & Large Intestines Lab Guide

OVERVIEW OF INFRACOLIC COMPARTMENT

¨ Duodenojejunal junction (flexure) and trace the:
¨ Jejunum (~2/5 of small intestine)
¨ Ileum (~3/5 of small intestine)
¨ Ileocecal junction
¨ Cecum
¨ Ascending colon
¨ Appendix (If your cadaver has an appendix, where did you locate its tip?)
¨ Right colic (hepatic) flexure
¨ Transverse colon
¨ Left colic (splenic) flexure
¨ Descending colon
¨ Sigmoid colon
¨ Rectum
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE INFRACOLIC COMPARTMENT
3RD PART OF DUODENUM RELATIONS TO SMA
¨ Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and to its right, the
¨ Superior mesenteric vein (SMV)
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (SMA) BRANCHES
¨ Identify root of the mesentery
¨ [Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery]
¨ Jejunal arteries proximally
¨ Long vasa recta, less complex arcades
¨ Ileal arteries distally
¨ Short vasa recta, more complex arcades
¨ Ileocolic a.
¨ Ileal branch
¨ Colic branch
¨ [Anterior and posterior cecal arteries]
¨ Appendicular artery
¨ [Right colic artery (variable)]
¨ Middle colic artery
¨ Marginal Artery
Veins to identify:
¨ Superior mesenteric vein (SMV)
¨ Splenic vein
¨ Portal vein
INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (IMA) BRANCHES
¨ IMA
¨ Left colic artery
¨ Sigmoidal arteries (several)
¨ Marginal artery

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 11
 ¨ Superior rectal artery
Veins
¨ Inferior mesenteric vein joins
¨ Splenic vein, or angle between splenic v. & SMV

RETROPERITONEAL RELATIONSHIPS OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS

¨ Paracolic gutters
¨ Ascending colon anterior to the
¨ Inferior pole of the right kidney
¨ Descending colon anterior to the
¨ Left kidney
¨ 1st part of the duodenum anterior to the
¨ Common bile duct, portal vein, gastroduodenal artery
¨ 2nd part of duodenum anterior to the
¨ Hilum of the right kidney
¨ 3rd part of duodenum anterior to the
¨ Aorta
¨ IVC
¨ Pancreas anterior to the
¨ Aorta
¨ IVC
¨ Root of the superior mesenteric vessels
¨ Portal vein
¨ Splenic vein
¨ Hepatorenal recess (Morison’s pouch) of greater sac
¨ Sigmoid mesocolon anterior to the
¨ Common iliac vessels
¨ Pelvic brim
INTERNAL FEATURES OF THE JEJUNUM, ILEUM, AND CECUM
¨ Circular folds (plicae circulares or valvulae conniventes)
¨ Ileocecal junction
¨ Ileocecal orifice
¨ Ileocecal valve
¨ Orifice of the appendix
SURFACE FEATURES OF THE LARGE INTESTINE AND RECTUM
Identify the following:
¨ Taeniae (or teniae) coli
¨ Haustra
¨ Omental appendices (appendices epiploicae)

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 12
HFF: Posterior Abdominal Wall (PAW)

KIDNEYS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS

Review from CPR:
¨ Perirenal fat
¨ [Pararenal fat]
¨ [Renal (Gerota’s) fascia]
¨ Hilum
¨ Relationships at hilum
¨ Renal vein anterior to
¨ Renal artery anterior to
¨ Renal pelvis
¨ Gonadal vessels
¨ Left gonadal vein
¨ UPJ – ureteropelvic junction
¨ Ureter
Identify these relationships of the kidneys:
¨ Superior
¨ Adrenal glands
¨ Posterior
¨ Psoas major (to hilum)
¨ Quadratus lumborum
¨ Transversus abdominis
¨ Diaphragm
¨ Ribs
¨ Right kidney – 12th rib
¨ Left kidney – 11th and 12th ribs
¨ Anterior – Right kidney
¨ Liver
¨ Morison’s pouch (hepatorenal recess of greater sac)
¨ Duodenum
¨ Right colic (hepatic) flexure/ascending colon
¨ Small intestine
¨ Anterior – Left kidney
¨ Stomach
¨ Spleen
¨ Pancreas (tail)
¨ Left colic (splenic) flexure/descending colon
¨ Jejunum

ABDOMINAL AORTA AND INFERIOR VENA

Text C AVA (IVC) BRANCHES
¨ Unpaired branches of aorta: celiac trunk, SMA, IMA
¨ Bifurcation of aorta and formation of IVC
¨ Right and left common iliac aa. & vv.
¨ Renal aa. & vv.
¨ Gonadal aa. & vv.
¨ Adrenal aa. [inferior, middle, superior] & vv.
¨ Hepatic veins
¨ Lumbar aa. & vv.
¨ Relations of aorta (in addition to those above):

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 13
 ¨ Aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
¨ Celiac ganglia
¨ [Thoracic duct]

POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL MUSCLES & RELATIONS

¨ Psoas major
Anterior abdominal wall checklist:
¨ [Psoas minor]
¨ Iliacus * External oblique and aponeurosis
¨ Iliac fossa * Internal oblique and aponeurosis
¨ Iliac crest * Transverse abdominis and aponeurosis
¨ Quadratus lumborum * Rectus abdominis
¨ Transversus abdominis *Tendinous insertions
¨ Diaphragm * Rectus sheath
¨ Central tendon * Linea alba and linea semilunaris
¨ Left and right crura * Epigastric vessels
¨ Median arcuate ligament
¨ Medial arcuate ligaments
¨ Lateral arcuate ligaments
¨ [Thoracic splanchnic nerves] You will not be tested
¨ Sympathetic trunks on the lumbar plexus.
Just understand that
¨ Subcostal vessels and nerves this is a somatic
plexus that innervates
LUMBAR PLEXUS some of the muscles
and skin of the lower
limb.
¨ Subcostal nerve (T12)
¨ Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
¨ Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
¨ Genitofemoral nerve (L1, L2)
¨ Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve; L2, L3)
¨ Femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)
¨ Obturator nerve (L2, 3, 4)
¨ Lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5)
AUTONOMIC NERVES OF THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
¨ State parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs
¨ [Anterior and posterior vagal trunks]
¨ [Pelvic splanchnic nerves]
¨ Sympathetic innervation of abdominal organs
¨ [Thoracic splanchnic nerves – greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves
penetrate crura of diaphragm]
¨ Sympathetic trunk
¨ Paravertebral (chain) ganglia
¨ [Lumbar splanchnic nerves]
¨ Aortic plexuses
¨ Prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia and plexuses along their respective arteries
¨ Celiac
¨ [Aorticorenal]
¨ Superior mesenteric
¨ [Inferior mesenteric]
LYMPHATICS OF THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
¨ Retroperitoneal (aka paraaortic, lumbar) lymph nodes
¨ [Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric lymph nodes]
¨ [Cisterna chyli]

2020_ENHO-HFF_Master Checklist 14
Text