Two-way Slabs

Portland Cement Association

Distance Learning Module 3

1
Introduction

2
 Learning Objectives
 Analyze reinforced  Design reinforced
concrete two-way slabs concrete two-way slabs
 Approximate methods  Flexure
 Serviceability
 Shear
Nonprestressed
reinforcement

3
 Outline
 Types of Systems
 Analysis Methods
 Design Requirements
 Design Examples
 Software Solutions
 Quiz

4
 Design Standard
 Building Code
Requirements for
Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-05) and
Commentary
(ACI 318R-05)

5
Types of Two-Way
Slab Systems

6
Two-way Beam-
supported Slab

7
Flat Plate

8
Flat Slab

9
Waffle (Two-way Joist)
Slab

10
Analysis Methods

11
 Analysis Methods
 Chapter 8 – Analysis and Design –
General Considerations
 8.2 – Loading
 Service loads shall be in accordance with the
general building code
 Wind, seismic, etc.

12
 ASCE 7
 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures

13
 Analysis Methods
 Any procedure that satisfies conditions of
equilibrium and geometric compatibility
 For gravity loads
 Direct Design Method
 Equivalent Frame Method

14
Variation of Bending
Moments
l2

A B

l1
C D

15
 Center line of span

MAB
MCD
Mo

Mcl

l1

Mo = wl2l12/8 = 0.5(MCD + MAB) + Mcl

16
½ Column ½ Column
Strip Middle Strip Strip

Moment
across
centerline

Mcl / l2

MAB / l2

Variation assumed for design

Moment
l2
across AB
or CD
17
 Direct Design Method
 Section 13.6

18
 Direct Design Method
 Three-step analysis procedure
 Determine total factored static moment, Mo, for each
span
 Divide the total factored static moment between
negative and positive moments within each span
 Distribute the negative and positive moments to the
column and middle strips in the transverse direction

19
 Uniformly distributed loading (L/D ≤ 2)

l1 ≥ 2l1 /3 l1

Three or more spans

l2 Rectangular slab
panels (2 or less:1) Column offset

≤ l2 /10

20
 Direct Design Method
 For slabs with beams between supports
on all sides:

0.2  af1l22/af2l12  5.0

af = EcbIb / EcsIs

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 Direct Design Method
 Step 1

Mo

22
 Direct Design Method
 Step 1

qu l2 ln2
Mo =
8

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 Direct Design Method
 Step 2

Positive
Negative

25
 Direct Design Method
 Interior span
Center line of span

0.65Mo

0.35Mo

ln
26
 Direct Design Method
 End span

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 Direct Design Method
 Step 3
Column strip

Middle strip
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 (l2)B

(l2)A l1/4 or (l2)B/4

½-Middle strip

Column strip

½-Middle strip
l1

l1/4 or (l2)A/4

29
 Direct Design Method
 Section 13.6.4
 Factored moments in column strips

 Section 13.6.5
 Factored moments in beams

 Section 13.6.6
 Factored moments in middle strips

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Flat Plate or Flat Slab

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Flat Plate or Flat Slab with
Spandrel Beams

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Flat Plate or Flat Slab with
End Span Integral with Wall

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Flat Plate or Flat Slab with End
Span Simply Supported on Wall

34
Two-way Beam-supported Slab

35
 Stiffness Ratio, af
 Equation (13-3)

af = Ecb Ib / Ecs Is

36
 Stiffness Ratio, af
CL l2 CL

h
a

b + 2(a – h)  b + 8h
37
Stiffness Ratio, af
l2 CL

h
a

b + (a – h)  b + 4h
38
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Resource Link
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Torsional Stiffness Factor, bt
 Equation (13-5)

bt = Ecb C / 2Ecs Is

0.63x x3y
C= S 1–
y 3

41
Torsional Stiffness Factor, bt

h
a

b + (a – h)  b + 4h

42
Torsional Stiffness Factor, bt

y2

x2
x1

y1

43
Torsional Stiffness Factor, bt
y2

x2
x1

y1

44
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Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7

