Latitude = Distance x cos (Bearing)

Departure = Distance x sin ( Bearing)

−1
tan θ = 𝐷𝑒𝑝 / 𝐿𝑎𝑡 θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐷𝑒𝑝/𝐿𝑎𝑡)

Baliktad yung W at S sa drawing

● Kapag (+) yung DEPARTURE ( EAST)
● Kapag (-) yung DEPARTURE (WEST)
● Kapag (+) yung LATITUDE (NORTH)
● Kapaga (-) yung LATITUDE (SOUTH)

Linear Error of Closure (LEC)

2 2
Lec= (𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝐴𝑇) + (𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐸𝑃)
Error in LAT = sobra or kulang sa summation ng LAT, dapat kasi equal to zero ang Σ𝐿𝑎𝑡
Error in DEP = sobra or kulang sa summation ng DEP, dapat kasi equal to zero ang ΣDep

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝐿𝐸𝐶)

Relative Error = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

Perimeter = Summation of Distance

*Compass Rule*

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑒
Adjustment for Lat = Σ𝐿𝑎𝑡( 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
)

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑒
Adjustment for Dep = Σ𝐷𝑒𝑝( 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
)

Adjusted Lat = Original Lat - Adjustment Lat

Adjusted Dep = Original Dep - Adjustment Dep

2 2
Adjusted Distance = (𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡) + (𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝)
 −1 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝
Adjusted Bearing = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡
)
*Transit Rule*

|𝐿𝑎𝑡|
Adjustment for Lat = Σ𝐿𝑎𝑡( Σ|𝐿𝑎𝑡| ) (consider the sign of Σ𝐿𝑎𝑡)
|𝐷𝑒𝑝|
Adjustment for Dep = Σ𝐷𝑒𝑝( Σ|𝐷𝑒𝑝| ) (consider the sign of Σ𝐿𝑎𝑡)
Adjusted Lat = Original Lat - Adjustment Lat

Adjusted Dep = Original Dep - Adjustment Dep

2 2
Adjusted Distance = (𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡) + (𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝)

−1 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝
Adjusted Bearing = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡
) Kapag (+) yung DEPARTURE ( EAST)
Kapag (-) yung DEPARTURE (WEST)
Kapag (+) yung LATITUDE (NORTH)
Kapaga (-) yung LATITUDE (SOUTH)

*Area Computation*

Area by Double Meridian Distance (DMD)

● Dep of 1st course = 1st DMD

● Following DMD = DMD of last course + Dep of last course + Dep of that course
● Last DMD = same value of last Dep with opposite sign

Area by DMD
● Double Area = Σ(𝐷𝑀𝐷 𝑥 𝐿𝑎𝑡)
𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
● Area of the Land = 2

DPD
● 1st DPD = 1st Lat
● Following DPD = last Lat + last DPD + Lat of that course
● Last DPD = same value of last Lat with opposite sign

Area by DPD
● Double Area = Σ(𝐷𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑝)
 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
● Area of the Land = 2

PAG KULANG NG ISANG DISTANCE AT BEARING KUNWARE

Line Bearing Distance Lat Dep

AB N 53°27’ E 55.18m 32.861 44.328
BC S 75° 22’ E 68.64m -17.337 66.416
CD S 29°09’ W 81.36m -71.067 -39.610
DA N 52°01’ W 90.25m 55.543 -71.134

Latitude = Distance x cos (Bearing)

Departure = Distance x sin ( Bearing)

−1
Bearing of BC = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐷𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶/𝐿𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶)
Lat of BC = ΣLat (change sign para mag equal sa zero yung ΣLat)
Dep of BC = ΣDep (change sign para mag equal sa zero yung ΣDep
2 2
Distance of BC (𝐿𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶) + (𝐷𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶)

−1
tan θ = 𝐷𝑒𝑝 / 𝐿𝑎𝑡 θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐷𝑒𝑝/𝐿𝑎𝑡)

Area by Trapezoidal Rule

ℎ1+ℎ𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑑( 2
+ ℎ2 +...... + ℎ𝑛)

Area by Simpson’s Third Rule

𝑑
𝐴 = 3
[(ℎ1 + ℎ2) + 2(Σ𝑜𝑑𝑑) + 4(Σ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛)]
2odd4even
Traverse- A Traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose lengths and directions have
been measured.

Close Traverse- Close traverse provide a check on the validity and accuracy of field
measurements.

Open Traverse- are series of measured straight lines and angles that do not close
geometrically and provide no check and are not recommended. They are
usually being applied in underground surveys.

Latitude of any line- is the projection on the north and south lines. It may be called as
north (positive latitudes) and south (negative latitudes)

Departure of any line-is the projection on an east and west lines. It may be called
as east (positive departure) and west (negative departure)
Linear Error of Closure -in any closed traverse, there is always an error. No survey is geometrically
perfect until proper adjustments are made. For a closed traverse, the sum of the north and south
latitudes, same with the sum of east and west departure, should always be zero.

COMPASS RULE -The correction to be applied in latitude or departure of

any course is the total correction in latitude or departure multiply to the
ratio of length of the course to the length of the traverse (perimeter)

TRANSIT RULE -The correction to be applied in latitude or departure of

any course is the total correction in latitude or departure multiply to the
ratio of magnitude of latitude or departure of that course to the
arithmetical sum of all magnitude of latitudes or departure (disregarding
the sign)