1. For Material specific application material, ASTM classification starts at letter ______?

Ans: F
2. Ninety Percent of Tall Buildings in the Philippines is made of?
Ans: Reinforced Concrete
3. Tall building in the Philippines is usually made from what material?
Ans: A and B
4. Masonry in the Philippines is usually called?
Ans: Hollow Blocks
5. Most sustainable material in the choices?
Ans: Wood
6. PNS Specification for Portland Cement
Ans: PNS 7:2005
7. Why is reinforcement necessary in reinforced concrete?
Ans: All of the above
8. ASTM stand for?
Ans: American Society for Testing and Materials
9. Why is steel usually used for large area structure?
Ans: Higher bending capacity to weight ratio
10. Sub-standard materials for construction mean?
Ans: All of the Above
11. Limit for materials engineer II for two projects only
Ans: Aggregate cost of not more than P300 Million
12. Headquarters for ASTM is located at what state?
Ans: Pennsylvania
13. How many standards does ASTM have as of today?
Ans: 12,800+
14. Limit for materials engineer II for one project only
Ans: No limit
15. Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for upgrading but failed to be upgraded to Materials
Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is barred from taking the Practical Examination for
_____ year and should take a refresher course related to Materials Quantity Control.
Ans: 1
16. For cementitious material, ASTM classification starts at letter ______?
Ans: C
17. The blue book from DPWH is from what bureau?
Ans: Bureau of Research and Standards
18. PNS stands for?
Ans: Philippine National Standard
19. What do we call the reinforced used for reinforced concrete?
Ans: Deformed Bar
20. The thickest concrete hollow block available in the market is?
Ans: 8”
21. For Nonferrous material, ASTM classification starts at letter ______?
Ans: B
22. Limit for materials engineer I for one project only
Ans: P150 Million
23. How many countries adopted ASTM Standard as of today?
 Ans: 110
24. For Miscellaneous subjects, ASTM classification starts at letter ____?
Ans: E
25. The least size of reinforcing bar in the Philippines in accordance with PNS is?
Ans: 10mm
26. Item 100 to 107 in the bluebook is for?
Ans: Earthworks
27. For Corrosion of materials, ASTM classification starts at letter _____?
Ans: G
28. In upgrading materials engineer I to II, a type of exam needed to pass?
Ans: Practical
FA 2
1. Storage for curing concrete specimen
Ans: Curing Tank
2. Length of the beam mold for flexural strength is?
Ans: 550mm
3. The ratio of the diameter of slump cone at top to bottom is
Ans: 0.5
4. The slump cone is to determine the?
Ans: Workability of the concrete
5. Can measure the strength of concrete without destruction
Ans: Rebound Hammer
6. Why did we use glass as the material for plate in the vicat apparatus?
Ans: Non-absorbent
7. Apparatus for self-compacting concrete in order to measure its passing ability
Ans: J-ring
8. What is the area of the needle in the vicat apparatus?
Ans: 1sq.mm
9. Standard concrete mold diameter for compressive strength is?
Ans: 6 inches
10. The height of the slump cone is?
Ans: 300mm
11. Abrasion Machine is for?
Ans: To test the strength of aggregates
12. UTM can be used for?
Ans: All of the above
13. Electric stove and hot air gun can be used for
Ans: Both A and B (Drying of coarse aggregates and drying of fine aggregates)
14. Marshall Stability Test is for
Ans: Asphalt
15. The steel ball in the Abrasion test should be ____ mm diameter
Ans: 47
16. The movement of Los Angeles Abrasion machine is
Ans: Rotational
17. Abrasion test machine is also called
Ans: Los Angeles Machine
18. Steel ball in the Abrasion Machine is called
Ans: Charges
19. UTM means
Ans: Universal testing machine
20. Universal testing machine can be used for:
Ans: All of the above
21. Use to determine the homogeneity of the material
Ans: UPV
22. Use to segregate materials to different sizes
Ans: Sieve
23. What is the equivalent size of in mm of 5 micron?
 Ans: 0.025mm
24. The diameter of the plunger in the vicat apparatus is?
Ans: 10mm
25. The last sieve at the bottom is?
Ans: Pan
 MODULE 1: MATERIALS OF CONTRUCTION AND
TESTING
• -It is essential to test all the materials such as (cement,
sand, gravel, concrete, masonry, steel and wood) in
order to determine its physical and mechanical
properties.
CONSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Construction in the Philippines is usually classified by
these techniques/materials:
1. Reinforced Concrete - is the typical material
technique used for building in the Philippines
because of its lower cost compared to other
materials. Made from concrete and steel
reinforcing bars.
2. Structural Steel - is the usual choice material
for construction of warehouses,
refineries/factories, structures with large
area, and sometimes for tall buildings.
Structural Steel (I beams and C Channel) are
made from hot rolled steel.
3. Masonry - are usually for bungalows because
its weak against lateral forces created by high
winds, earthquakes, etc. Most of the time,
these structures are considered non-
engineered and have a low construction cost.
4. Wood/Bamboo - Wood as the main
construction material may vary in cost
depending on the type of wood used. Not a
good material for areas with high winds but
safer from earthquakes. Wood shall be tested
first before using as the main structural
system.
Why is Testing of Material Important
1. Testing of materials will identify potential problems
during and after the construction of the project.
2. Ensures the safety of the structure and its occupants. 3.
Usage and selling of sub-standard construction materials
is punishable by law.
