household community, it may help families to repurpose their food waste and plastic garbage into

a more useful material. For the future studies aligned with this research study, it may serve as the
basis for future related research for sustainable construction methods using waste materials as an
alternative for conventional ones. For the environment, it may help ease the rising environmental
impact towards human livelihood and ecosystem.

RESEARCH GAPS:

Proposed Prototype Comparison Existing Prototype

Egg Shells and Plastic Additional Aggregates for Stones, Gravel, and Sand
Laminates Concrete Mixture

Many studies of eggshells and plastics being used as aggregates mixed with stones, gravel
and sand for concrete mix is already existing and showed its effectiveness. But the question still
lies on whether this will also apply on coastal barriers with its very corrosive atmosphere and the
devastating forces of the oceanic waves that it will endure to prove its purpose as a coastal barrier
but with eggshells mixed within it. It starts with grinding the plastic laminates and the eggshell
into a powdered substance that can be mixed with the cement along with the stones, gravel, and
sand.
REFERENCES:

Allie, M. A., & Anand, E. (n.d.). Behaviour of concrete containing egg shell powder as cement ...
- IJSDR. Retrieved September 18, 2022, from
https://www.ijsdr.org/papers/IJSDR1805058.pdf

Comney, A. (n.d.). | International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology.

International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. Retrieved September
18, 2022, from https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/submitted_files/1569562725.pdf

Hafifi Hafiz, H. (2014, June 1). Eggshell as an additive in concrete mix. UMP Institutional
Repository. Retrieved September 27, 2022, from http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/10231/

Journal, I. J. A. E. R. S. (2016, December 22). Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as

aggregate replacement. Academia.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2022, from
https://www.academia.edu/30575325/Use_of_Waste_Plastic_in_Concrete_Mixture_as_Ag
gregate_Replacement

Tayeh, B. A., Al-Attar, A., Yahaya, F. M., Muthusamy, K., & Humada, A. M. (2020, August 6).
The present state of the use of eggshell powder in concrete: A Review. Journal of Building
Engineering. Retrieved September 28, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352710219325276

Tom Aina, S., & Raji, A. (2015, September). Egg Shell as a fine aggregate in concrete for
sustainable construction. Researchgate.net. Retrieved September 27, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331833029_Egg_Shell_As_A_Fine_Aggregate_I
n_Concrete_For_Sustainable_Construction
 Mussel Shells as Fine Aggregates and Seawater to the Coastal Concrete Barriers along Manila
Bay

RATIONALE:

Waste management has become a difficult issue in the Asian region, which includes other
developing countries. Country since its inception the waste generated is seen to have a negative
impact due to its rate of increase per year, and it has surpassed the ability of related parties to
control its production. According to Badgie et al., the average waste generated in Asia will rise to
1.8 tons. If it was not controlled, it would produce 5.2-million-meter squares per day in controlling
its production. Moreover, with the increase of yearly waste disposals of leftovers, the future
engineers will face the challenge to manipulate the different types of waste to advance the
technology and discoveries in engineering, especially to add more strength and durability to the
different construction materials.

The research study focusing on eco-friendly composites based on natural fillers from food
production wastes due to low cost and large availability. However, the research study observed
that mussel shells are brittle, and it can only hold a minimum amount of force, and if we combine
a few of them, the force capacity will increase. With this idea, the research study is challenged to
determine the effect of the mussel shells with the help of seawater, as a substitute (fine aggregates)
or additional material for the coastal concrete barriers located along the Manila Bay.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

Generally, at the end of this semester, this research study aims to determine if the adding
of mussel shells as an additional fine aggregate and the seawater as the cement hydration for
cement mixture will have a significant effect on the coastal concrete barriers.

Specifically, this research study aims to answer the following hypotheses and to attain
answers through various testing and experimentations:

1. The significant effect of mussel shells as an additional fine aggregate and the seawater as
the cement hydration on cement mixture for coastal concrete barriers in terms of:
a. Compressive Strength
b. Hardness