46
Equivalent Frame Method

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48
Equivalent Frame Method

49
Equivalent Frame Method

50
Equivalent Frame Method
 Equivalent Frame Members
 Slab-beams
 Columns
 Torsional members

51
Equivalent Frame Method

52
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.3 – Slab-Beams
 Stiffness based on gross cross-sectional
area between faces of supports
 Variation in moment of inertia along axis
must be taken into account

53
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.3 – Slab-Beams
 Moment of inertia of slab-beams inside
support = Moment of inertia at face of
support / (1 – c2 /l2)2

54
Equivalent Frame Method

55
Equivalent Frame Method

56
Equivalent Frame Method

57
Equivalent Frame Method

58
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.4 – Columns
 Stiffness based on gross cross-sectional
area between faces of supports
 Variation in moment of inertia along axis
must be taken into account

59
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.4 – Columns
 Moment of inertia of columns from top to
bottom of the slab-beam at a joint shall be
infinite

60
Equivalent Frame Method

61
Equivalent Frame Method

62
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.5 – Torsional members
 Constant cross-section throughout their
length
 Two conditions

63
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.5 – Torsional members
 Condition (a) – No transverse beams

64
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.5 – Torsional members
 Condition (b) – Transverse beams

65
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.5 – Torsional members
 Stiffness, Kt

9EcsC
Kt = S l2[1 – (c2/l2)]3

66
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.5 – Torsional members
 Stiffness, Kta

KtIsb
Kta =
Is

67
Equivalent Frame Method
 Factored Moments
 Moment distribution
 Equivalent column

68
Equivalent Frame Method
 Equivalent
Column
 Actual
column
plus
torsional
members

69
Equivalent Frame Method
 Equivalent Column

SKc  SKt
Kec =
SKc + SKt

70
Equivalent Frame Method
 Distribution Factors
Kct
Kb1
1 Kt
Kb1 Kcb
2 Kb2 lc
l1 Kt Kct Kb2
l1 3
Kcb
K = kEI/l lc

71
Equivalent Frame Method
 Slab-beam distribution factors

Kb1
DF (span 2-1) =
Kb1 + Kb2 + Kec

Kb2
DF (span 2-3) =
Kb1 + Kb2 + Kec
72
Equivalent Frame Method
 Equivalent column distribution factor

Kec
DF =
Kb1 + Kb2 + Kec

73
Equivalent Frame Method
 Distribution of unbalanced moment to
columns

Portion of unbalanced
Keb
moment to upper column = Kcb + Kct

Portion of unbalanced
Ket
moment to lower column = Kcb + Kct

74
Equivalent Frame Method
 Section 13.7.6 – Arrangement of Live Load
 LL  0.75DL
 Full factored LL on all spans

 Other cases
 Pattern live loading using 0.75(Factored LL)

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Equivalent Frame Method
 Critical Section for Factored Moments
 Interior supports
 Face of rectilinear support
 Distance from support  0.175l1

 Exterior supports

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78
Equivalent Frame Method
 Moment Redistribution
Mu2
Mu1
Mo

Mu3
ln
c1/2 c1/2
l1

79
Equivalent Frame Method
 Factored Moments in Column Strips and
Middle Strips

80
Design Requirements

81
 Design Requirements
 Flexure
 Serviceability
 Shear

82
 Strength Requirements
 Design Strength  Required Strength
 Design Strength = Strength Reduction
Factor (f)  Nominal Strength
 Required Strength = Load Factor  Service
Load Effects

83
 Strength Requirements
 Section 9.3 – Strength Reduction Factor (f)
 Understrength of a member
 Inaccuracies in the design equations
 Degree of ductility and required reliability of the
loaded member
 Importance of the member in the structure

84
 Strength Requirements
 Nominal Strength
 Strength of a member or cross-section
calculated using assumptions and strength
equations of the Strength Design Method

85
 Strength Requirements
 Load Factor
 Overload factor due to probable variation
of service loads

 Section 9.2 – Load combinations

86
 Section 9.2 – Load
Combinations
 U = 1.4D
 U = 1.2D + 1.6L
 U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.6W
 U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E
 U = 0.9D + 1.6W
 U = 0.9D + 1.0E

