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Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Forces and Motion
Science – Grade 8 (PHYSICS)
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Forces and Motion
First Edition, 2020

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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Loida C. Aragon Iluminado B. Ariola
Elymor L. Baynosa Rowena M. Estrada
Editors: Jennifer S. Mirasol
Reviewers: Jennifer S. Mirasol
Illustrator: Mary Trixia Elyonne L. Baynosa
Layout Artist:
Management Team:
Schools Division Superintendent : Wilfreda D. Bongalos, PhD, CESO V
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Marcelita S. Dignos, Ed.D, CESE
Curriculum Implementation Division Chief: Oliver M. Tuburan, Ed.D.
EPSVR- Science : Jennifer S. Mirasol
EPSVR - LRMDS : Teresita Bandolon
ADM Coordinator : Marigold Cardente

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Lapu-Lapu City

Department of Education – Region VII Central Visayas
Lapu-Lapu City Division
Office Address: B.M. Dimataga St., Lapu-Lapu City
Tel No. (032) 410-4525
Email Address: oliver.tuburan@deped.gov.ph
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Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Forces and Motion
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Science Grade 8-Physics Module on Forces and Motion!
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This module is self-explanatory. You are
expected to encourage, assist and keep
track of the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.

Notes to the Learners

As you go over to this weekly module, you
will be guided on the essential lessons you
need to know as a Grade 8 student. You are
expected to learn more independently.
Answer the activities and assessment with
outmost honesty.

Notes to the Facilitator/Parent

This module is self-explanatory. Please give
time to explain every lesson for
clarifications and provide proper guidance
to the learner in order to finish the task
given with utmost honesty and sincerity.

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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.
This part includes an activity that aims
What I Know
to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide
to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you
What’s in
link the current lesson with the previous
one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be
What’s New
introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion
What is It
of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.
This comprises activities for
What’s More
independent practice to solidify your
understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers to the
exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions to process what
Learned you learned from the lesson.

This gives the general statement of the

Generalization
lessons discussed.
What I
This section provides an activity which
Can Do
will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in
the module.

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At the end of this module you will also find:

This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
References

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Answer the pre-test to determine your prior knowledge about the
concepts included in this module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Perform all the activities provided in this module for you to gain more
knowledge about the topics.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Answer the post-test after each lesson to determine how much you
have understood and gained from the lesson.
7. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
8. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module will give you the range of information needed in the learning
process. This will allow you to explore and learn more about the key concepts
in Physics including the Laws of Motion. There are three Laws of motion. To
mention, these are: Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration and Law of Interaction.
In this module we will get in touch with the First and Second Laws of Motion.
That is, the Law of Inertia and Law of Acceleration. The activities are designed
recognizing the learners’ level of learning capabilities. The lessons are crafted
following the standard sequence of the course. The order of the lessons in this
might be different to the textbook that you are using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Law of Inertia
• Lesson 2 – Law of Acceleration

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied

and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the object’s
motion;

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 What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Law of inertia is experienced by _______________.

A. Objects at rest and objects in motion.
B. Objects in motion.
C. Objects at rest.
D. None of these
2. What Law of Motion states that a body continues in its state of rest or in its
state of motion at constant velocity provided no unbalanced force acts on
it?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. None of these
3. In a free space, the object’s required force to maintain its constant speed is
________________.
A. 0 B. Less force only C. Greater force D. More than 0
4. The property of an object to resist changes in its motion is called
______________.
A. Force B. Inertia C. Mass D. None of these
5. In what Law of Motion are the acceleration, forces, and inertia interrelated?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. None of these
6. For a constant force, the acceleration is inversely proportional to
_______________.
A. Inertia B. Direction C. Mass D. Distance
7. What is the acceleration of an object that has a constant force and has a
greater mass?
A. Double B. Less C. More D. The same amount

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8. It states that, the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net
force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. None of these
9. What is the unit used for acceleration?
A. m/s B. m/s2 C. m2/s D. m2/s2
10. Given the formula F=ma, what is the net force of a 1.0kg object with an
acceleration of 4.0 m/s2?
A. 1.0 N B. 2.0 N C. 3. 0 N D. 4. 0 N
✓ Answer Key on Page 18

Your score tells you whether to proceed or skip the module.

