CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr/Ms. ………………………………………, a student of

B.Tech. (Civil Engineering) ……. semester has submitted His/her Seminar/project
report entitled “.....................................................................” under my/our guidance.

Date:

Name of Seminar Coordinator Name of HoD

Head of Department
 Table of contents:

Title page...................................................................................................................................i

Certificate..................................................................................................................................ii

Table of content…...................................................................................................................iii

List of figure..............................................................................................................................v

List of Table….........................................................................................................................vi

Abstract….................................................................................................................................1

1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................2
General......................................................................................................................................2

Egg shell powder…...................................................................................................................2

2. Literature review.................................................................................................................4
Literature on egg shell powder…..............................................................................................4

3. Methodology…....................................................................................................................6
Methodology..............................................................................................................................6

Flow chart…...............................................................................................................................7

4. Description of materials…...................................................................................................8
Cement…....................................................................................................................................8

Water..........................................................................................................................................9

Aggregate…...............................................................................................................................9

Egg shell powder….................................................................................................................10

5. Concrete..............................................................................................................................11
Properties of concrete…..........................................................................................................11
Experimental equipment’s…...................................................................................................14
Preparation of specimen..........................................................................................................17

6. Materials…..........................................................................................................................19
Tests on materials…................................................................................................................19

Results….................................................................................................................................28

7. Test Results….....................................................................................................................30
Test results on concrete...........................................................................................................30

Test on hardened concrete.......................................................................................................31

8. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................40

9. Reference............................................................................................................................. 41
 LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE NO. TITTLE PAGE NO.

1. Flow chart 7

2. Cement 8

3. Aggregate 9

4. Egg shell powder 10

5. Water/cement ratio 12

6. Concrete mixture 14

7. Casting moulds 15

8. Damping rod 16

9. Compressive strength chart 32

10. Compressive strength 33

11. Split tensile chart 36

12. Split tensile 36

13. Flexural test chart 39

14. Flexural test 39

 LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO. TITTLE PAGE NO.

1. Consistency test 19

2. Fineness of cement 20

3. Specific gravity of fine aggregate 22

4. Gravity of coarse aggregate 23

5. Fineness modulus of river sand 24

6. Fineness modules of coarse aggregate 25

7. Water absorption 26

8. Chemical component of egg shell 27

9. Physical properties of cement 28

10. Fine aggregate properties 28

11. Course aggregate properties 29

12. Physical properties of egg shell ash 29

13. Compressive strength 32

14. Split tensile 35

15. Flexural test 38

ABSTRACT:
Currently India has taken a primary action for the development of infrastructure which include
specific highways, power tasks and commercial shape and so forth, tomeet the necessities of
globalization, in the creation of constructing and other shape. Concrete performs the important thing
position and the quantumsized particles of concrete is being applied in each construction practices.
Egg shell is the major disposal waste which is produced in a large amount. The disposal of the egg
shell waste is not an easy process due to the compounds by which the egg shells are made. In this
experiment we use the egg shell as a replacement of cement which can reduce the usage of cement
and gives an alternative of the cement. The egg shell generally which can be disposed , is used as an
change for the cement for the reason that the shell of the eggs is made up of calcium. An egg shell
are utilized in one of a kind combination to find the feasibility of the use of the egg shells as an
exchange to cement. Egg shell powder replace 5% , 10% , 15% and 20% of weight of cement. After
the replacement of cement by the egg shell powder in concrete blocks we observed the strength and
other properties in 7 days and 21 days respectively. Concrete is cast and tests like compressive
power, flexural energy and split tensile test has been finished to find the nice aggregate which end
up in most desirable percent of strength. The paper describe the impact an experimental end result
of substitute of egg shell powder in cement. The test changed into done for cement replaced in
concrete with 5% , 10% , 15% and 20% of egg shell powder. The result has showed that the water
cured egg shell concrete has improved the flexural strength and compressive strength of concrete by
upto more than 50 and 57 percent.

1
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIONS

1.1 General
The interest of the development of network in the use of waste or recycle substance in concrete is
increasing due to emphasis located on sustainable creation. The development of a nation not only
relies upon the generation but additionally depend upon the infrastructure. The nation is considered
a fully developed nation when it starts the recycle and reuse concept of the materials in
construction work with the efficiency of good and a strength full structure. Without the concrete the
infrastructure of a nation or country is not feasible. Thus the concrete is indispensible clothe in
every creation or plays a major role of development of infrastructure. The main element of concrete
is cement. Since the cement rate is very low and risky and call for use is so excessive, an exchange
material can be used for substitute of cement. Since several substitute experiments were performed
for course and first class aggregate. All the experiments give the results like increasing in
properties. The main component which is required for the replacement of cement has contain the
amount of calcium which is present in egg shells. Egg shells are the major waste which is obtained
in a large amount. Hence we pass for replacement for cement. The alternate material in our task
used changed into powdered egg shell. The egg shells are mainly disposed, it is assumed as poultry
waste. Egg Shell powder is Calcium rich poultry waste with pozzolanic chemical composition. The
pozzolanic chemical composition is the main requirement for the making of the alternate of
cement.Cement can be replaced by egg shell powder to improve the overall strength of concrete. It
is observed in many previous experiments that the replacement of egg shell powder in the cement
can increase the strength of concrete at a certain amount. Excessive amount of egg shell replacment
in concrete at the place of cement can cause the honeycomb structure or also decrease the properties
of the concrete.In some certain amount of use of egg shell powder can increase the properties of
concrete structures, the properties are like compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile
strength etc. This experimental study aims to investigate the strength of concrete by replacing 5%,
10%, 15% and 20% amount of cement by egg shell powder by weight. The compressive strength of
the concrete mixture is noted down for 7 days and 28 days respectively of M40 grade concrete and
also split tensile strength and flexure strength standard samples are analyzed after 28 days of curing.
The ratio of water binder was kept constant for all cases. On the basis of observation and result by
1
adding the egg shell powder in certain amount shows the increase in strength. Our project describes
the effect of replacement of eggshell powder for cement in proportion such as 5%, 10%, 15% and
20% of the total cement. The results outcome were found to be successful.