Philippine National Standard for Important
Construction Materials
DPWH Blue Book - This book from Department of
Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Research and
Standards (DPWH-BRS) is one of the basis for standard
specifications for construction of all DPWH related
projects. The bureau of Research and Standard is the
governing body that strictly follow the standards of
construction materials
American Society for Testing and Materials- ASTM is the
leading organization that standardized the testing of
materials specially for construction materials. The
Philippines is following most of the methodologies and
techniques based on their procedures.
CLASSIFICATIONS
● A = Iron and Steel Materials
● B = Nonferrous Metal Materials
● C = Ceramic, Concrete, and Masonry
Materials
● D = Miscellaneous Materials
● E = Miscellaneous Subjects
● F = Materials for Specific Applications
● G = Corrosion, Deterioration, and
Degradation of Materials
● H = Joint Committee and District
Recipients
Laboratory - All necessary equipment needed for all
experiments can be borrowed from our laboratory
during testing/laboratory experiment. Handling of
certain equipment will be discussed on the following
presentations
1. Safety is top priority of our school. All unnecessary
task/behavior is prohibited on the laboratory.
2. Turn off all equipment especially electronic
devices/heat related equipment after usage.
3. First aid kits are all available in the laboratory.
4. Call for help if needed.
5. Do not operate UTM and oven without the
supervision of the faculty member or laboratory
assistant.
6. No eating allowed in the laboratory
7. Immediately clean all equipment and tools after
usage.
Why ASTM?
• ASTM is the leading organization for standardizing
materials and its testing
• 12,800+ Standards
• 110 Countries Adopted their standards
• Available in English and SI Units
DEVELOPMENT OF ASTM STANDARD
1. Member will identify certain problem, material,
revision of existing standard
2. Members will prepare a draft standard
3. The parent subcommittee will review the proposed
standard
DPWH - BRS MATERIALS ENGINEER
1.0 CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITATION
The following criteria shall be applied in the evaluation
for accreditation of Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials
Engineers:
1.1 Minimum Requirement - As a minimum requirement
for accreditation of materials engineers, the applicant
must be a registered and licensed Civil Engineer. This
minimum requirement may be extended to foreign
applicants.
1.2 Written Examination - A written examination shall be
administered to all the applicants. The raw score
obtained in the examination shall be converted to
percentage (100% maximum) to obtain the total score
for accreditation.
1.3 Practical Examination - Practical examination shall be
administered to an accredited Materials Engineer I
applying for upgrading to Materials Engineer II. It shall be
conducted at the Bureau of Research and Standards
(BRS) Office in Quezon City or at a selected identified
DPWH Regional Office.
1.4 DPWH Engineers and other government engineers
are prohibited from taking the examination for the
accreditation of Contractors Consultants Materials
Engineers to prevent private entities from engaging the
services of the former while still employed by the
government
4.0CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS’/CONSULTANTS’
MATERIALS ENGINEERS
4.1 Materials Engineers shall be classified according to
the results of Written and Practical Examinations.
4.1.1 Written Examination Applicants who got a score of
60% and above are automatically accredited as Materials
Engineer I.
4.1.2 Practical Examinations (For upgrading from
Materials Engineer I to Materials II only)
a. Laboratory The applicants will be required to
demonstrate the actual sampling and testing procedures
of construction materials in accordance with the existing
standards to determine their testing capability.
b. Field The applicants will be required to demonstrate
the actual implementation of quality control supervision
and decision making in the project.
4.2 Accredited Materials Engineer I may be upgraded to
Materials Engineer II by undergoing only a Practical
Examination and not a written examination. Applicants
must obtain a total score of at least 75% in the Practical
Examination to qualify as Materials Engineer II.
4.3 Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for
upgrading but failed to be upgraded to Materials
Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is barred
from taking the Practical Examination for one (1) year
and should take a refresher course related to Materials
Quality Control.
4.4 An accredited Contractors’/Consultants’
Materials Engineer who enters the government service
and wishes to be accredited as DPWH Materials Engineer
may apply for accreditation. His/her score in the written
examination will be considered and he/she must
undergo the practical examination. However, in the case
of upgraded Materials Engineer II who have undergone
practical examination, he/she will be automatically
conferred the same rank.
4.5 DPWH engineers who took the DPWH Materials
Engineers examination and got a score of 60% and above
but are separated from government service can be
accredited as Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials
Engineers I, without undergoing practical examination
for Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineers
 5.0 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF
CONTRACTORS’ / CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS
ENGINEERS MODULE 2: APPARATUS IN THE LABORATORY

Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE - Use to test the strength
DPWH projects, subject to the following limits of of different material such as wood, concrete, steel and
assignment: Classification Limits of Assignment masonry

a. Materials Engineer I

● One (1) project costing not more than

P150M,
● Two (2) projects, with an aggregate cost of
not more than P250M,
● Three (3) projects, with an aggregate cost of
not more than P200M.

Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to

DPWH projects, subject to the following limits of
assignment:
SIEVE SHAKER - Use to mechanically shake the sieves.
Classification Limits of Assignment
b. Materials Engineer II

● One (1) project, no cost limit,

● Two (2) projects, with an aggregate cost of
not more than P300M,
● Three (3) projects, with an aggregate cost of
not more than P250M.
● Non-accredited materials engineers may be
assigned to three (3) projects, with an
aggregate cost of P150M or below

OVEN - Use to dry different materials such as aggregates

and wood
Other Drying Equipment - Use to accelerate the drying MARSHALL STABILITY TEST - Use to measure the
of different materials, alternative to oven maximum load sustained by bituminous material.

LOS ANGELES ABRASION/ ABRASION MACHINE - Use to

test the abrasion of the coarse aggregates SIEVE - Use to separate the different sizes of fine and
coarse aggregates

ONE BAGGER CONCRETE MIXER - Use to mix concrete

Max Capacity: 1 bag of cement, water and aggregates. VICAT APPARATUS - Use to determine the initial and
final setting time of hydraulic cement

HALF BAGGER CONCRETE MIXER - Use to mix concrete

Max Capacity: 1/2 bag of cement, water and aggregates
 CONCRETE BEAM MOLD - Use to cast concrete beams
for testing its flexural strength

Concrete Beam Mold, Lightweight, 6" x 6" x 22"

Concrete Beam Molds, Lightweight, 4" x 4" x 14

GRADUATED CYLINDERS - Use to measure the volume

SLUMP CONE – Used for testing the slump of concrete of different liquid such as water, alcohol, oil etc

CURING TANK - Use to store concrete specimens before

testing. Curing will provide moisture to the specimens
CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE MOLD (4” AND 6”) - Use for
molding concrete cylinders for compressive strength
test.
OTHER IMPORTANT TOOLS

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY APPARATUS - Use to

test the homogeneity of the concrete and other
materials

PENETRATION APPARTUS - Use to determine the

hardness or consistency of the bituminous materials REBOUND HAMMER - Use to measure the strength of
concrete.

L-BOX TEST - Use for testing the filling and passing

ability of the self-compacting concrete.

JRING - Use for testing the passing ability of the self

compacting concrete
(ADDITIONAL MODULE C) CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
BASIC CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Reasons Why Concrete is the most Widely used Material:
● Concrete possesses excellent resistance to water
● Concrete can be formed into a variety of shapes and
sizes
● Concrete is one of the cheapest and most readily
available materials
What is Concrete?
- A hard compact building material formed when a mixture of
cement, sand, gravel, and water undergoes hydration.
Major Parts of Concrete:
1. Paste
A. Portland Cement GENERAL CATEGORIES OF CONCRETE
B. Water
C. Air voids General categories based on compressive strength:
D. Admixture
2. Aggregates
Components of Concrete:
● Aggregates
● Cement
● Air Voids
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
● Water
● Admixture Creep

Concrete Mixture:
1. Cement - 4 parts calcined limestone plus 1 part clay
which are mixed, burned and pulverized, sold in 40
kilos per bags.
2. Sand - or fine aggregates, natural sand or crushed
stone well graded.
3. Gravel - or course aggregates, crushed stone or blast
furnace slags.
4. Water - clean, potable & free from harmful substances
5. Admixture - or additive as required by situations,
ingredients added to concrete or mortar modify its
properties immediately before or after mixing.
Long duration stress produces stress over time and consequently
causes permanent deformation
Fire Resistance
Concrete is incombustible and somewhat insulative, but long
exposure to fire can be damaging
Shrinkage
Ordinary concrete shrinks during the curing process. This must be
controlled by providing expansion joints and steel reinforcements.
Hardness
Relative to durability and appearance, accomplished thru troweled or
floated finish to draw more paste to the surface
Porosity
Sizes of pores left during hydration process or created by excessive
evaporation and shrinkage cracks affecting the water-tightness of
concrete
¡Apply compaction techniques
Durability 3 MIXTURES OF CEMENT
- Concrete durability requirements are specified on most major bridge
CEMENT PASTE
and pavement projects
A mixture of cement & water
-Typically the requirements are based on “Rapid Chloride
Permeability Test” CEMENT MORTAR
- This is a surrogate procedure which measures flow of electrical A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste
current
-CEMENT CONCRETE
- The lack of better laboratory and field tests has hindered progress A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement,
in this area water, inert matrix of sand and gravel or crushed stone.
Workability
Workability of fresh concrete depends on its rheological TWO MAJOR KINDS OF CEMENT:
properties ● Pozzolan Cement
This rheological behavior is defined by two characteristics of -The ancient Romans have discovered that the
addition of some volcanic earths (Pozzolenas
the concrete, i.e. yield stress and plastic viscosity
to Lime gave a product, which hardened under
Note! water (hydraulic).
-Derived from Pozzouli, a village near Naples,
Yield stress is the effort needed to initiate movement of the Rome – famous for a particularly effective
fresh concrete, and correlates well with slump volcanic earth.
Plastic viscosity is the flow characteristics of the concrete -Chalks containing siliceous clays when
while moving and for low stiffness concretes can be burnt can be used for concreting
determined by various rheometers currently available
● Portland Cement

MORTAR - Through experiment, experience and practice, man

has made Portland cement by blending materials
What is Mortar? calcium, alumina, iron and silica.
● Mortars are usually named according to the binding
material used in their preparation - Made by mixing substances containing Calcium
● They are essentially required for masonry work, Carbonate such as chalk or limestone, with substances
plastering and pointing etc. containing silica, alumina and iron oxide such as
clay or shale.
Note!
Remember this!
Mortar= cement + sand + water Joseph Aspdin, an English mason who patented the product in
Plaster 1824, named it Portland cement because it produced a concrete
= cement + lime + sand + water that resembled the color of the natural limestone quarried on
Grout the Isle of Portland, a peninsula in the English Channel.
= cement + sand + considerable amount of water
Paste -Made by mixing substances containing Calcium
= cement + water Carbonate such as chalk or limestone, with substances
containing silica, alumina and iron oxide such as
CEMENT clay or shale.
-Popular as building material
-Material with adhesive & cohesive
properties
-To bind the fine & coarse aggregate
together
-To fill voids in between fine & coarse
aggregate particle form a compact mass
-Then the mixture heated and became clinker
-Clinker then grounded to powder
-The hardening Portland cement is a chemical process
during which heat is evolved
 TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE I AND TYPE IA

Suitable for all general uses such as
pavement, sidewalks, buildings, bridges,
tanks, water pipes, etc.

