ALCOHOLS DIENES -

2 double bonds
•
R - OH TRIENES -
3 double bonds
•
ending in 0L POLYENES -
more than } db .

• cist trans isomerism

• DIOL -
2 OH TRIOL -
30A T'
,

ex :
⑤ i④
* 2- propanol * CH CH * at at at Utz
1 I

CHZCHZCH}
c④
⑤ -
1,2 ethane diol
-
2,3 dimethyl 1 butanol
* CH
}④ * cttscttz CHCH }
④
- methanol ④ * CH, OCHZCHCH} .

- 2- butanol ④ É④
* 0HzCHz④
-
ethanol * Utz YCH}
-
2.4 dimethyl 2. pantano )

o④
* CHzCHzCH2④ -
z methyl 2 propanol
-
propanol
I
④3 ⑤
1 142 5 g 8 9
*
- on
& 0A> CHCHCHCHZYH at cheat,

-
cyclopropanol ④ u①
-
3,6 dimethyl nonane 2. 4,7 trio ]

④
* OH
, Utz d-④ t CH, CHZCHZCHCHZCHZCH}
I
4- heptanol
a⑤ * 2 chloro hex -3 yn I -01 - -

'
i
OH -
-
2,2 dimethyl propanol * ethyl cyobbutomol
* Butane -
1. 2,4 trio / -
OH

cyclopentane 1,2 diol

qHzCHUtzCHz CHZCH} *
-
-

OH bit fit pH
-
OH
 PHENOLS

0 Ar - OH

•
Ubiquinone -
"
coenzyme Q
"

-
a biochemical oxidizing agent to mediate electron -
transfer process

involved in energy production

* COMMON PHENOLS

pH pH pH pH pit pH
OH -
OH}
-

-
CH }
OH
-

)
'
OH
catechol resorcinol hydroquinone
o.org " " ""
p
- cresol

THIOLS
•
R -
SH NOMENCLATURE * at
•
called mercaptan ex : ethane thiol /
• no H -
bonds & OH ethyl mercaptan
•
has lower Bpd MP -
methanethiol /

methyl mercaptan *

& 4- methyl 2- hexane thiol -

OH
,

(
*
fH3 -
3
methyl cyclopentane
CH} CHCHZCHCHZCH } thiol

④ cyclohexane thiol
> 4 methyl hexane - 2- thiol

ETHERS As CHSOCHZCH}
• R O - -
R -
ethyl methyl ethane

simple ethers same R is attached to 0

e - . IN : methoxy ethane
•
mixed ethers -
different R is attached to 0 .

simple M1XED_ * -0GHz

CH } - O -
CH, CH} - O -
Utz

methoxy benzene /
-

ex :

* CH}
-
O -
at}
(s ) -

methyl phenyl ether/

-
dimethyl ether
/ methoxy methane -
anisole

* diether ( s) / ethoxyethane
O CHZCH }
cHzCHz
- - -
?⃝
 cont .
CH, CH - O -
CHZCH} *
* I O -

fH3
-

* CH,
CH,
CH, C -
O- ÉCH, -
cyclo propyl ether
1
I
CH}
-
ethyl isopropyl ether/
at}

ethoxy propane
* - OCHZCH}
-
+ -
butyl ether

* Cttzcttzocttzctlzctl, -
cyclo hexyl ethyl
CH } OCH} dimethyl ether ether
ethoxy propane
-
-
a -

cHzCHz 0GHz OH , -
diethyl ether
at} OCHZCH, ethyl methyl ether * CHZCHZCHCHZCHZOH}
OHHH
-

at,
'
octtzut, * - OCH}

COMPLEX ETHERS -
3 ethoxy hexane -
2- methoxy propane

-°_pn
CHZO -

methoxy *
OOH , OH} * OOH}
-
-
CA} Utz 0 -

ethoxy ,
'

-
ethyl phenyl ether / HYO
di
ethoxy benzene p methoxy benzene
-
-

ETHERS (Epoxides)
• 3- membered ring
• not reactive

ex :