1.2 EGG SHELL POWDER:

Egg shell is the most common waste material in nowadays. The production of egg shell waste is
very high in today's world. It is difficult to dispose the egg shell wastes due to its chemical
composition. The only way to dispose the egg shell waste is landfilling wich cause the soil impure
and infertile. The intension of this observe is to take a look at the chemical composition of the
action to locate its suitability of alternative inside the concrete. To study the feasibility of using egg
shell as cement alternative fabric. To take a look at the electricity parameters of the egg shell
powder mixed statements and to evaluate it with conventional specimens. Calcium wealthy egg
shell is a rooster waste with chemical composition nearly equal as that of lime stone. Use of egg
shell waste in place of herbal line to replace cement in concrete will have benefits like minimize use
of cement,maintain herbal line and making use of waste clothe. According to a look at egg shell
waste technology in India, the USA and the UK is 190000, 150000 and 101000 heaps in step with
annum respectively. Egg shell powder contains many compounds like calcium carbonate with an
small amount of protein and other organic compounds, it also contains small fibre particles. Egg
shell waste may be used as fertilizer, animal feed ingredients and different such makes use of.
However, majority of the egg shell waste in deposited as land fills. Egg shell waste in land fill
attract vermin due to connected membrane and causes troubles associated with human health and
surroundings. Few investigation had been carried out to use of egg shell waste
incivilengineeringprograms.The main investigation is to replace the cement by the egg shell powder
in the concrete. The egg shell contains some compounds which is similar as cement composition.
According to the investigation, the egg shells can be the best replacement of cement in concrete in
future because of its composed and properties at a certain amount. Investigation also shows that the
large amount of egg shell in percentage of concrete can affect the concert structures. The limited
amount of egg shell can increase it's compressive strength and tensile strength properties, which is
beneficial for the construction and it also reduce the cost of cement at certain amount.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE ON EGG SHELL POWDER:

Divya et.al., she made M20 by replacing cement by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and found that there is
increase in the strength till 15% cement replacement with egg shell powder and decease is seen in the
20%.

Dhanlakshmiet.al.,
alsorepeatedtheexperimentbymakingM40gradeconcretebypartiallyreplacingcementbyeggshellpowderup
to12.5%alsotheyreplacedthecementwithflyashupto30%andfoundaslightdecreaseinthestrength afte
replacement.
Minakshi et. al., also replaced cement with egg shell (up to 7.5%) and micro silica (also up to 7.5%)
and found that increase in compressive strength when cement is replace by 5% (2.5% egg shell powder
and 2.5% micro silica) and after that nearly a constant decrease is noticed. Now in this research M 40 is
made with replacement of cement with only egg shell up to 20%.
Amarnath Yerramala et.al., (2014)studied the properties of concrete with egg shell powder as cement
alternative. This paper describes studies into use of fowl waste in concrete through the development of
concrete in cooperating egg shell powder (ESP). Different ESP were develop by using replacing 5 to 15
% of ESP for cement. The effects indicated that ESP can efficaciously be use at partial replacement of
cement in concrete manufacturing. The statics provide cowl power improvement and delivery
properties. With recognize to the results, as 5% ESP alternative the strengths were higher then control
concrete and indicate that 5% ESP is an primer content for optimum electricity. In addition, the
performance of ESP concretes was similar upto 10% ESP replacement in phrases of shipping houses
with control concrete.
Shu Ing and Chin Siew Choo et al., (2014) performed an research on eggshell powder as ability
additive to concrete. In this investigation, 5 unique chances of eggshell powder with appreciate to
cement change into added into concrete mix of grade M25. Based at the investigation they got here
through out the realization that water cement is 0.4 produce medium workability, ESP as filler in
concrete had progressed the compressive energy of concrete and maximum electricity was obtained as
10% replacement. Flexural power of concrete was progressed with addition of ESPP to concrete in
compression to govern in concrete blend. ESP has an addition to concrete had improved to resistance to

4
failure under bending and water absorption became decreased at preliminary stage.