TYPE II AND TYPE IIA

Used when the acid or sulfate content of
the groundwater or soil in higher than the
normal
It generates heat of hydration at a slower
rate than Type I
Used in large piers, heavy abutments and
retaining wall

TYPE III AND IIIA

Gain strength faster and develop more heat of
hydration than the other Portland cements
May be used if you are in hurry to strip forms
and use them again
Used when you need to put the concrete into
service faster than normal
Used in cold weather to reduce the protection
needed

Tri-calcium Silicate -3CaO.Si02(C3S)
-C3S hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largely
responsible for initial set and early strength
-In general, the early strength of Portland cement
concrete is higher with increased percentages
of C3S.
Di-calcium Silicate -2CaO.Si02(C2S)
-C2S hydrates and hardens slowly and contributes
largely to strength increase at ages beyond one week.
TYPE IV
Since this type has a low heat of
hydration, it is used in massive structures
such as large dams where the temperature
rise during hardening may cause serious
problems
TYPE V
This type is used where solids or
groundwater have a high sulfate or acid
content
Structure exposed to coal mine drainage
should be consider for type V

Tricalcium Aluminate -3CaO.Al203(C3A) BLENDED HYDRAULIC CEMENT

-C3A liberates a large amount of heat during the first
few days of hydration and hardening. In addition to the five types listed in ASTM
-It also contributes slightly to early development. C150, there are several blended cements
covered by ASTM
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite-4CaO.Al203.Fe203(C4AF) C595
-C4AF reduces the clinkering temperature, thereby
assisting in the manufacture of cement. TwoMost Common Blended Cements
-It hydrates rather rapidly but contributes very little to :
strength. Type IS
Portland
Blast Furnace Slag
Cement
Type IP
Portland Pozzolan Cement
PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
-Fineness of Cement Hardening- is the development of strength
-Soundness over an extended period of time, completed
-Consistency for months or years
-Setting Time
-False Set -Hydration process are gradual and require
-Compressive Strength continuous presence of water
-Heat Hydration
-Loss of Ignition -Adding water to the cement would cause
-Specific Gravity temperature of the mixture rise rapidly due to
-Weight of Cement reaction between Tricalcium Aluminate and
water that is initially quite rapid
SETTING
-Thereafter, setting and gradual hardening take place by the reaction
- When cement is mixed with sufficient water, within 1 of Tricalcium Silicate and Dicalcium Silicate with water
or 2 hr after the mixing, the sticky paste losses its
-Hydration rate depends surface area of clinker expose and fineness
fluidity; within a few hours after mixing, noticeable
stiffening commences
of grinding
-Rate of hydration decreases continuously with age as the resistance
Divided into 2 stage that is: to water penetration of unhydrated cement grains progressively rises
1. Initial Set
2. Final Set
PRESENCE OF LUMPS
- The time taken for a 1-mm diameter needle in the Vicat
-It should free from hard lumps
apparatus to penetrate a depth of 25mm into the cement -It is due to the absorption of moisture from atmosphere
past sample is the initial setting time -If a bag contains lumps it should be If a bag contains lumps it
should be rejected
- The final setting time is reached when in the modified Vicat
apparatus only the needle penetrates the surface, while the Fineness of
Cement
attachment fails to do so.
- Affects heat released and the rate of
The rate of setting is also a measure of the
hydration
rate of heat of hydration
- Greater cement fineness increases the rate at
FACTORS AFFECTING SETTING TIME which cement hydrates and thus accelerates
strength
1.Fineness of cement development
2.Chemical composition
- It is measured by the Blaine Air Permeability
3.Amount of water Test or the 45 microns sieve

