Name- Suraj Tiwari

Roll number- 212030

Sec-E
Lc2, faculty of law

Title- Lie detectors and thier types

Meta title-Lie detector,their types, uses and reliability

Meta Description- in this blog types of lie detectors are discussed and thier types like in polygraph how truth is discovered by
measuring the physiological activity of the body,and in brain mapping how the truth is discovered by showing photographs to a
person to find out whether the person is familiar with the photo or not by checking the functioning of his brain and in nacro analysis
test drugs are are given to a person and when the person reached in semi conscious stage questions are asked to him in a particular
pattern by the help of the and the uses in criminal justice system whether they are reliable or not. Whether a conviction can be
based on the result of a lie detector test and is there any way to lie to a lie detector tests are also discussed like a emotionally strong
person can befool a polygraph test or the question is not related to a person emotionally there are chances that he can get away after
lying to the machine and brain mapping tests are not admissible in court because research have shown that they aren't reliable and
incompete because they can't prove the fact beyond reasonable doubt and a person who's addicted to drugs can get away and can lie
in a nacro analysis test because the drugs that will be given during narco analysis test will show minium effect and the person will
be still conscious so he can lie.

Keywords- brain mapping,conviction, detector, drawback, guilty,nacro analysis, polygraph, prosecution, physiological

Introduction -In criminal justice when the accused is produced in the court the prosecution tries their best to put all the evidences,
arguments together and to convince the judge beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty and accuse in defence tries their
best to convince judge that he's innocent but sometimes all the evidences and argument isn't enough to convince judge that the
accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt in such cases the prosecution asks for lie detector test of accused person and such test can
only be conducted after taking consent from the accused.in lie detection verbal statements are assessed to reach a possible outcome .
Lie detection is a process of detecting deception by examining the message content and non verbal cues.it can also be said that lie
detector is the technology that record physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response.it is based on
pseudoscience.Basically lie detector test is a way to find the truth by the help of science.in these types of tests the activities of body
are measured by help of machines through which a possible outcome is reached because our inner body works different when we
speak truth and when we tell lie

Types of lie ditectors and thier reliability

There are variety of lie detector tests but three of them are very popular in criminal justice system

1. Polygraph
Polygraph is a device which is used to measure and record several physiological indicators such as respiration,skin conductivity and blood
pressure while the person is asked a series of questionsThe belief underpinning the use of the polygraph is that wrong or not confirmed answers
will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers;but it isn't scientifically proven
that there are some unique physiological reactions that our body gives while we lie or any physiological reactions that our body give while we tell
truth. It's just that scientific formula that our body reacts different both the time
But the question of their relevancy or efficacy is always in question because there's always a minimum chance of all these things go wrong and
through which an innocent might end up in prison Polygraphs do not tell you whether someone is telling the truth or lying polygraph measures
emotional reactions but if a person is emotionally strong or the question is not the one which will trigger the person's emotions there are chances
that the machine might not give the best results. Emotionally strong people can get away with these type of machines and that's a setback of
polygraph test

2. Brain mapping
Brain mapping is a procedure in which the neurological activity of the brain is measured to find out whether the person is lying or not .it can be
measured because our brain reacts differently from familiar and unfamiliar situations The method used in India is also called the P-300 waves test.

In this method familiar and known things are shown to the accused during which the mind of the accused shows some reactions which got
measured and some unfamiliar pictures are also shown to accused during which mind reacts differently and a report of these situations is made to
tell whether the accused is familiar to the situation or not

Brain mapping is helpful in many ways and it is also one of the technologically advanced way of investigation to find out the truth. But again, like
other methods brain-mapping has also certain drawback Since brain-mapping can only be used to measure knowledge, awareness of an individual
with certain visual or audio may lead to suspicion. Brain mapping is still not admissible in courts because various research have been done which
isn't conclusive in their own measures to make the court belive that brain mapping can make a person liable beyond reasonable doubt.there are
chances of mistake and due to which an innocent might end up in prison
3. Nacro analysis

In narcro analysis test the doctor gives the accused injection of sodium pentothal or sodium amytal, both known as truth serum,and due to this
injection the accused reached in a semi conscious stage where he's not able to tell lies and he will tell whatever the truth because his mind is not
working properly.This process was very popular during World war 2 various military agencies used this process
But nacro analysis is not accurate and sometimes it can give false results and that's a draw back of this test.Results have shown that certain people
have given completely false statements still the test failed to catch them. The test failed many times to catch the culprit person. It has been found
that a person who has given false information even after administration of drug. It is not much help in case of malingers or evasive, untruthful
person.It is very difficult to suggest a correct dose of drug for a particular person. The dose of drug will differ according to will power, mental
attitude and physique of the subject..to make a narco analysis test successful. The qualification of the examiner of the test and his skills of asking
questions in a particular way is directly proportional to the success rate of the test.The test isn't trustworthy if it is used for confession of a
crime..Narco-analysis is not useful for criminal investigation. These tests can't be used in criminal investigation unless they are done with the
previous consent of suspect that he is giving consent of such test.