5
Mtallib and Rabiu et al., (2009) Accomplished the research on residence of ESP as an add mixture in
concrete. They carried out consistency take a look at on ESP it become observe that better the content
of ESP with in the cement, the faster the putting of cement. The decrease putting time of OPC turned
into because of addition of ESP portrays ESP as an accelerator.
K. Uma Shankar et al., Revealed that the egg shell powder is taken in use of concrete as an alternative
of cement. Egg shell performs a primary role, as it is utilized in all of the combination of the concrete
cubes. The test found out encouraging outcomes for the studies. The sample of mixed cement includes
20% of Eggshell powder. The percentage of the mineral add mixture is applied in testing cubes for their
compressive power. The effects of the work can be concluded that eggshell powder mixed concrete
cubes had maximum electricity as 5% , 10% substitute. The 28 days compressive strength of ESP blend
concrete cubes suggest most power at 10% substitute with cement.
A. J. Olarewaju., Has done the research on stability and suitability of the egg shell powder for the
construction work by replacing it with cement. The main purpose of the research is to analyse the
properties of eggshell in the construction work. hidden the suitability and stability research for the egg
shell as a replacement of cement in concrete structures. he found that the suitability and stability of The
structures are increasing by adding some amount of egg shell powder in the place of cement and also
reduce the cost of cement. It increases the suitability and stability of structure in some percent.
Praveen Kumar R et al, has experimentally find and investigated the replacement of egg shell powder
in the place of cement in concrete. The main aim of this study is to know the chemical composition of
the egss shells to know the properties of egg shell. By this he observed or find the stability or suitability
of the egg shell powder as the replacement of cement in the concrete. He also examined the feasibility
of the egg shell powder which is taken in used as the replacement of cement. He also studies the
strength parameters or the suitability parameters of the egg shell powder by mixing it with other
specimens and the effects which is observed by adding this as a admixture or as a replacement of
cement. The main aim of this research is to obtain the compressive strength test, split tensile strength
test and the flexural strength test at the different-different days like first sample observation is taken on
7th day of the concrete casting day and 2nd sample is observed on 28th day of the concrete casting.
This research is done for the M30 block of mix proportion.

6
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 METHODOLOY

1.) First we stored the egg shells and make them in powder form so we can take it as an use of
replacement of cement in concrete blocks or structures. The main aim of this research is to obtain the
compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete block after adding some
percentage amount of the egg shell as the replacement of cement. After adding the egg shell and
observing the values we can compare it with the values of the normal concrete blocks.

2.) Standard concrete cube of size 150×150×150mm of M40 concrete were casted and tested on 7days,
14 days and 28days. Partial substitution of Egg shell powder for cement by 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%
was tried in the control mix and the compressive strength of the adjusted mix proportion werestudied.
3.) Standard concrete cylinder of size 150mm diameter and 300mm height were casted and tested on
7days,14 days and 28days. Partial substitution of egg shell powder for cement by 5%, 10%, 15% and
20% was tried in the control mix and the compressive strength and split tensile strength (cylinders) of
the adjusted mix proportion werestudied.
4.) Hand blending is to be used for concrete mixing. After casting required specimens, the specimens
will be cured with the aid of regular water curing at temperature 270C +20C. After curing, the cubes
are subjected to compression check for 3,7 and 28 days and cylinders are subjected to tensile take a
look at for 28 days by means of using compression trying out machine at the charge of loading a 100
and 40 kg /cm2 or 14N/mm2/min as in keeping with IS: 516-1959.
5.) The obtained results are impressive and good by adding the egg shell as a partial substitution of the
cement in concrete. It shows the difference in compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural
strength as compared to the normal concrete bricks or blocks. The experiment and the observation is
done successfully.

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3.2 FLOW CHART:

Fig 1. Flow chart

8
 CHAPTER 4

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS

4.1 Cement:
Ordinary port land cement is the maximum not unusual short of cement in the popular use round the
arena, used as a fundamental components of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-distinctiveness
grout. It becomes develop from the other type of hydraulic line in England in the mid 19th century and
generally originates from limestone. It is a best powder produced with the aid of heating materials in a
kiln to shape what is known as clinker, grinding the clinkers and adding small amount of different
substance. Several varieties of Portland cement are to be head with the most common place being non
as regular Portland cement (OPC) that is grey in colour but a white Portland is likewise available.

Fig 2. Cement

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4.2 Water:
Combing water with cementitious substance for the bureaucracy of the cement paste through the
process of hydration. In this process the water is added in cement or concrete paste at a certain amount
of of certain ratio according to the cement and sands present in the making of concrete paste. The
cement paste glues takes the aggregate together with the other materials, fills voids within it, and makes
it go with the flow freely or move freely. The lower amount of water cement ratio yield a stronger,
more durable concrete, where in as more water gives a unfastened following concrete with a higher
hunch. Impure water used to make concrete can reason trouble when sitting or in inflicting premature
failure of the structure. The workability of the concrete paste is mainly depends on water cement ratio.
If the water is more than the required amount than it causes to increase it's workability and flowing
nature. It also damage the structures like honeycomb structure.

4.1.3 Aggregate:
Aggregates are granular materials including sand, gravels or over whelmed stone that, in conjunction
with water and Portland cement, are in essential component in concrete. Locally available sand and
course aggregates where in this experiment. The specific gravity of course combination become 274
course aggregate used to 20mm size.