-gypsum added to clinker to retard setting and prevent flash set Soundness

Note! -Refers to the ability of a hardened paste to

Flash set is defined as the rapid development of
permanent rigidity of the cement paste along with high
heat
False set is the rapid development of rigidity without the
evolution of heat
retain its volume after setting
-Lack of soundness or delayed destructive
expansion is caused by excessive amounts of
hard- burned free magnesia.
Consistency
-Refers to the relative mobility of a freshly
mixed cement paste or mortar to its ability to
flow
-Both the normal consistency method and flow
test are used to regulate water contents of
paste and mortars respectively, to be used in
subsequent, both allow comparing dissimilar
ingredients with the same
flow.
Setting Time
-To determine if cement sets according to the
time limits specified in ASTM C 150, test are
performed using either the Vicat apparatus
or a Gillmore needle.
-Initial set of cement paste must not occur too
early, final set must not occur too
late
-The setting time indicates that the paste is or
is not undergoing normal hydration
reactions
False Set
(ASTM C451)
- Paste method, and the
ASTM C359 mortar
method, is evidenced by a significant loss of
plasticity without the evolution of much heat
shortly after
mixing
Compressive Strength
As specified by ASTM C150, can be obtained
from test of standard of standard
2-inch mortar cubes tested in accordance with
ASTM C109.
-These cubes are made and cured in
prescribed manner using sand. Compressive
strength is influenced by the cement type, or
more precisely, the compound composition
and fineness of cement.
Heat of Hydration
-A heat generated when cement and water
react
-It results first in setting( the concrete become
solid) and then
hardening (increase of
strength and stiffness)
Loss of Ignition
- Is determined by heating the sample of known
weight to 900°C to 1000°C until a constant
weight is obtained
-Normally, a high loss of ignition is an
indication of pre-hydration and carbonation,
which maybe caused by improper or
prolonged storage or adulteration during
transport and
transfer.
Specific Gravity
-The specific gravity of Portland cement is
generally about 3.15
-Portland blast furnace-slag and Portland-
pozzolan cements may have specific gravity
values of
2.90
Tests of Cement:
-Consistency test
-Compressive strength test
-Tensile strength test
WATER
Requirements for Water
Almost any water fit to drink can be used for mixing
with cement to make the concrete paste.
Water that is not fit to drink can still be used.
If there is any doubt about the quality of water, strength & setting time,
test can be made to compare it with samples made from the water
that is suitable for making concrete
A good concrete practice!
Keep the extra water as low as possible but be practical.
AIR VOIDS
2 TYPES OF AIR IN CONCRETE
Entrapped Air
1. Not desirable for concrete
2. Are readily visible to the eye
3. When we place and consolidate concrete, we try to
squeeze out all the entrapped air that we possibly can
Entrained Air
● Desirable for concrete
● Entrained air bubbles are barely visible to the eye
● The first air-entrained concrete were made
accidentally, took some good detective work to find that
 grease and oil had dripped into some cements during
its manufacture
● This soapy materials produced billions of tiny bubbles
when scrubbed against the sand when the concrete
was mixed
● Concrete pavements containing the tiny air bubbles
were much durable than pavements that contained
entrapped air voids
ADMIXTURES
● Air Entraining Admixture
❖ Air-entraining are not as popular now as they used to
be
❖ Air-entraining agents (derivatives from oil, soil, fat,
resin, etc.) are added at the mixer
❖ It is easier to control the air content of concrete by
using non-air-entraining cement and adding and an
entraining admixture when the concrete is batched
❖ All concrete exposed to freezing weather should be air-
entrained
● Chemical Admixture
● Are generally liquid that are dispensed by volume
● Dosage rates of these admixtures is used for concrete
Types of Chemical Admixtures
TYPE A
(WATER-REDUCING
ADMIXTURE)
-Reduces the amount of water required to produce
a concrete of a given slump or consistency
-a decrease in the water content of a concrete
mixture reduces the water cement ratio which
increases its
strength
- Water reducing admixtures may permit a
reduction in the amount of cement needed
because they reduce the amount of water needed
to obtain the required slump and workability of the
concrete
TYPE B
(RETARDING ADMIXTURE)
- Slows down the early hardening of concrete.
- The initial setting time of the paste can be
retarded from one to one-and-a-half hours
over its normal setting time, but this does not
affect strength gain after the initial set has
occurred
-The retardation of the initial set beyond the
normal setting time with the particular
admixture and cement
combination
TYPE C
(ACCELERATING ADMIXTURE)
-This admixture up both the initial and the
final set, and causes the concrete to
develop strength at a faster rate
-Speeds up the setting of concrete to
reduce the whole curing period or for early
removal of forms
TYPE D (WATER REDUCING
AND RETARDING ADMIXTURE)
- Reduces the amount of mixing water
required to produce concrete of a given
slump and retards the initial set of
concrete
TYPE E (WATER REDUCING
AND ACCELERATING
ADMIXTURE)
- Reduces the amount of mixing water
needed to produce concrete of a given
slump and accelerates the initial setting
time and strength development of the
concrete
TYPE F (WATER REDUCING,
HIGH RANGE ADMIXTURE)
-Reduces the amount of mixing water
required to produce concrete of a given
slump by at least 12% and retards the
initial set of concrete
- Type F admixture are also known as
superplasticizers or fluidizers

MINERAL ADMIXTURES
- Used to modify the properties of concrete, or
as partial cement replacement to lower the
cost of producing concrete
- It is important when using these materials that
you have a good understanding of exactly
how they will behave in concrete
- -Mineral admixtures within the same group can
vary by source, and it is also important to
know these variations as it will affect the
performance of the concrete
-These admixtures are typically solid materials
that are measured by weight
-While there are many materials that could be
discussed in this
lecture, we are only going to
talk about the three most common mineral
admixtures, namely:
● Fly Ash
● Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
● Micro Silica
Fly ash- is the widely used mineral
admixture that has fineness similar to cement
-Specifications have allowed partial cement
replacements with fly ash for a number of
years
- With rate of 30-150 kilograms per cubic meter
of concrete
CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH
Class F fly ash
-Primarily pozzolanic in nature, which means it
reacts chemically with the cement hydration
products to form compounds that the
cementitious
Class C fly ash
-Besides having pozzolanic properties, also has
some cementitious properties, which means it can
gain strength by itself when mixed with
water.
Class F
-Produced from burning harder, older
anthracite and bituminous coal
-Contains less than 20% lime
-Requires cementing agent like PC, quick lime,
hydrated lime
-Used in high sulfate exposure conditions
-Addition of air entrainer is needed
-Used for structural concretes, HP concretes,
high sulfate exposure concretes
-Useful in high fly ash content concrete mixes
Class C
● Produced from burning younger lignite and
sub-bituminous coal
● Higher concentration of alkali and sulfate
● Contains more than 20% lime
● Self-cementing properties
● Does not require activator
● Does not require air entrainer
● Not for use in high sulfate conditions
● Primarily residential construction
● Limitedtolowfly
CLASS C VS CLASS F FLY ASH
1. Class C fly ash is typically not as effective as
Class F fly ash in mitigation of ASR
2. Class C will generate more heat of hydration
than Class F
3. Class C will generally not be as resistant to
sulfate attack. ASTM C 618 prohibits the use of
Class C in high sulfate exposure environments
4. Class C will generate more strength at early
ages than Class F
5. Generally Class F can be used for high fly ash
content concretes (up to 40% of C.M.) whereas
Class C is used in low fly ash content concretes
BENEFITS OF FLY ASH
1. Reduces the water demand
2. Reduces the permeability
3. Reduces the heat of hydration
4. Can aid in finishability and pumping
5. Can be used in high strength applications
6. Can reduce or eliminate alkali silica reaction
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBF
Slag) - is another material that is commonly
referred to as mineral
admixtures
- While it is considered a mineral admixture, it is in
reality hydraulic cement. That is, it gains
considerable strength when mixed with water.
- The chemical properties of these materials are
similar to Portland cement. GGBF Slag replaces
cement at a rate generally of 15 to 70 percent.
- GGBF slag is a manufactured material which is
derived from a by-product of the manufacture of iron
- During the production of iron, the one is fluxed
primarily with limestone which is tapped from the
blast furnace as a molten slag.
- This slag is rapidly quenched and the resulting
granules are ground to fineness similar to cement.
- It is blended with Portland cement either at a cement mill, or at a
concrete batch plant
.-It is rarely used as the sole cementing materials in concrete
 -The specification that covers the production of
these materials is ASTM C 989
- It is classified into one of three grades based
on the strength performance of a blend of
GGBF Slag and Portland
cement.

