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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2– MTH 260S

MATHEMATICS 2 – MTH261S

Lecturer: A. Cloete

1. INTEGRATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

2. INTEGRALS DERIVED FROM THE DIFFERENTIATION

OF INVERSE TRIG AND INVERSE HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS

3. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

(𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩) (𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜 √𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

1. Integrals of the hyperbolic functions

𝑑 𝑑
We know that (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥) = cosh(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥) = sinh(𝑥) ;
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

this then respectively imply that

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶.

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
We also know that = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
→ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
But ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐, from first year
integrals,

∴ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = ln 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐

MTH260S, MTH261S
Lecturer: A.Cloete
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We can also similarly show that ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 = ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 + 𝑐

This gives the integrals of hyperbolic functions as:

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶

3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lncosh 𝑥 + 𝐶

4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶

5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶

6. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −sech 𝑥 + 𝐶

7. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑑𝑥 = −coth 𝑥 + 𝐶

8. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cosech 𝑥 + 𝐶

MTH260S, MTH261S
Lecturer: A.Cloete
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2. The following standard forms are obtained from the

differentiation of the inverse trig and inverse hyperbolic
functions.

MTH260S, MTH261S
Lecturer: A.Cloete
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As you can see there is a pattern that can easily be memorised. It

is either of the form a2 – u2, u2 – a2 or a2 +u2, with or without the
square root. They are also all quadratic expressions in which we
could use the method of completing the square to reduce our
integral to one of the standard forms as shown in the following
example.

SCHOOL WORK: COMPLETION OF THE SQUARE

Consider 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

When we complete the square we

1. Make the coefficient of 𝑥 2 one, by taking 𝒂 out as a common
factor;
2. We are thus working with
𝑏 𝑐
𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ) and are completing the square for
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + );
𝑎 𝑎

1 2
3. We add and subtract [ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥] , i.e. we add
2
𝑏2
and subtract [ ].
4𝑎2
𝑏2 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑐
We add [ 2
] to (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) and subtract [ ] from ;
4𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎2 𝑎

4. We write our quadratic as

𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
𝑎 [(𝑥 + ) + ( − 2 )]
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

MTH260S, MTH261S
Lecturer: A.Cloete
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OR

If we do not make the coefficient of 𝑥 2 𝑜𝑛𝑒, we can also use the

method below which boils down to the same thing.

3. If our integral is of the form

(𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩) (𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜 √𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

The integral is separated into two parts. One part can be reduced
1
to the form ∫ 𝑑𝑢 𝑜𝑟 ∫[𝑢]𝑛 𝑑𝑢 and the other part, by means of
u

completion of the square to a standard form.

Please refer to the attachment of examples to show the application

of the above mentioned integrals.

MTH260S, MTH261S
Lecturer: A.Cloete