Fig 3. Aggregate

1
4.1.4 Egg shell powder:
Eggshell carries of numerous correctively developing layers of CaCO3, the inner most layer maxillary
layer grows on a outermost membrane and creates the bottom on which palisade layer constitutes the
thickest part of the eggshell. The pinnacle layer is vertical layer protected by the organic cuticle. The
eggshell prilimilarly contains calcium, magnesium carbonates and protein. In many other nation, it is
well known exercise for eggshell to be dried an use as assent of calcium in animal feed. Egg shells are
used as a replacement of cement in concrete structures because of it's properties which is similar as the
cement and due to it's high compressive strength capacity. The demands of the cement is increased day
by day. The fine of lime in eggshell waste in encouraged substantially by using the quantity of explore
to sunlight, run water and cruel climate condition. It is the grain powder with appropriate proptions that
is sieved to the required size before use with concrete. The egg shells are transfer into the egg shell
powder by crushing it and than take it in use as a replacement of cement.

Fig 4. Egg shell powder

1
 CHAPTER 5
CONCRETE

5.1 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

5.1.1 Cement:
Provided the cement conform with the appropriate standard and it has stored correctly (i.e.in
dry condition), it should be for use in concrete. It is used as a binder material which can bind or
holds the all materials together. The cement is of two types and of different grades. This grades
and types defined it's nature and the ability.

5.1.2 Aggregates:
Quality of aggregates, its shape, size,texture,strengthetc determines the strength of concrete.
The pressure of salts such as chlorides, sulphates, silt and clay also reduces the strength of
concrete. Aggregates are of mainly two types. First is coarse aggregate and the second is fine
aggregate. Both is used in construction works according to their preferences. The difference in
between the fine and coarse aggregate is done according to the sieve analysis by Indian
Standard IS.

5.1.3 Water:
Frequently the quantity of water is covered by a clause stating, “The water should be fit for
drinking.” The criterion though is not absolute and reference should be made to respective code
for testing of water construction purpose.

5.1.4 Water/cement ratio:

It determines the workability of the concrete so it is very important factor in manufacturing
ofconcrete. Water cement ratio is a major factor which is always takes in consideration. The
proportion of the ratio is an important factor for making the concrete workable or increasing or
decreasing the workability of the concrete paste. If the amount of water is too excessive than the
structure is distorted and the honeycomb structure is obtained.

1
 Fig 5. Water/cement ratio

5.1.5 Compaction of concrete:

This test is used to determine the compressive electricity of a concrete cube, which has normally been
crafted from sparkling concrete solid in a general take a look at mould. The price of compressive
energy can be used in investigation whether the batch that the concrete cubes represent meets the
desired compressive energy. Following cubes manufacture and curing, which should both be carefully
managed. Their are many process for the compaction like somes are manual and some somes are of
electrica

5.1.6 Temperature:

The fee of hydration reaction is temperature established. If the temperature will increase the response
also will increase. This manner that the concrete saved at higher temperature will advantage the power
most speedy than a similar concrete stored at a lower temperature. However, the final electricity of a
concrete kept at a better temperature will blower.

1
This is an virtual point to recall due to the fact temperature has a comparable but greater said negative
effect on permeability of the concrete.

5.1.7 Egg shell powder:

Egg include of numerous at the same time growing layer of caco3. Specific gravity ESP turned into
0.84. bulk density of ESP was zero. 80gm/cm3. Moisture contain of egg shell powder changed into
1.17%.

Advantages of egg shell powder:

1) It’s more economical.

2) Its most eco friendly and reduced the global warming.

3) Egg shells are highly in calcium, magnesium carbonate, and lime content.
4) And also a better combination of cement mortar &concrete admixture.

5.2 Experimental equipment’s:

5.2.1 Concrete mixer :

A concrete mixture is a device that homogeneously combined cement, aggregates consistency of a sand
or gravel land water to form concrete. A common concrete mixture uses are evolving drum to mix the
additives. For small volume works transportable concrete mixture are frequently used. So that the
concrete may be made at creation website, giving the employee pattern time to use the concrete earlier
than it harden. An alternative to a system is blending concrete system through hand. This is usually
perform in a wheel barrow.
However several business have literally started to shell changed trap for this purpose. The concrete
mixture become invented via Columbus industrialist Gephardt Jaeger.

1
 Fig 6. Concrete mixture

5.2.2 Casting moulds

Cubic size: 15*15*15cm. cubic specimen is crushed after rotating those90. To decrease the amount of
friction caused by the rough finishing. The moulds are greased first so the concrete cannot stuck on the
borders of the moulds. The moulds are of different shapes and size, some are rectangular and some are
circular in shapes. This moulds are used for making the concrete blocks. Moulds hold the concrete so
that the concrete can easily bound together and become harder. After putting the concrete material in
the moulds we out the moulds in water for the specific time period so that the concrete gain it's full
strength and than we can perform tests on them and observe the results.

1
 Fig 7. Casting moulds

5.2.3 Damping rod:

As according to IS: 10086 – 1982 the damping rod will be 16+ 0.5mm dia and 600+ 2mm long with a
rounded working quit and will be made of moderate steel. It is used to compact the materials in mould.
The damping rod is used to giving the blows for the compaction of the concrete material filled block so
the bubbles in the concrete can release from it and no air is trapped in between the concrete block
casting.

1
 Fig 8. Damping rod

5.2.4 Resources and place of work:

The proposed work shall be carried out the laboratories of civil Engineering departments of St. Joseph
College of engineering and technology, Thanjavur. The routine testing facilities are available in our
college itself.

5.3 Preparation of specimen

5.3.1 Batching
It is the technique of measuring concrete blend components both via quantity or by way of mass of
introducing them into the mixture. Traditionally batching is carried out by using extent but maximum
specifications required that batching be performed with the aid of mass in preference to extent.
Percentage of accuracy for measurement of concrete substances.