BENEFITS OF BLENDING

By varying the percentage of the blend of Portland cement and GGBF Slag certain beneficial properties can be achieved in concret
1. Reduces the water demand
2. Greatly reduces permeability
3. Can provide sulfate resistance
4. Reduces the heat of hydration
5. Can aid in finishability
6. Can be used in high strength applications
7. Can reduce or eliminate alkali silica reaction

MICRO SILICA
Micro Silica is a material that is by-product of the production of
silicon metals.
(Known as silica fume)
Micro Silica- is an extremely fine powder that is
finer than cigarette smoke, Because of this, it is handled either
as a slurry mixed with water, or as densified powder.
-Typically, Micro silica is used a rate of 20 to 70
kilograms per cubic meter of concrete
-The specification that covers this material is ASTM C
1240
-The fineness of this material and the high dosage
rate of high range water reducing admixtures
results in a concrete that is generally considered
more difficult to finish
- Concrete that contains micro silica has very little
or no bleed water, which besides contributing to
difficulty in finishing, also makes the concrete
more susceptible to cracking while it is in a plastic
condition
- This type of cracking is referred to as
Plastic shrinkage

OTHER TYPES OF ADMIXTURES

-Pozzolanic Admixture
Used as substitute for cement (35%) for
structures in high temperatures and seawater
installation or as additives to decrease the
weight of a concrete per cubic foot

-Waterproofing
Integrated type in powder form added during
mixing that render surface in decks, basements
and pools water impervious
Coloring Agent
Pigments or dyes mixed into topping to
render/alter color evenly to concrete surface
-Surface Sealing Agents
Liquid waxes sprayed over the surface that is
easily removed after curing
of concrete surface after it has hardened
-Set Inhibiting Agent
In liquid form (applied immediately before
pouring of concrete) or powder form (applieddirectly after pouring) -Inhibits the setting of cement paste avoidingbonding to surface aggregates an
-Dispersal Agents
Prevents bleeding of concrete from concrete
-Bonding Agent
Either metallic aggregate (bonding thru
oxidation and expansion) or synthetic latex
emulsion (sprayed or painted to coalesce and
bond) to improve the bond between old and new
concrete
-Gas Forming Agent
Develops the potential strength of a concrete
SUMMARY
Types of Admixtures:
● Plasticizers (also called water reducers)
● Normal Plasticizers/ water reducers
● Superplasticisers / high range water reducers
● Air Entrainers
● Retarders
● Accelerators
● Special Purpose Admixtures
Chemical Used for Admixtures:
● Lignosulfonates (Water Reducer, 10%)
● Hydroxycarboxylic acids (Strong retarders)
● Phosphate/Hydrocarboxylic blends
● Napthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polymers (Water Reducers, 20%)
● Melamine sulfonate formaldehyde polymers (Water Reducers, 20%)
● Polycarboxylic Ethers (Extremely Good Water Reducer, 35%)
Superplasticisers or High Range Water Reducers
● ¡Work in the same way as normal plasticizers
● ¡Can be used at higher dosage
● ¡Are most effective at high dose
● ¡Do not have undesirable side effects at high dosage
Special Purpose Admixtures
● ¡Semi-dry concrete admixtures

-Non-Skid Surfaces ● ¡Shotcrete admixtures

Use abrasive material in topping to produced ● ¡Underwater concrete admixtures

non-skid surface for pavement construction ● ¡Wash water treatment

● ¡Suspension and reactivation of hydration

-Hardener ● ¡Foam concrete admixtures

Chemical/fine metallic aggregate improve the ● ¡Permeability reducers

density of concrete surface subject to impact ● ¡Polymer admixtures

and wear ● ¡Pumping aids

● ¡Ready to use mortar admixture systems
MATERIALS QUALITY CONTROL
“Concrete quality means for all in the construction
business something different - be it owner, contractor,
engineer, architect, ready-mix supplier or pre-caster
QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE
Strong – proper selection of materials
Durable – correct proportion and mixing process
Uniform Quality – careful transportation and placement
Thoroughly Sound – timed curing and provision for
protection
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF MIXING CONCRETE
Manual – flat surface with shovels and buggy
Small Power – a manual mixing rotating drum
Bagger Mixer – equipped with diesel engine and pump
operated mechanical mixing drum (1 or 2bags) or rotating
mixing drum at the back of a truck
METHODS OF TRANSPORTING A CONCRETE
Ready Mixed - concrete mixed at batch plant for delivery
by an agitator to construction site
Shrink Mixed – concrete partially mixed at the batch plant
then mixed completely in a truck mixed then route to
construction site
Transit Mixed – concrete dry batch at a batch plant &
mixed at the truck mixer then route to construction site.
Gunite – or “Shotcrete” for lightweight construction, where
concrete mix is pumped through a hose and sprayed at
high velocity over reinforcement until desired thickness is
reached
CONCRETE TESTS
The utilization of advanced test procedures (various
shrinkage tests, air-void analyzer and non-destructive
tests) have become widespread
Workability test for stiff concrete mixes is being evaluated
by several organizations
In-situ concrete testing, effective curing practices and
utilization of computer software to monitor concrete
strength development as well as minimizing cracking
potential are used on major transportation projects.
CONTROL OF CONCRETE MIX
Concrete is normally specified according
to the compressive strength it develops
depending on the type of cement used,
after placement
Ordinary Portland-> 7 to 28 days
High Early Strength->3 to 7 days
Two methods of testing concrete’s
compressive strength:
1.Slump test
2.Compressive Cylinder Test
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
Cast-In Place – concrete deposited, formed and cured
and finished in its final position as a part of structure
Slip Form – a form that can be move slowly and
continuously as concrete is being placed during the
construction of concrete pavement or building
Lift Slab Construction - structural members are
sequentially lifted into final position
Tilt-Up Construction – structural members are custom
pre-casted on site then hoisted into final position
Pre-Stressing – pre-tensioning and post-tensioning
TOOLS IN CONCRETE SOLUTION
Curing Blanket – built covering made of sacks, matting,
burlap, wet earth, sawdust, straw and plastic
Scaffolding – or staging a temporary platform structure of
wooden poles & planks providing platform for working men
to stand while erecting or repairing buildings and provide
access to work areas above ground
Formwork – temporary construction to contain wet
concrete in the required shape while it is cast & setting
Curing – maintaining the humidity and temperature of
freshly placed concrete during some definite period
following, placing, casting or finishing to assure
satisfactory hydration of cementitious materials and proper
hardening of concrete
 CONCRETE FINISHES
Beton brut – concrete left in natural state after formwork
is removed reflecting the texture, joints and fasteners of
board form
Finish – broom, float, exposed aggregate, swirl, bush
hammered
Topping – a layer of high quality concrete or mortar placed
to form a floor surface on a concrete base