SCORE
 100% correct – skip the module
 50% to 99% correct – proceed with the module

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 What’s In

The factors that are used to describe the motion of the object are;
displacement, speed or velocity, and acceleration.
In Grade 7, you have learned that the motion of the object can be
interpreted by using tape charts and motion graphs. The concept of uniform
motion or objects moving in straight line at constant speed was also discussed.
If the objects motion covers unequal distances or displacement at equal time
interval is classified as having a non-uniform motion. When a jeepney starts
moving, it speeds up. If it nears to stop, it slows down. If the jeepney covers
different displacements at equal time intervals, it is accelerating.
The following are the ways on how to describe motion;
❖ By its position
❖ Speed
❖ velocity and acceleration

What’s New

Motion happens in our everyday life. It is associated in our daily

activities. Force is the primary cause in the change in motion. The new lessons
will discuss about the effects of force in motion. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
– the central organizing principle of classical mechanics will be presented and
applied to real life situations.

The lessons in this module include the first and second of the Newton’s
Laws of Motion:

1. Law inertia
2. Law of Acceleration

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 What is It

Lesson 1: Law of Inertia

The law of inertia started its first idea from the idea of Aristotle. According to
him, the object will continue to move as long as the force is acting on it. When
the force disappears, the object will stop moving. Just like the cart, it will not
move unless you will pull or push it. Aristotle’s idea was opposed by Galileo,
who believes that, an object will continue moving in a straight path with constant
speed if it is not acted upon by any force. There is this man who realized the
significant of this concept and refined the idea of Galileo. He is Sir Isaac
Newton. He made this as the First Law of Motion. He called it the Law of Inertia.
This law states that;

An object at rest tends to stay at rest and

an object in motion continues to move in a
straight line with a constant speed unless
an external force act on it.

All things possess inertia and it is measured by mass. In this case, if you
have a small rock and a big rock, the small rock has smaller mass compared to
the big rock. Therefore, a small rock has less inertia than the big rock. Small
rock has also lesser mass and the big rock has greater mass.

SAMPLE SITUATIONS WHERE NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

OF MOTION IS APPLIED
1. Objects move along with vehicles. Flies can
fly along with the speeding jeepney.
2. If you flip a stone while riding a vehicle, the
stone move along the moving vehicle, and you
can still catch it like it is when the jeepney is at
rest. The horizontal motion of the stone is noticeable as it is the same
with the horizontal movement of the jeepney. The vertical movement of

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 the stone is affected by the attraction of the gravitational force of the
earth.
3. Earth rotates on its axis and it revolves around the sun. In other words,
things on earth moves along the rotation of the earth on its axis and
revolution on its orbit. The trees, the rocks and other things wove with
earth as it revolves around the sun.

Lesson 2: Law of Acceleration

The concept of acceleration was introduced in your lower year, during

your Grade 7 lessons. Acceleration is operationally defined as the change in
velocity over a specific time interval. The second law of motion is operationally
associated with the following: acceleration, force and inertia. These factors are
interrelated on the Law of Acceleration.

NET FORCE

The net force depends on the magnitudes and directions of the applied
forces.

Consider the following:

When the girl holds

the rock with as
much force upward
as gravity pulls
downward, the net
force on the rock is
zero!

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BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES
To identify which of the forces acting on the object causes it to be in motion,
you need to check all the forces acting on it. The object might be pulled or being
pushed in different direction at the same time.
The picture shows the forces acting on the book. The gravitational
force pulls the book downward. The book stays at rest because of the
upward push exerted by the table which is called as
the Normal Force (Fn). The normal force counteracts
the gravitational pull (Fg).