1
5.3.2 Cement:
When the amount of the cement to be batched exceed 30p. cof scale capability, the measuring accuracy
must be inside 1% of required mass. If measuring amount much less than 30% i.e. for smaller batches
then the measuring accuracy should be with in 4% of the specified quantity.

5.3.3 Aggregates:
If the measurement is greater than 30% of scale capacity then the measuring accuracy must be with in
1%. If dimension is much less than 30% then the measuring accuracy out to be inside much less than
30%.

5.3.4 Water:
Water is measured in volumetric amount as 1 litter = 1 kg. In case of water, the measuring accuracy
have to be inside 1%.

5.3.5 Mixing of concrete

Mix design is defined because the system of choosing suitable components of concrete and figuring out
their relative proportion with the gadgets.
5.3.6 Placing
Cubing length: 15*15*15 cm. cubing specimen are over band after rotating band 90 degree to decrease
the amount of friction resulting from the tuff completing. The cube moulds of required length (150mm
for nominal size of mixture no longer exceeding 38mm) will be made in this kind of way as to facility
at there separation in two elements.
Cube mould will be furnished with a base plate and that they shall be as in keeping with in IS: 10086 –
1982. The dimension tolerance and materials of dice moulds.

5.3.7 Demolding

Test cubes have to be demolded between 16 and 24 hours once they have made. If after this era of time
the concrete has no longer achieved sufficient strength to permit remolding with out damaging the cube
then the remolding need to be delayed for a similarly 24 hours. When getting read of the concrete dice
from the mildew, take the mould the apart compressive strength may be reduced.

1
5.3.8 Curing
Curing is the technique where in the concrete is protected from lack of moisture and shaved with in an
affordable temperature range. This procedure result in concrete with improved strength and decrease
permeability. Curing is like wise a keep layer in mitigating cracks, that can critical have an affect on
durability.

1) It is cured with water. Do not let it dry.

2) Dry concrete all reactions stop keep temperature at moderate level

1
 CHAPTER 6

MATERIALS

6.1TESTS ON MATERIALS

6.1.1 STANDARD CONSISTENCY TEST:

 Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (approx. 400 gem stones) with
weighed amount of water (begin from 20% - 25%) taking care that blending
(gauging) remains between three to 5 mins and mixing shall be finished before any
signs of putting becomes seen.
 Fill the vicat mildew with the paste, mold must relaxation on non-porous base.
 Place the mildew beneath vicat’s apparatus. The plunger attached to a movable rod
is lightly decreased on thepaste.
 Settlement of plunger is stated, penetration from bottom is equal to the difference
of mildew peak and settlement of plunger.

If penetration of the plunger is inside five-7mm from backside, then water delivered is accurate.
Otherwise, water is brought and update isrepeated

CALCULATION:

Water content = weight of cement × % of water content

= 400 × 25/100 = 100ml

= 400 × 27/100 = 108ml

2
  TABULATION OF CONSISTENSY TEST:

Depth of penetration
Water content (mm)
S.NO Water cement ratio % ml

1 0.25 28 100 39

2 0.27 26 108 37

3 0.31 32 124 16

4 0.33 34 132 5

Table 1. Consistency Test

Standard consistency of cement = 30 %

6.1.2FINENESS OFCEMENT:

S.NO Weight of cement Weight of cement Fineness modulus of

taken (W1) in gms retained (W2) in gms cement in %

1 100 1 1

2 100 2 2

3 100 1 1

Table 2 FINENESS OFCEMENT

2
CALCLULATION:

Fineness modulus of cement = (w2/w1) x100

= (1/100) x100
Average fineness of cement = 1%

6.1.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON AGGREGATE:

PROCEDURE:
 Dry the pycnometer and weight it with its cap (W1).

 Take about 200gms of oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve into
the pycnometer and weight again (W2).
 Add sufficient de-aired water to cover the soil and screw on the cap.

 Thoroughly dry the pycnometer from outside and weight it(W3).

 Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water up to its stop with cap screwon.
 Weight the pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4).

 Repeat the procedure for three samples and obtain the average value of specific gravity.

FORMULA USED:

G=W2-W1/ (W2-W1)-(W3-W4)

Where,
W1=empty weight of pycnometer
W2=weight of pycnometer +oven dry soil
W3=weight of pycnometer +oven
drysoil+water W4=weight of pycnometer
+water

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  TABULATION FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINEAGGREGATE:

Weight Weight in grams

W1 628

W2 1663

W3 2179

W4 1524

Table 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINEAGGREGAT

CALCULATION:

G=W2-W1/ (W2-W1)-(W3-W4)
G=1663-628/ (1663-628)-(2179-1524)
G =2.65

RESULT:
Specific gravity of river sand G =2

2
  TABULATION FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSEAGGREGATE:

Weight Weight in grams

W1 700

W2 1350

W3 1950

W4 1540

Table 4 GRAVITY OF COARSEAGGREGATE

CALCULATION:

G=W2-W1/ (W2-W1)-(W3-W4)
G=1350-700/ (1350-700)-(1950-1540)
G=2.8

RESULT:
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate G=2.8

6.1.4 FINENESS MODULUSTEST:

PROCEDURE:
1. For a 500gms of oven dry soil sample, grain size distribution has to be studied.
2. Take the soil sample into 75µsieve.