* so CT *
÷:-O
-

\o/
epoxide ring -
1,2 epoxy cyclohexane

CHZCAZO ( ethylene oxide)

* CH} CH-OH CHCH}

* CH} CH -
OH> \o/ t.it
,

\o/ • 2,3 epoxy 4 methyl pentane

1,2
epoxy propane
-

Z and E

E- on the same side

2- on the different side

ex :
'"
* Cdt "
go of
}
; c- of
-

H H CH}
H
 sample exercises ;
Etmyy - Octtrctt, - benzene

Ethers ! R O R Alcohol : ROH Thiols : R SH Phenols ! Ar OH OOH

methoxy
- - - -

,
-
,
,
,
/
0
-
phenyl
Note : Always find first the parent chain

Then alphabetize
-

* 112 dimethoxy ethane & Ethoxybenume * Ethoxyethnnd

puts
- Oatitt}
Utz CA , Cttzcttz -
OCANA,
benzene
methoxy
bat }

* How to identify a 10
,
20
,
a
30 alcohol ?

① CHZOH -
10

③
CHOA

colt -
-

3
"
2°

) if the H attached to C is 2, it is 1° .
If there is 11-1 , 2° .
No H ,
3° ak .

• Thiols has SH .

•
Alcohol has OH .

• Ethers & Epoxides has 0 .

• Phenols has benzene ring .

0 M, O, p cresol

• catechol ,
resorcinol , hydroquinone

Epoxides -3 membered ring

l
- C - d -
cHz0HzCHz
\o/ \o/ to
1,2 epoxy propane 1,2 epoxy cyclopentane

• starts
(epoxy )
Alcohols

• put 0L at the parent chain .

Phenols
" OH
pH 9 pH pH '
OH

-
OH
ow,
1
Ethylene oxide
-

' OH '
Utz ,H It

'
cresol IH, H C - d -
H
resorcinol
-

catechol on o -
cresol m -

p cresol
\o/
hydroquinone
-
?⃝
 Practice test: g- . 2 methoxy 2 dimethyl propane

1- CH , CHZCHZCHCHCHZCH}
its
OH} C CA,
bit ÉH O -
-

,
I
-
3 methyl heptanol Ats

methyl t -
butyl ether

z .
Diethyl ether / ethoxy ethane

CH , Utz -0 -
Cltzctts 6 . 0 -
cresol

7 '
catechol

3 \ \ 8 resorcinol
I I
.
.

- o -

9
hydroquinone
'

- -

10 anisole
'

4. Ethyl methyl ether 11 .

phenetold
PH
CH, Ut , -0 -
Utz 12 .

m -
cresol
-
at ,

pH
13 cresol
p
. -

"
at }

•
methoxy methane / Dimethyl ether

Utz
- O -
city

•
methoxy ethane
/ ethyl methyl ether

Ctkat , -
O -
CA}

• di butyl ether / butoxy butane

Utzcltzatrat, -
O -
OH, Atr Atr Ut}
 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

a Acyl Group -

common in carbonyl compound a tnigunal planar

[ R -

s
!] •
Polar
( Dipole -
dipole interaction )
↳ functional group

Divided into 2 groups :

• Contains an electronegative atom bounded to the carbonyl group

( 0.cl ,
N, S ) °
☐
"

a. carboxylic Acid : R - É -
OH e. ester : R -
c - or

i
b. Acyl chloride : R - É -
a f. thioester : R -
c -
SR

c. Amides : R -
É -
Nitz 9 .
acyl phosphate : R - É -
o -
p

d. Anhydrides : R -
É É - - r

Contains C & H atom bounded to

* a carbonyl group
0 0

-
"
c -
c - É -
Vanminin : vanilla bean
,

É
H

É
0 = C -

11
b. : R R
-

Ketones
Aldehydes
-

a. : R -
-
it

'
out}
Name ends in 0 N' E
ex : cinnamon aldehyde fit
.