ACRONYMS:
● ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
● AASHTO - American Association of State Highways and
Transportation Officials
● ACI - American Concrete Institute
● PNS - Philippine National Standards
Module 1
Introduction
Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus
cited on this presentation conforms to the
ASTM Standards and Specifications.
• The GOAL of this course is to familiarize and train the
students in the standard testing procedures of
common construction materials
• For students to be ready for the DPWH-BRS Materials
Engineering examination, which is an essential
advantage of a Professional Civil Engineer working in
the construction industry.
• To prepare students for Researches related to material
testing especially concrete engineering.
• It is essential to test all the materials such as (cement,
sand, gravel, concrete, masonry, steel and wood) in
order to determine its physical and mechanical
properties.
Construction in the Philippines is usually classified by
these techniques/materials:
1. Reinforced Concrete
2. Structural Steel
3. Masonry
4. Wood/Bamboo
 Reinforced Concrete is the typical
material, technique used for
building in the Philippines
because of its lower cost
compared to other materials.

Made from concrete and steel

reinforcing bars.

Source: https://www.alsina.com
 Structural Steel is the usual the
choice material for construction of
warehouses, refineries/factories,
structures with large area, and
sometimes for tall buildings.

Structural Steel (I beams and C

Channel) are made from hot
rolled steel.

Source: https://www.scottsdalesteelframes.com
 Masonry structures are usually for
bungalow because its weak
against lateral forces created by
high winds, earthquakes, etc.

Most of the time, this structures

are considered non-engineered
and low construction cost.

Source: www.findglocal.com
 Wood as the main construction
material may vary in cost
depending on the type of wood
used. Not a good material for
areas with high winds but safer
from earthquakes.

Wood shall be tested first before

using as the main structural
system.

Source: https://bluprint.onemega.com
1. Testing of materials will identify potential problems
during and after the construction of the project.
2. Ensures the safety of the structure and its occupants.
3. Usage and selling of sub-standard construction materials
is punishable by law.
 Name of Material BPS DESIGNATION NO.
Portland cement – Specification PNS 7:2005
Pozzolan cement – Specification PNS 63:200
Plywood – Specification PNS 196:2000
Re-rolled steel bars for concrete PNS 211:2000
reinforcement – Specification
Sanitary wares- Specification PNS 156:1992
This book from Department of Public Works
and Highways – Bureau of Research and
Standards (DPWH-BRS) is one of the basis for
standard specifications for construction of all
DPWH related projects.

The bureau of Research and Standard is the

governing body that strictly follow the
standards of construction materials
 ASTM is the leading organization that
standardized the testing of materials
specially for construction materials. The
Philippines is following most of the
methodologies and techniques based on
their procedures.

Source: https://www.astm.org/
All necessary equipment needed for all
experiments can be borrowed from our
laboratory during testing/laboratory
experiment.

Handling of certain equipment will be

discussed on the following presentations.
1. Safety is top priority of our school. All unnecessary
task/behavior is prohibited on the laboratory.
2. Turn off all equipment specially electronic devices/heat
related equipment after usage.
3. First aid kits are all available in the laboratory.
4. Call for help if needed.
5. Do not operate UTM and oven without the supervision of
the faculty member or laboratory assistant.
6. No eating allowed in the laboratory
7. Immediately clean all equipment and tools after usage.
• ASTM is the leading organization for standardizing
materials and its testing
• 12,800+ Standards
• 110 Countries Adopted their standards
• Available in English and SI Units
100 Barr Harbor Drive
P.O. Box C700
West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959, USA
ASTM Standard Title
ASTM C136 Determination of the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by
sieving.
ASTM C566 Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying

ASTM C29 Determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate

ASTM C127 Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of
Coarse Aggregate
ASTM C128 Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine
Aggregate
ASTM C131 Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregates by Abrasion and Impact in
Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C187 Standard Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement
ASTM Standard Title
ASTM C191 Time of setting of hydraulic cement by means of the Vicat needle

ASTM C143 Determination of slump of hydraulic-cement concrete, both in the laboratory and in
the field.
ASTM C192 Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory

ASTM C39 Standard Test Method for Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete

ASTM C1314 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms

ASTM D4761 determination of the axial compressive, tensile and bending strength of stress-
graded lumber and other wood-base structural material
ASTM A615 Tensile Strength of Reinforcing Bars
1. Member will identify certain problem, material,
revision of existing standard
2. Members will prepare a draft standard
3. The parent subcommittee will review the proposed
standard.
It is hereby directed that henceforth, the DPWH Standard Specifications
for Public Works and Highways 2004 Edition: Volume II – Highways,
Bridges and Airports shall be adopted in the implementation of all
infrastructure projects of said categories; except for projects which have
already been advertised for bids and for which specifications other than the
above standards have been adopted. Where necessary, these Standard
Specifications shall be supplemented by special provisions.
Department Order No. 098 Series of 2016
1.0 CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITATION

The following criteria shall be applied in the evaluation for accreditation of

Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineers:

1.1 Minimum Requirement

As a minimum requirement for accreditation of materials engineers, the applicant must be a
registered and licensed Civil Engineer. This minimum requirement may be extended to
foreign applicants.

1.2 Written Examination

A written examination shall be administered to all the applicants. The raw score obtained in
the examination shall be converted to percentage (100% maximum) to obtain the total score
for accreditation.
1.0 CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITATION

1.3 Practical Examination

Practical examination shall be administered to an accredited Materials Engineer I applying
for upgrading to Materials Engineer II. It shall be conducted at the Bureau of Research and
Standards (BRS) Office in Quezon City or at a selectedjidentified DPWH Regional Office.

1.4 DPWH Engineers and other government engineers are prohibited from taking the
examination for the accreditation of Contractors’jConsultants Materials Engineers to prevent
private entities from engaging the servicesof the former while still employed by the
government.
4.0 CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS’/CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS
ENGINEERS

4.1 Materials Engineers shall be classified according to the results of

Written and Practical Examinations.

4.1.1 Written Examination

Applicants who got a score of 60% and above are automatically accredited
as Materials Engineer I.
4.1.2 Practical Examinations
(For upgrading from Materials Engineer I to Materials II only)
a. Laboratory
The applicants will be required to demonstrate the actual sampling and testing procedures
of construction materials in accordance with the existing standards to determine their testing
capability.
b. Field
The applicants will be required to demonstrate the actual implementation of quality control
supervision and decision making in the project.
4.2 Accredited Materials Engineer I may be upgraded to Materials Engineer II by
undergoing only a Practical Examination and not a written examination. Applicants must
obtain a total score of at least 75% in the Practical Examination to qualify as Materials
Engineer II.
4.3 Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for upgrading but failed to
be upgraded to Materials Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is
barred from taking the Practical Examination for one (1) year and should
take a refresher course related to Materials Quality Control.

4.4 An accredited Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineer who enters

the government service and wishes to be accredited as DPWH Materials
Engineer may apply for accreditation. His/her score in the written
examination will be considered and he/she must undergo the practical
examination. However, in the case of upgraded Materials Engineer II who
have undergone practical examination, he/she will be automatically
conferred the same rank.
4.5 DPWH engineers who took the DPWH Materials Engineers examination
and got a score of 60% and above but are separated from government
service can be accredited as Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineers
I, without undergoing practical examination for Contractors’/Consultants’
Materials Engineers.
5.0 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTORS’ /
CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS ENGINEERS

Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to DPWH projects, subject

to the following limits of assignment:
Classification Limits of Assignment
a. Materials Engineer I – One (1) project costing not more than P150M, or
– Two (2) projects, with an aggregate cost of not more than P250M, or
– Three (3) projects, with an aggregate cost of not more than P200M.
5.0 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTORS’ /
CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS ENGINEERS

Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to DPWH projects, subject

to the following limits of assignment:
Classification Limits of Assignment

b. Materials Engineer II – One (1) project, no cost limit, or

– Two (2) projects, with an aggregate cost of not more than P300M, or
– Three (3) projects, with an aggregate cost of not more than P250M.
Non-accredited materials engineers may be assigned to three (3) projects,
with an aggregate cost of P150M or below
ASTM stands for?
Why is Reinforced Concrete
the choice material for most
of the construction in the
Philippines?
 END OF PRESENTATION
THANKS FOR LISTENING!
 Module 2
Laboratory Apparatus, Equipment
and Standards
Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus
cited on this presentation conforms to the
ASTM Standards and Specifications.
• It is essential to student to get familiarized with the
proper use each equipment and apparatus in the
Matcons Lab for the following reasons:
• Safety
• Accuracy of the Test Results
• Not to damage the equipment and apparatus
Source: https://otvod.org/ Source: https://pavementinteractive.org/
Source: https://civilread.com/
Source: https://www.indiamart.com
 Concrete Beam Mold, Lightweight, 6" x 6" x 22"

Concrete Beam Molds, Lightweight, 4" x 4" x 14"

Source: https://myerstest.com/
Source: https://www.amazon.com
Source: https://www.socotec.co.uk
 Source: https://ph.rs-online.com
Source: https://sunlabtech.com/
Source: civil-online2010.blogspot.com
Source: https://www.slideshare.net Source: https://civiconcepts.com
Source: https://concretecivil.com Source: https://www.fprimec.com
 https://sites.google.com

https://newcastlebeach.org
Source: shopee.com
Source: https://theconstructor.org
Source: https://www.indiamart.com/
https://soyouwanttobeanenvironmentalscientist.wordpress.com
https://goldapextools.com
Source: https://theconstructor.org/
Source: https://shopee.ph/
Source: https://www.mybenta.com
Source: sangmeshwar.com Source: https://cnzjtg.en.made-in-china.com
What is the apparatus used to
determine the compressive
strength of concrete and tensile
strength of steel?
Vicat Apparatus is an
equipment used to test
the?
 END OF PRESENTATION
THANKS FOR LISTENING!