2
3. Wash the soil pattern preserving it inside the sieve via setting the soil within the sieve
and lightly pour water over the soil so that it wets the soil.
4. And eliminate the first-rate debris in the shape of dust, leaving only the sand and gravel
5. size particles inside the sieve.

 TABLE FOR FINENESS MODULUS OF RIVERSAND:

IS-Sieve Weight % weight Cumulative % % passing

S.NO No.(mm) retained (gms) retained weight retained

1 4.76 60 1.2 1.2 98.8

2 2.36 535 10.7 11.9 88.1

3 1.188 1100 22 33.9 66.1

4 600µ 1230 24.6 58.5 41.5

5 300µ 1430 28.6 87.1 12.9

6 150µ 235 4.7 91.8 8.2

7 75µ 265 5.3 97.1 2.9

8 Pan 145 2.9 100 0.0

Table 5 FINENESS MODULUS OF RIVERSAND

2
CALCLULATION:
Fineness modulus = Cumulative % weight retained / 100

= 481.5/100

Fineness modulus = 4.81

 TABLE FOR FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSEAGGREGATE:

S.NO Is-sieve no Weight % weight Cumulative %

(mm) Retained(gms) retained % weight
passing
retained

1 40 _ _ _ _

2 25 0.055 1.1 1.1 98.9

3 20 1.255 24.5 25.6 74.4

4 16 2.230 44.6 70.2 29.8

5 12.5 1.270 25.4 95.6 4.4

6 10 0.140 2.8 98.4 1.6

7 PAN 0.08 1.6 100 0

Table 6 FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSEAGGREGATE

2
CALCULATION:

Fineness modulus = cumulative % weight retained / 100

= 390.7/100

Fineness modulus = 3.9

6.1.5 WATER ABSORPTION

TEST PROCEDURE:

 The fine aggregate passing through IS 4.75mm sieve is taken about 1kg and dried in an
oven at a temperature of 110ºc±5ºc for 24 hours and cooled to room temperature.
 Its weight is taken as (w1g).

 The dried fine aggregate is immersed in clean water at a temperature 27ºc±2ºc for 24
hours.
 The fine aggregate is removed from thewater.

 Within three minutes from the removal of water, the weight of fine aggregate w2 is
foundout.
 The above procedure is repeated for various samples.

FORMULA USED

Percentage of water absorption = (w2-w1) ×100/w18

2
  TABULATION FOR WATER ABSORPTION:

Weight of Weight of Weightof % of water

Sample no oven dried saturated absorbed absorption
specimen specimen W3=(W2-W1)g =(w3/w1)×100
(w1)g (w2)g

1 0.955 1.01 0.015 1.5

Table 7 WATER ABSORPTION

RESULT: The % of Water Absorption is 1.5%

6.1.6 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF EGG SHELLASH:

Table 8 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF EGG SHELLASH

2
6.2 RESULTS

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT:

S.NO Physical Properties Value

1 Standard consistence of cement 30%

2 Fineness of cement 1.33%

Table 9 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE:

S.NO Physical Properties Value

1 Specific gravity 2.54

2 Bulk Relative Density (Kg/m3) 1460

3 Fineness modulus 4.81

Table 10 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE

2
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

S.NO Physical properties Value

1 Specific gravity 2.52

2 Bulk Relative Density (Kg/m3) 1691

3 Fineness modulus 3.9

Table 11 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EGG SHELLASH:

S.NO Physical property Values

1 Specific Gravity 0.86

2 Moisture Cement 1.19

3 Bulk Density (g/m3) 0.8

4 Particle Density (g/m3) 1.012

5 Porosity (%) 22.4 BET

6 Surface Area (m2/g) 21.2

Table 12 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EGG SHELLASH

3
 CHAPTER 7

TESTS RESULTS

7.1 TESTS RESULTS ON CONCRETE

7.1.1 General
A concrete take a look at is performed to study extra approximately the homes of a particular
pattern of concrete. A range of various tests may be finished on concrete each, on a activity web
site and in a laboratory. Because concrete is an important structural factors, checking out is
obligatory in many areas of the world, and creation companies must offer documentation of
their testing and outcomes when asked to achieve this by government representatives.

7.1.2 CONCEPT OF MIXDESIGN

1) The concrete blend design turned into proposed by using the use of Indian widespread
for manage concrete.
2) The grade was M45.

3) The mixture can be prepared with the cement contend of 6kg.

4) The water cement ratio is 0.40.Then natural fine aggregate isused.

5) The replacement levels of cement, glass powder &egg shell powder were used
in terms of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%.

7.1.3 Workability:

Slump take a look at the workability of all concrete mixture changed into determine thru hunch check
utilizing a metallic stoop mould. The distinction in degree among the height of mold and that of highest
factor of the subsided concrete changed into measured and suggested as hunch. This check is finished
to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is termed very carefully related to
workability.

3
7.2TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

7.2.1 COMPRESSIVE TEST

The determination of compressive strength is primarily mean to withstand compressive stress as
concrete is strong in compression .Higher the compressive strength better is the durability and
bond strength which is very important in quality control ofconcrete

 APPARATUS REQUIRED

1) Compressive testingmachine

2) Concrete cube mould(150mm×150mm×150mm)

3) Damping rod

4) Tray

5) Trowel

 PROCEDURE

1) Select a suitable proportion of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.

