SULAM PROJECT

STATICS | DAM13403
SEMESTER 1
SESSION 2022/2023

Prepared by,
AHMED RAEES BIN RAFIQ IQBAL AA220788
MUHAMMAD ZUHAIRI BIN AZMI AA22190
AHMAD SYAKIR BIN AHMAD SUFIAN AA220222
NOORJAWAL FIRDAUS BIN NOORJAWAL-ASROL AA221734

TITLE
Rigid of Body / Beam of Reaction

OBJECTIVE

To understand the concept of equilibrium of rigid of body

Able to apply the principle to solve the beam reaction calculation

Able to display skills and knowledge using the laboratory equipment

Able to demonstrate comprehension of the general ideas through report

INTRODUCTION

For this Sulam Project, we chose ‘Rigid of Body / Beam of Reactions’ as the topic to be
discussed through our report. We chose this topic for our Sulam project is to understand the
concept of equilibrium of rigid of body. Besides that, the reason why we chose Rigid of Body
is because we are also interested to be able to apply the principle in our daily lives in order to
solve future confusions involving the concept of rigid of body. Furthermore, we are also
determined to be able to portray the skills while sharing the knowledge involving the concept
of rigid of body very well.

This report is prepared by the 4 of us groupmates, Ahmed Raees Bin Rafiq Iqbal AA220788,
Ahmad Syakir Bin Ahmad Sufian AA220222, Muhammad Zuhairi Bin Azmi AA22190 and
Noorjawal Firdaus Bin Noorjawal Asrol AA221734. We have distributed the tasks equally
among the 4 of us in order to achieve a smooth process while completing this report.

Lastly, a big thank you to our Static Course lecturer Dr Noor Azizah Sidek for giving us a
very complete guideline as well as sharing a very clear knowledge through out Semester 1.

CONCEPT
A rigid body is in equilibrium
when it is not undergoing a
change in rotational or
translational
motion. This equilibrium
requires that two conditions
must be met. The first
condition is related
to the translational motion.
The vector sum of the forces
on the body must be zero.
∑F = 0
The second condition is related
to the rotational motion. When
the forces do not act through a
common point or pivot, they
may cause the body to rotate,
even though the vector sum of
the
forces may be zero. This
requires introducing the idea
of torque due to a force. A net
torque
will cause a body, initially
at rest, to undergo rotation.
The second condition for
static
equilibrium is the sum of the
all the torques (due to each of
the forces on the body) must
be
zero.
∑τ = 0
The torque due to a force
depends on and is proportional
to both the magnitude of the
force
and the lever arm. The lever
arm lF depicted in the diagram
below, is the perpendicular
distance
between the line of force
(force vector) and the pivot
point as illustrated in the
diagram below.
A rigid body is in equilibrium
when it is not undergoing a
change in rotational or
translational
motion. This equilibrium
requires that two conditions
must be met. The first
condition is related
to the translational motion.
The vector sum of the forces
on the body must be zero.
∑F = 0
The second condition is related
to the rotational motion. When
the forces do not act through a
common point or pivot, they
may cause the body to rotate,
even though the vector sum of
the
forces may be zero. This
requires introducing the idea
of torque due to a force. A net
torque
will cause a body, initially
at rest, to undergo rotation.
The second condition for
static
equilibrium is the sum of the
all the torques (due to each of
the forces on the body) must
be
zero.
∑τ = 0
The torque due to a force
depends on and is proportional
to both the magnitude of the
force
and the lever arm. The lever
arm lF depicted in the diagram
below, is the perpendicular
distance
between the line of force
(force vector) and the pivot
point as illustrated in the
diagram below.
When a rigid body's rotational or translational motion stays unchanged, it is said to be in
equilibrium. Two requirements must be satisfied for this equilibrium to exist. The first
circumstance has to do with translational motion. The forces acting on the body must have a
vector sum of zero.

∑F = 0

The second circumstance has to do with rotational motion. Even though the vector total of the
forces may be zero, the body may spin when the forces do not operate through a common
point or pivot. To do this, the concept of torque caused by a force must be introduced. A body
that is initially at rest will rotate as a result of a net torque. The sum of all forces acting on the
body at any one time must be zero in order for static equilibrium to exist.

∑τ = 0

The torque produced by a force is proportional to both the magnitude of the force and the
length of the lever arm. The perpendicular distance between the line of force (force vector
and the pivot point is represented by the lever arm lF in the diagram below.

The magnitude of the torque τ,

due to a single force F, is
defined as the force F
multiplied by
the lever arm lF
τ = F lF
Torque due to a force that acts
to rotate a body in the counter-
clockwise direction is said to
be
positive while clockwise
torques are negative. The pivot
point may be chosen to be any
point
on the rigid body in
equilibrium.
The magnitude of the torque caused by a single force F is defined as F multiplied by the lever
arm. lF τ = F lF Torque caused by a force acting to rotate a body counter-clockwise is said to
be positive, whereas torque caused by a force acting to rotate a body clockwise is said to be
negative. The pivot point can be any point on the rigid body that is in equilibrium.