-
cH=cHÉ°- µ

ALDEHYDES
0

• R - É -
it

* ends in A. L

ex :
°

H - E -
H city É -
H ctlzatz ÉH °"

affiliated
? 3 methyl but -
②eno=
-
µ
ethanol -
propanol o
methane
-
-
¢
3 hydroxy butanol
,§①cñ
-

at
on : acetaldehyde propion aldehyde µ

formaldehyde
-
-

CH ,

ÉH
É
-
/
, -
- it
Hzc =
CHZ it
\

cyclopentane carbaldehyde -
propanol
-
benzaldehyde /
benzene carbaldehyde

KETONE

benzophenone
CH, a-belt
? I I
Ctb
ii.
- -
at,
"

acetone at}
-
at,

di -
methyl ketone
3 methyl 2- butanone
/ cyclopentane no 3 methyl cyclopentanone
zpwpamone / propom
-
2- one
but an 2- one
3 methyl -

acetophenone /
4 chloropentan 2- one 1,3 cyclopentane dione Hex 4 2 one 2,5 pentanedione ketone
-

en
methyl phenyl
- -
-

i
CHzÉcHzCH=cHCHz
i.
city É¥zcYtcÑ ,
cHzÉcHzÉcH ,
- c- CH }

" =0
CI
?⃝
 CARBOXYLIC ACID
a acidic ; weak acids
exist
• Only group of hydrocarbon derivative that as a DIMER
& Ki or Ka -
"
ki "
general term
"
Ka
"
-
specific terms for acids
a stronger IMF than the alcohol w/ the same Mot weight
determines how weak specific acid is
a higher BP , higher MP
•
strong or a

a slightly in Huo but soluble in organic solvents

& it the alkyl group is long , the lyophilic dominate to its hydrophilic properties OH , É - OH Ka =
1.75×10-5 → weak an'd

a low molecular weight ,

has an irritating odor

alpha , beta & carbon will affect the acidity

É gamma of the avid ;
É OH qx
•

HOH ⇐ R H }O+
1-
Ot
-

R -
-
OH
-

CI OH , É -
OH
- 1. 36 ✗ 10-3

Nomenclature : chat - É -
OH - 5.0 × 10-2 ✗ c inc .
acidity
0

H - É -
OH
CH, É -
OH cltzctlz É -
OH Clzc -
É - OH -
2.2 ✗ 10
- l
"

formic acid acetic acid propionic acid

IN : methanoic acid ethanoic acid
IN : IN : pnpanoic acid

CH } CH -
É -
OH
?1
É OH cyclo hex -
l -
en carboxylic acid
- C- OH - -

'
OH OH
6

cychopentanoic acid
-
g-
,;
2-
hydroxy propanoic acid benzoic
"
s

cyclopentane carboxylic acid

CN : ✗ hydroxy propionic acid
/ benzene carboxylic acid
lactic acid

Dioic acid contains coat

O CH}
É
0
"
0
IH
%
0
" "
° " "
° i "° ° b- .
c- 0th CH - -
CH , -
OH
3 0 Uti CHZCHZCH , 4 '
1. c -
C 2 . C- OH , - C
.
c ' -
CHZCHZOHZ Ao 1
" "
' ' OH ' '
OH
' '
OH HO Ho CHZCH ,
HO OH HO
aaipio acid pent anechoic acid 4 methyl hexanedioic acid
3 ethyl ,

oxalic acid / moronic acid hexane dioic acid glutamic acid

dioic acid propanedioic acid

ethanedioic acid

Fatty Acids
a
long c- chains of carboxylic acids
• building blocks of lipids

• 12 carbon atoms & up

ex : palmitic acid ( hexanedecamoic acid )

cHz(cHz)iqÉ -
OH

citric acid : 3 hydroxy 1. 3,5 pentanetrioic acid

Ho

geol
-

CHZ
1
HO - C - É -
ait
1

Cha
I
0=0
-
Ho