2) The mould greased with oil and the concrete was compacted in it with the
tamping rod andtrowel.
3) The mould after filling with concrete was placed on placed on the vibration
table.
4) Number of concrete are prepared like this were placed for curing which are
taken out at different time periods and then placed in compression tasting
machine.
5) The load was gradually applied and the value at which the maximum failure
was noted and the value are tabulated.

3
  COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN N/MM2

Percentage cement
replacement with egg 7 days 28 days
shell powder
0% 25.3 41.2
5% 26.4 42.4
10% 28.2 44.8
15% 27.2 43.1
20% 26.5 40.2

Table 13 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
7 days
28 days

0%5% 10% 15%20%

% cement replaement with egg shell powder

Fig 9 compressive strength chart

3
 Fig 10 compressive strength

7.2.2 SPLIT TENSILE TEST

1) Cylinder splitting test: this is also sometimes referred as, “Brazilian test”

2) This test developed in brazil in 1943

 SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH TEST ON CONCRETE CYLINDERS

1) The tensile energy of concrete is one of the basic and essential residences. Splitting
tensile energy check on concrete cylinder is a method to decide the tensile power of
concrete.
2) The concrete may be very susceptible in tension due to its brittle nature and is not

3
always expected to face up to the direct tension.

3
3) The concrete developed cracks when subjected to tensile force. Thus it is miles vital to
determine the tensile electricity of concrete to decide the burden at which the concrete
members may also crack.
4) To determine the splitting tensile of concrete.

 EQUIPMENT FOR SPLITTING TENSILE TEST OF CONCRETE:

1) Compression testing machine.

2) Two packing strip of plywood 30cm long and 12mmwide.

 SAMPLING OF CONCRETE CYLINDERS:

The cylinder mould shall is of steel, 3mm thick. Each mould is able to being opened
longitudinally to facilities the removal of the specimen and is provided with the a means of
maintaining it closed even as in use. The mean internal diameter of the mould is 15 cm + 0.2mm
and the height is 30 + 0.1 cm. every mould is provided with a metallic base plate mildew is
provided with a steel base plate ought to be lined with a thin movie of mold oil earlier than use,
with a purpose to save you adhesion of concrete.

 TAMPING BAR:

The tamping bar is a steel bar of 16mm diameter, 60 cm long and bullet pointed at the lower
end.

 COMPACTING OF CONCRETE
To take a look at specimen have to be made as soon as achievable after the concrete is crammed
into the mould in layers approximately 5cm deep every layer is compacted both with the aid of
hand or by way of vibration.

 CURING OF SPECIMEN:

The water or solution in which the specimen is kept should be renewed every seven

days and should be maintained at a temper3a4ture of 27

 PROCEDURE OF SPLIT TENSILE TEST:
1) First we take the wet specimen from the water which is prepared for the test. We take
it out from the water after 7 days ofcuring.

2) Wipe out the excessive water from the surface of the specimen and try it.

3) We draw two diametrical lines on the ends of the specimen to ensure that they
are on the same plane or on the same axial place.
4) We observe and noted down the weight of the specimen and the dimensions of
the specimen.

5) We set the compression testing machine for the required range for determining
the compressive strength of the specimen.

6) Keep the plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen on it.

7) Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and
centered over the bottom place.
8) Place the other plywood strip above the specimen.

9) Bring down the upper plate to touch the playwood strip.

10) Apply the load continuously and note down the breaking load(p).

 FORMULA:

STRESS =2P/ 𝝅LD

P-load on the cylinder
L- Length of the cylinder
D- Diameter of the cylinder

3
 Percentage cement replacement with egg shell 28 Days
powder
0% 2.5
5% 2.9
10% 3.3
15% 2.4
20% 2.1

Table 14 SPLIT TENSILE

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

0%5%10%15%20%
% cement replacement with egg shell

Fig 11 split tensile chart

3
 Fig 12 split tensile

7.2.3 FLEXURAL TESTS ON CONCRETE

The concrete beam flexural strength test is conducted in accordance with IS516:1959 Beam of
100*100*500mm size were used for this test as aggregate used is lesser than 20mm. The load is

gradually applied at a rate of 0.7N/mm2/min.

 SIZE OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN FOR FLEXURAL TEST

According to ASTM the size of the specimen is 150mm width, 150mm depth and the duration should
now not be at least three times the intensity of the specimen.
Indian proffered decided the dimensions of the concrete specimen as 150mm width, 150mm intensity
and span of 700mm
It also states that a size of 100mm width, 100mm intensity, and span of 500mm may be used if the most
aggregate length used is not more than 19mm.

3
British trendy specific square specimen cross phase with 100mm or 150mm size and the span tiers from
4 to 5 times specimen intensity.
However, it preferred 150mm width, 150mm depth and span of 750mm for the specimen.

 APPARATUS FOR FLEXURAL TEST ON CONCRETE

1. Steel, iron forged, or other nonabsorbent fabric molds with length of (150mm X 150mm X
750mm)

2. Tamping rods: ASTM specify huge rode (16mm diameter and 600mm long) and small rode
10mm diameter and 300mm lengthy).

3. Testing device able to applying hundreds at a uniform price without interruption of shocks.

4. Scoop

5. Trowel

6. Balance with accuracy of 1g.

7. Power pushed concrete mixer.

8. Table vibration in the case of the use of vibration to compact concrete in molds.

 PROCEDURE OF FLEXURAL TEST ON CONCRETE

1. The test ought to be performed at the specimen immediately after take out of the curing situation
that allows you to prevent surface drying which decline flexural energy.