The upward force acted on the book is positive and the downward
force is negative. Therefore, the book will remain at rest because the force
acting on them are equal in magnitude with opposite directions in the same line
of action. In this case, the force is balanced. But if you push the book on the left
side, it will move, and it stops as you stop pushing it. You applied a force a you
pushed the book at the left side of the table. In this case, the forces acting on
the book is not balanced. This is what we called an unbalanced force. This
unbalanced force is the one that causes a change the object’s motion.
MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM
As you can see, the book in mechanical equilibrium. It is a state
wherein no physical changes occur. The net force of the
book is zero, therefore the book is in mechanical
equilibrium—this is known as the equilibrium rule. In symbols,

The  symbol stands for “the sum of.”

F stands for “forces.”

When the push on the desk is the

same as the force of friction
between the desk and the floor, the
net force is zero and the desk
slides at an unchanging speed.

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FORCE CAUSES ACCELERATION
When a hockey puck is at rest, the net force on it (gravity and the support
force) is balanced, so the puck is in equilibrium. Hit the puck (that is, apply an
unbalanced force to it) and the puck experiences a change in motion—it
accelerates. Apply another force by striking the puck again, and the puck’s
motion changes again.

Acceleration depends on the net force. To increase the acceleration of

an object, you must increase the net force acting on it. An object’s acceleration
is directly proportional to the net force acting on it:

Acceleration ~ net force

(The symbol ~ stands for “is directly proportional to.”)

Kick a football and it neither

remains at rest nor moves in
a straight line.

MASS RESIST ACCELERATION

Push on an empty shopping cart. Then push equally hard on a heavily
loaded shopping cart. The loaded shopping cart will accelerate much less than
the empty cart. The acceleration depends also on the object’s mass.

Imagine that a student has three boxes with identical masses. If the
student pulls on one box with a force F, the acceleration is a1. Now, another box
with the same mass of the first box is placed on top of the first, and pulled by
𝑎1
the student with the same force F. The acceleration is . When the student
2

adds one more box with the same mass of the two boxes and the same amount
𝑎1
of force is applied the acceleration will be . The greater the mass of an object,
3

the smaller is its acceleration if the force applied is the same. Therefore, the
magnitude of the acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass.
This can be shown as:
1
𝑎∝
𝑚

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 Combining the two proportionalities, it is written as:

𝐹
𝑎∝
𝑚

Newton’s second law states that the acceleration of an object is

directly proportional to the net force acting on it in the same direction,
and inversely proportional to its mass. This is called the Law of Acceleration.
This can be stated as:

𝐹 ∝ 𝑚𝑎 may be written in equation form as: 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

If a is acceleration, F is net force, and m is mass,

The SI unit of force is Newton is a derived unit. The proper units that can be
used in the system is:
Mass - kilograms (Kg) or grams (g)
Force - Newton (N)
Acceleration – m/s2

Sample problem 1:
The horizontal force that acts on a 1.0 kg ball accelerates at 4.0 m/s2. What is
the magnitude of the net force acting on the ball?

Solution: Equation: F=ma

Given: m = 1.0 kg
= (1.0 kg) (4.0m/s2)
a = 4.0 m/s2
= 4N
Required: F?

Answer: 4N

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Sample problem 2:
A 50 N force is exerted to a 20 kg cart. What is the acceleration of the cart?

Solution: 𝐹
Given: m = 20 kg Equation: 𝑎 =
𝑚
Fnet = 50 N 50𝑁
=
Required: a? 20𝐾𝑔

Answer: 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎 ∕ 𝒔𝟐 = 2.5 𝑚 ∕ 𝑠 2

What’s More

1.1
The Law of Inertia

Procedure
1. Place a cardboard on top of an empty glass and place the coin on top of
the cardboard.

2. Quickly flick the cardboard out from the mouth of the glass going forward.

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Questions:
1. What do you observe?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Explain your observation.
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Identify what Laws of Motion are the following situations

are applied.