Conclusion- use of mind reading technologies have became a part of criminal justice system but the results that came from these technologies
aren't 100 percent true.a person by practice can beat these machines and can get away from the crime so these machines are of great use only if
they are use carefully and as a substantial evidence not as a conclusive proof to determine the guilt because the credibility of these lie detector
tests whether polygraph,brain mapping or nacro analysis is still in question and it cannot be the sole basis to convict a person
not able to tell lies and
 Nov 19, 2022

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Introduction -In criminal justice when the accused is produced in the court the

prosecution tries their best to put all the evidences, arguments together and to convince

the judge beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty and accuse in defence

tries their best to convince judge that he's innocent but sometimes all the evidences

and argument isn't enough to convince judge that the accused is guilty beyond

reasonable doubt in such cases the prosecution asks for lie detector test of accused

person and such test can only be conducted after taking consent from the accused.in

lie detection verbal statements are assessed to reach a possible outcome . Lie

detection is a process of detecting deception by examining the message content and

non verbal cues.it can also be said that lie detector is the technology that record

physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response.it is based on

pseudoscience.Basically lie detector test is a way to nd the truth by the help of

science.in these types of tests the activities of body are measured by help of machines

through which a possible outcome is reached because our inner body works different

when we speak truth and when we tell lie Types of lie ditectors and thier reliability

There are variety of lie detector tests but three of them are very popular in criminal

justice system Polygraph Polygraph is a device which is used to measure and record

several physiological indicators such as respiration,skin conductivity and blood

pressure while the person is asked a series of questionsThe belief underpinning the

use of the polygraph is that wrong or not con rmed answers will produce physiological

responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive

answers;but it isn't scienti cally proven that there are some unique physiological

reactions that our body gives while we lie or any physiological reactions that our body

give while we tell truth. It's just that scienti c formula that our body reacts different both

the time But the question of their relevancy or ef cacy is always in question because

there's always a minimum chance of all these things go wrong and through which an

innocent might end up in prison Polygraphs do not tell you whether someone is telling

the truth or lying polygraph measures emotional reactions but if a person is emotionally

strong or the question is not the one which will trigger the person's emotions there are

chances that the machine might not give the best results. Emotionally strong people

can get away with these type of machines and that's a setback of polygraph test Brain

mapping Brain mapping is a procedure in which the neurological activity of the brain is

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measured to nd out whether the person is lying or not .it can be measured because our

brain reacts differently from familiar and unfamiliar situations The method used in India

is also called the P-300 waves test. In this method familiar and known things are shown

to the accused during which the mind of the accused shows some reactions which got

measured and some unfamiliar pictures are also shown to accused during which mind

reacts differently and a report of these situations is made to tell whether the accused is

familiar to the situation or not Brain mapping is helpful in many ways and it is also one

of the technologically advanced way of investigation to

nd out the truth. But again, like other methods brain-mapping has also certain

drawback Since brain-mapping can only be used to measure knowledge, awareness of

an individual with certain visual or audio may lead to suspicion. Brain mapping is still

not admissible in courts because various research have been done which isn't

conclusive in their own measures to make the court belive that brain mapping can

make a person liable beyond reasonable doubt.there are chances of mistake and due

to which an innocent might end up in prison Nacro analysis In narcro analysis test the

doctor gives the accused injection of sodium pentothal or sodium amytal, both known

as truth serum,and due to this injection the accused reached in a semi conscious stage

where he's not able to tell lies and he will tell whatever the truth because his mind is not

working properly.This process was very popular during World war 2 various military

agencies used this process But nacro analysis is not accurate and sometimes it can

give false results and that's a draw back of this test.Results have shown that certain

people have given completely false statements still the test failed to catch them. The

test failed many times to catch the culprit person. It has been found that a person who

has given false information even after administration of drug. It is not much help in case

of malingers or evasive, untruthful person.It is very dif cult to suggest a correct dose of

drug for a particular person. The dose of drug will differ according to will power, mental

attitude and physique of the subject..to make a narco analysis test successful. The

quali cation of the examiner of the test and his skills of asking questions in a particular

way is directly proportional to the success rate of the test.The test isn't trustworthy if it

is used for confession of a crime..Narco-analysis is not useful for criminal investigation.

These tests can't be used in criminal investigation unless they are done with the

previous consent of suspect that he is giving consent of such test. Conclusion- use of

mind reading technologies have became a part of criminal justice system but the results

that came from these technologies aren't 100 percent true.a person by practice can

beat these machines and can get away from the crime so these machines are of great

use only if they are use carefully and as a substantial evidence not as a conclusive

proof to determine the guilt because the credibility of these lie detector tests whether

polygraph,brain mapping or nacro analysis is still in question and it cannot be sole

basis to convict

Sources
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