2. Place the specimen on the loading factor. The hand completed floor of the specimen have to not
keep in touch with loading points. This will make certain a suitable touch among the specimen
and loading points.

3. Center the loading machine in relation to the applied pressure.

4. Bring the block applying force in touch with the specimen floor on the loading points.

5. Applying load among 2 to 6% of the computed ultimate load.

6. Employing 0.10mm and 0.38mm leaf type feeler gages, specify whether any area among the
specimen and the load making use of assist 3blocks is extra to much less than every of the gauges
over a period of 25mm or more.
 7. Eliminate any gap more than 0.10mm the use of leather based shims and it have to amplify the
full width of the specimen.

8. Capping or grinding ought to be taken into consideration to take away gaps in excess of
0.38mm.

9. Load the specimen continuously without surprise till the point of failure at a regular price.
10. Finally, degree the cross segment of the examined specimen at each give up and at center to
calculate average intensity and height.
Percentage cement replacement with egg shell 28 Days
powder
0% 5.9
5% 6.1
10% 6.4
15% 6.2
20% 5.8

Table 15 Flexural Test

6.4

6.2

5.8

5.6
% c 0% t re 5%men10% e 15% ll 20%

Fig. 12 Flexural test

3
 Fig 14 flexural test

7.3 RESULT:
The result in variation of compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete produced by
replacing cement with Egg shell ash for 7,14 & 28 days. From the above said combinations 30% (20%
glass powder and 10% egg shell ash) achieve good workability, compressive strength and split tensile
strength of concrete than the other combinations. So it is optimum and recommended for the structural
purposes

4
 CHAPTER 8

8.1 CONCLUSION

From our investigation for M40 grade concrete by replacing 5%, 10%, and 15% by which, it
attained the high compressive strength. So we can make it as a practice by replacing it till 15%
to 20% in all conventional buildings. It also make it as a economical and eco friendly building.
The above stated work of numerous researches and our present experimental paintings, it is
clean that egg shell powder can be used as a partial replacement of cement in concrete due to its
expanded, strength parameters like compressive strength and break up tensile strength. As
disposal, usage of waste egg shell powder in concrete will no longer handiest provide monetary,
it will also assist in decreasing disposal troubles.
Increase in the compression strength till 10 % of replacement of the cement with egg shell.
A small decrease in the compressive strength is seen on the 15% which continuous to decrease
till 20%.
Same above the pattern is seen on the split tensile strength and flexural strength of the M40
grade concrete block.
It aslo gives a better smooth surface of concrete.
All the exams are determined successful which suggest that the eggshell poeder can be used as
an alternative material for cement. From which the consequences it is proved that substitute of
eggshell powder. If approximately 10% to 15% is effective and whilst we increasing similarly
the proportion of eggshell powder decrease the compressive power.

4
 CHAPTER 9

9.1 REFERENCE

1. Amu, O.O., A.B. Fajobi and B.O. Oke (2005)Effect of eggshell powder on the
stabilizing potential of lime on an expansive clay soil, Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci,
1:80–84.
2. Dhanalakshmi M., Chandrashekahr A., Sowmya N. J., Comparative Study of Egg
Shell Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ash, International Journal
for Research and Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 5, May 2015.
3. Divya B., Vasanthavali K., Ambalavanan R., Investigation of Cement Concrete at
Mixed with Egg Shell Powder, International Journal of Innovative Research in
Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.6, Issue 3, March 2017.
4. M., Meena A., Malik A., Chhinderpal, Sundesha K., Effect of using Egg Shell
Powder and Micro silica partially in place of cement in M25 concrete, SSRG
International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 3 Issue 5, May 2016.
IS 516:1959, Bureau of Indian Standards, Methods of tests for strength of concrete.
5. IS 10262 : 2009 Bureau of Indian Standards, Concrete Mix Proportioning –
Guidelines.
6. IS 8112 : 2013 Bureau of Indian Standards, Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade –
Specifications.
7. D.Gowsika1, S.Sarankokila and K.Sargunan. (2014), Experimental Investigation of
Egg Shell Powder as Partial Replacement with Cement in Concrete,International
Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 14.
8. Praveen Kumar R, Vijaya Sarathy.R and Jose Ravindraraj.B (2015), Experimental
Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Egg Shell Powder, International
Journal on Innovations in Engineering and technology (IJIET)Volume 5.

4
9. M.S. Shetty,Concrete Technology and Practice, 7th edition, S.Chand and company
limited.
10. Amu O.O., Fajobi A.B., and Oke B.O., (2005), Effect of Eggshell Powder on the
Stabilizing Potential of Lime on an Expansive Clay Soil, Research Journal of
Agriculture and Biological Science , Vol. 1, pp. 80-8.
11. Sathish Kumar.R, “Experimental Study on the Properties of Concrete Made With
Alternate Construction Material”, International Journal of Modern Engineering
Research (IJMER), Vol. 2, Issue. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2012 R. Nicole, “Title of paper with
only first word capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.