87
Flexural Requirements

88
Nominal Flexural Strength
 Section 10.2 – Design Assumptions
 Static equilibrium
 Compatibility of strains

89
Nominal Flexural Strength

a a
Mn = (C or T) (d – ) = As fy (d – )
2 2

0.5As fy
Mn = As fy (d – )
0.85fc b

90
Tension-Controlled Sections

 et  0.005 when eu = 0.003

91
Maximum Reinforcement
 et  0.004
 For fc = 4000 psi and Grade 60
reinforcement:
 rmax = 0.0206
 Previously, rmax = 0.0214 (et = 0.00376)

92
 Design Strength
 Design Strength = Strength Reduction
Factor  Nominal Strength
 Design Strength = fMn

93
Strength Reduction Factor, f
 Section 9.3.2
 Tension-controlled section: f = 0.90

94
 Design For Flexure
 Strength requirement
 fMn  Mu

 Additional requirements
 Deflection control
 Crack control

95
 Design For Flexure
 Section 13.4 – Openings in Slab Systems
 Any size opening is permitted provided
strength and serviceability requirements are
satisfied

96
 Design For Flexure
 Section 13.4 – Openings in Slab Systems
 Slabs without beams

97
98
Shear Requirements

99
 Shear Strength
 Section 11.12 – Special Provisions for
Slabs and Footings
 Critical shear sections
 Nominal shear strength of concrete
 Shear reinforcement

100
 Shear Strength
 Critical shear sections
 One-way shear
 Two-way shear

101
 Shear Strength
 One-way shear
l1

Critical
section
l2
d

Tributary
area
102
 Shear Strength
 One-way shear

Vu  f2fc l d

Vu = qu  Tributary area

103
 Shear Strength
 Two-way shear
l1

Critical
section, bo

l2

d/2

Tributary
area
104
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107
108
109
 Shear Strength
 Nominal Shear Strength, Vc

Vc = 4fc bo d

110
 Shear Strength
 Nominal Shear Strength, Vc

4
Vc = 2+ fc bo d
b

111
 Shear Strength
 Nominal Shear Strength, Vc

asd
Vc = + 2 fc bo d
bo

112
 Shear Strength
 Shear Strength Provided by Bars,
Wires, and Stirrups
 d  6 in., 16db

113
 Shear Strength
 Shear Strength Provided by Bars,
Wires, and Stirrups

Vn = Vc + Vs  6fc bo d

Vc  2fc bo d

Vs = Avfyd/s  4fc bo d
114
Shear Strength

115
Shear Strength

116
Shear Strength

117
Shear Strength

118
 Shear Strength
 Shearheads
 Section 11.12.4

Resource Link

119
 Shear Strength
 Other Type of
Shear
Reinforcement
 Headed shear
studs

120
 Shear Strength
 Openings in Slabs
 Need to be considered when the opening
is located
 anywhere within a column strip of a flat slab
system
 within 10h from a concentrated load or reaction
area

121
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123
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Section 11.12.6

124
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Distribution of Unbalanced Moment

 Flexure – Section 13.5.3
 Eccentricity of shear – Section 11.12.6

125
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Fraction transferred by flexure

1
gf =
2 b1
1+
3  b2

126
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Fraction transferred by flexure

 Effective width

c1

c2 c2 + 3h

127
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Modification of gf
 r within effective width  0.375rb

128
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Modification of gf
 Exterior supports with bending perpendicular
to the edge of the support
 gf = 1.0 provided:
 Edge support: Vu  0.75fVc
 Corner support: Vu  0.5fVc

129
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Modification of gf
 Interior supports and exterior supports with
bending parallel to the edge of the support
 gf can be increased by up to 25% provided:
 Vu  0.4fVc

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131
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Fraction transferred by eccentricity of

shear

gv = 1 – gf

132
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Direct Design Method – Edge column

(No Edge Beam)

Mu = 0.3Mo

gvMu = gv(0.3Mo)

133
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Shear Stresses – Interior Column

134
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Shear Stresses – Edge Column

135
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Shear Stresses

Vu gvMucAB
vu(AB) = +
Ac Jc

Vu gvMucCD
vu(CD) = –
Ac Jc
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138
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Shear Stresses
 Ac = area of concrete resisting shear = bod
 cAB, cCD = distance from centroid of critical
section to perimeter of critical section
 Jc = property of critical section analogous
to polar moment of inertia of segments
forming Ac
139
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Edge column – Bending perpendicular

to edge
Ac = (2b1 + b2)d

cAB = b12 /(2b1 + b2)