PROCEDURE SETUP A
1. Cut the board according to size to make a work panel.
2. Cut the board to make beam balance.
3. Measuere to make a hole.
4. Setup spring balance.
5. Attach beam balance at spring balance.
6. Attach weight
7. Change the weight position according to table 1.0.
PROCEDURE SETUP B
1. Setup 3 sets of weight with each load of 10g,20g, and 30g.
2. Attach beam balance at spring balance.
3. Attach to load to the beam balance.
4. Measure reading at spring balance A and B.
5. Record reading in table 1.1.

TABLE 1.0

Experiment / Theory
A B Ra Rb Ra+b Ra Rb Ra+b
0.00 0.36 150 0 150 150 0 150
0.12 0.24 100 50 150 100 50 150
0.18 0.18 75 75 150 75 75 150
0.24 0.12 50 100 150 50 100 150
0.36 0.00 0 150 150 0 150 150

TABLE 1.1
 Total Total
1 2 3 Load(g) Load(N) Ra Rb Ra+b

10 10 10 30 0.2943 0.1472 0.1472 0.2943

20 20 20 60 0.5886 0.2943 0.2943 0.5886

30 30 30 90 0.8829 0.5886 0.5886 0.8829

DISCUSSION

The results for table 1 was determined by the use of VDAS. For the theoretical RA
values, it was found using the formula given. As the distance increase, the RA values
starts to decease. And for the RB values, as the distance increase RB also increases.
And the total sum of the reactive forces equals to the load. Theoretical values do not
match the simulation as for that an error must have occurred during the calculation.
The graph shows the relationship of the two reactive forces and it is directly
proportional to the distance.
The results for table 1 was determined using spring balance. For the theoretical RA and RB
values, it was found using the formula given. As the distance increase, the RA values starts to
decrease. And for the RB values, as the distance decrease RB also increases. And the total
sum of the reactive forces equals to the load. Theoretical values match the simulation as for
that nothing an error must have occurred during the calculation.
The result for table 2 was determined by use of spring balance. For the theoretical RA, RB
and RC values, it was found by experiment. The values of all three RA,RC and RC are same
values .As the load increase, the value also increase. Theoretical values match the simulation
as for that nothing an error must have occurred during the calculation.

APPLICATION

Beam balance is an apparatus used to measure mass of different objects by comparing it with
a known mass. It consists of a horizontal beam with a support at its centre and depends on the
gravitational pull on it.

FINDING

The results was recorded by carrying out two different experiment.The first experiment that
was done was Point Load Along the Beam.This experiment require us to move the weight
from one point to another and record the reading on the two spring balance.The second
experiment was Uniformly Distributed Load.This experiment require us to put 5 different
load at a uniformly distributed point and the reading of the two spring balances was recorded.
In theory, A beam is a horizontal member of a structure which rests on supports (often walls
or columns) and spans an open space. If a beam rests on two supports without any ‘fixing
down’ devices, it is said to be simply supported. If load is placed on the beam and covers a
very short length of the beam, it is called a point or concentrated load, but if the load is
spread over an appreciable length of the beam it is called a distributed load. If the supports
are placed each end of a beam and the beam is symmetrically loaded, the weight carried at
each support (called the reactions) must be half the total weight on the beam, as this
experiment will show. Beams which are not symmetrically loaded must still carry the total
load at the supports, but the proportion of the total weight carried by each support will
depend on the weight of each individual load and the position which is occupies along the
beam. A beam may also be subjected to a moment load, M. Imagine that the beam from the
left support and right support has a symmetry load, so the beam supports load is:

1/2 × Total of Distributed Loading

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we know the concept of equilibrium of a rigid based on the experiment we

have done. The rigid body achieves equilibrium when it is maintained or not undergoing a
change in rotational or translational motion. The horizontal forces and vertical forces acted on
a ladder, W (N) as a load moving up the ladder had been forecast to calculate the theoretical
values by using the formula given. Other than that, based on the graph given we know that
climbing mass affect’s reaction forces on a ladder at a fixed angle. When rung and distance
from bottom increase, the horizontal and vertical reaction forces also increase gradually. The
concept is important to future ladder manufacturers. For reaction force, it is important to us
because it gives data, we need to determine the properties of a material. From this experiment
we can also determine moment, shear force and allowable stress. This application is used
when designing a building or structure in future by ensuring the stability and safety. Finally,
the result is independent of the length of the ladder because length is cancelled in the second
equilibrium condition.

REFERENCES

1. https://study.com/academy/lesson/static-equilibrium-of-rigid-bodies
2. https://www.britannica.com/science/mechanics/Rigid-bodies
3. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/
4. Statics of Rigid Body And Fluid: Engineering Mechanics by Gajendra Kumar
Sahu and Anil Kumar Tiwari 
5. STATICS OF RIGID BODIES by Janiel Malit

MINUTE MEETING
APPENDIX
PEER ASSESMENT

NAME MARKS
AHMED RAEES BIN RAFIQ IQBAL 4%
AHMAD SYAKIR BIN AHMAD SUFIAN 4%
MUHAMMAD ZUHAIRI BIN AZMI 4%
NOORJAWAL FIRDAUS BIN NOORJAWAL-ASROL 4%