1. The magnitude of the acceleration of an object is inversely

proportional to its mass.
___________________________________________________
2. Objects move along with vehicles. Flies can fly along with the
speeding jeepney.
___________________________________________________

3. You feel that your head move backward, and your body will move
forward when the vehicles speeds up.
___________________________________________________
4. If an object has a constant mass, the acceleration is directly
proportional to the force.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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 Generalization

1. Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the
foundation for classical mechanics. (Newton's Laws of Motion, n.d.)They
describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and
its motion in response to those forces. (Newton's Laws of Motion, n.d.)
2. There are three laws of motion; Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration, Law of
Interaction.
• Law of inertia states that, an object at rest tends to stay at rest and
an object in motion continues to move in a straight path with a
constant speed unless an external force act on it.
• Law of acceleration states that an object is directly proportional to the
net force acting on it in the same direction, and inversely proportional
to its mass.
3. The second law of motion can also be stated as: 𝐹 ∝ 𝑚𝑎
Where; F= ma
𝐹
a=
𝑚

What can I Do

Briefly explain the following question:

1. Give the advantage of understanding the First Law motion. Give your
explanation after each situation.

a. Wearing seatbelt:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

b. Hold properly on the rail before the V-hire starts to move and before
it stops from moving:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

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 2. Give the advantage of understanding the Second Law motion. Give your
explanation after each situation.
a. Playing soccer football:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
b. In playing volleyball:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Assessment

Direction: Give the best answer of the following questions.

1. What is the unit used in acceleration? ____________

2. What are the three laws of motion?
________________________________________________________
3. What law states that; ‘the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it in the same direction, and
inversely proportional to its mass”?
________________________________________________________
4. It is the tendency of the body to resist changes in its motion.
________________________________________________________
5. How much is the force needed to have a 1 kg mass an acceleration of
1m/s2?
________________________________________________________
6. What do you think will happen to the coin as you flick the cardboard
forward? ________________________________________________
7. Given the formula F=ma, what is the net force of a 1.0 kg object with an
acceleration of 4.0 m/s2?
_____________________________________________________________

8. What is the acceleration of the 1kg ball kicked by 2N force?

_______________________________________________________

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 18
ASSESSMENT(pages 23-24)
1. m/s2
2. Law of Inertia, Law of
Acceleration, Law of What I Know (pages 6-7)
Interaction
3. Law of Acceleration
4. Inertia 1. A
2. A
5. F= ma
3. A
= (1kg) (1m/s2)
4. B
= 1N
5. B
6. The coin falls inside the
6. C
empty glass
7. B
7. 4.0 N 8. B
𝐹
8. a = 𝑚 9. B
10. D
2𝑁
= 1𝑘𝑔 Answer = 2m/s2
What Can I Do
1. a. Wearing a seatbelt would prevent the force that causes you to move
forward and backward as vehicles start and stops running.
b. When the V-hire suddenly moves forward, we tend to fall backward and if
it suddenly stops our body goes forward. These happens due to the state of
our body which is at rest. The part of the body in contact with the van goes
along with the van but the upper part tends to retain in its original state which is
at rest.
3. a. The more force you apply in kicking the ball, the more distance it travels.
You can move the ball by kicking it to the direction you want it to be.
b. The more force you apply in smashing the ball, the more distance it
travels. The lesser the force you apply in smashing, the little distance it can
travels. You can smash the ball to the direction the way you want it to be.
What I have Learned
1. Law of Acceleration
2. Law of Inertia
3. Law of Inertia
4. Law of Acceleration
Answer Key
 References

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Hewitt, P. (1989). Conceptual physics (6th Ed.) London: Scoot, Foresman and Company

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Division of Lapu-Lapu City

B.M. Dimataga St., Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City
Telefax: (032)-410-4525
Email Address: oliver.tuburan@deped.gov.ph

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