Jc 2b12d(b1 + 2b2) + d3(2b1 + b2)

=
cAB 6b1
140
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Strength Design

vu  fvn

141
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Slabs without shear reinforcement

f(2 + 4/bc)fc

vu  minimum of f(2 + asd/bo)fc

f4fc

142
Moment Transfer at Slab-
Column Connections

 Slabs with shear reinforcement other

than shearheads

Avfy
vu  fvn = f 2fc +  f6fc
bos

143
Shear Strength – Slabs with
Beams
 Section 13.6.8

144
Shear Strength – Slabs with
Beams

 af1l2 /l1  1.0

 Beam carries total shear

 af1l2 /l1 < 1.0

 Beam carries a portion of total shear

145
Design Procedure for
Two-way Slabs

146
 Design Procedure
 Step 1
 Determine preliminary slab thickness, h
 Step 1a – Deflection
 Step 1b – Shear

147
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Section 9.5.3 – Deflections of two-way
construction

Without Interior Beams With Beams

Table 9.5(c) Equations

or or
Computations Computations
148
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Slabs without interior beams
 Table 9.5(c)

149
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Flat plates – ln/hmin
Exterior Panels
fy
Interior Panels
(ksi) No edge Edge
beam beam

40 33 36 36

60 30 33 33

75 28 31 31
hmin  5 in. 150
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Flat slabs – ln/hmin
Exterior Panels
fy
Interior Panels
(ksi) No edge Edge
beam beam

40 36 40 40

60 33 36 36

75 31 34 34
hmin  4 in. 151
 Design Procedure

Flat plates Flat slabs

152
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Beam-supported slabs

afm Use hmin (in.)

4 (flat plates)
 0.2 Sect. 9.5.3.2
5 (flat slabs)
>0.2 , 2.0 Eq. (9-12) 5
> 2.0 Eq. (9-13) 3.5
153
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Eq. (9-12)

fy
ln 0.8 +
200,000
hmin =
36 + 5b(afm – 0.2)

154
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Eq. (9-13)

fy
ln 0.8 +
200,000
hmin =
36 + 9b

155
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Edge beam stiffness
 If af at discontinuous edge < 0.8, increase h
required by Eq. (9-12) or (9-13) by 10%

156
*af  0.8
**afm > 2.0

157
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Deflection computations
 Computed deflections  limits in Table 9.5(b)

158
Table 9.5(b)

159
 Design Procedure
 Step 1a
 Deflection computations
 Immediate
 Long-term

160
 Design Procedure
 Step 1b
 Check shear strength
 One-way
 Two-way

161
 Design Procedure
 Step 2
 Determine bending moments
 Direct Design Method
 Equivalent Frame Method
 Other methods

162
 Design Procedure
 Step 3
 Determine required flexural reinforcement
 Section 13.3.1 – Minimum reinforcement
 Grade 60 reinforcement: r = 0.0018

 Section 13.3.2 – Maximum spacing

 smax = 2h or 18 in.

163
 Design Procedure
 Step 4
 Check slab shear and flexural strength at
columns
 Direct shear
 Unbalanced moment transfer

164
 Design Procedure
 Step 5
 Detail the reinforcement
 Section 13.3

165
Column Strip

166
Middle Strip

167
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Resource Link
169
 Slabs with Spandrel Beams

Reinforcement at top of slab Reinforcement at bottom of slab

170
 Slabs with Spandrel Beams

Reinforcement at top of slab Reinforcement at bottom of slab

171
 Learning Objectives
 Analyze reinforced  Design reinforced
concrete two-way slabs concrete two-way slabs
 Approximate methods  Flexure
 Serviceability
 Shear
Nonprestressed
reinforcement

172
Examples

Resource Link

173
Example Problems

Resource Link 174

 Quiz
 Three hours of continuing education credit

Resource Link

175
 Software Solutions
 pcaSlab

Installation Link 176

More Information

www.cement.org/buildings

177